1

2
 3

.
।

।। -
 4

. .

b≠0
c,d ≤d<a

S={…….,-3b,-2b,-b,0,b,2b,3b,…..,kb,…}। a
sb=a sb=a. a
a sb<a<b(s+1),
a-sb=d , <

d≥b =d+sb≥ sb<a<b(s+1)

b . c,d
 5

k p1,p2,…….,pk
n=p1p2……pk+1
k
n 1,
n

1
pk k
pk≤p1p2…..pk-1+1

-
≡
≡

- ≡ - -
≡
 6

≡ ≡ ≡

-
≡ ≡

≡ ≡

≡ ≡

≡ ≡ -
≡ - ≡

l)a≡b(mod m) k a=b+mk ।

lll)a≡b(mod m) b≡c(mod m) a≡c(mod m)

l ≡ ≡ ≡
 7

a≡ c≡ ac≡

a-b) c-d) m m
a-b)(c-d)=ac-ad-bc+bd=ac-bd+2bd-ad-bc=ac-bd+bd-bc+bd-ad=ac-bd-b(c-d)-d(a-b)
ac- bd=(a-b)(c-d)+b(c-d)+d(a-b) …(1). m
m ac-bd, m । ac-bd≡
ac≡

a≡ k ak≡

≡1(mod 6), 7≡1(mod 6), 13≡1(mod 6),........1993≡1(mod 6), 1999≡1(mod 6).

≡ ≡

923

10
923 10
9≡-1(mod 10). 23 923≡(-1)23≡-1(mod
10). 923- -1)= 923+1, 10 923+1
0 923 9.

. p ≤ a<p ( ), p

( ) ( )
, p 1 b

= (1 a x( 1 p-a
a p-a) p 1 a 1 p-a
p p
( ) p
 8

x,a

( ) ( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +…….+( ) +( )

). ≡

( )

( ) +( ) +( ) +( ) +…….+( ) +( )

( ) ( )

( ) -( ) -( )

। ( ) - ( ) - ( ) ≡ (

) ≡( ) ( ) ( ) ≡

- ≡ - ≡ - - - ≡ -
≡ - ≡ - ≡ - ।

≡ - ≡ - ≡ a-3)p+3≡ - ≡ ≡ - - - -

ap≡

-
≡
- -
≡ - - -
- -
- ≡
 9

l) 5223 23

ll) 4332≡30(mod 31)

as p
s s p q,r s=pq+r
0≤q<p
as=apq+r=(ap)q.ar≡a.ar≡ar+1(mod p). ≡ as≡ar+1(mod p).
ar+1(mod p)

(n)

a,b) a b

a b a b a b
27 10
a,b)=1 a b

n 1 n n
(n) n.

18 1 18 18
1,5,7,11,13,17. 6 18)=6.
 10

1 15 15
1,2,4,7,8,11,13,14. n)=8.

20 40

n ( )=n-1

n (n)=n-1. n

-
( )=n-1 -
( ) n-1

Reduced Residue System: S Reduced Residue System mod m)

m a S r
a≡r(mod m)

S={1, ,5,7} । Reduced Residue System

≤
- ≡ ( )

- - Reduced Residue System

( ) ≡ ≡-
≡ ≡ ≡ ≡
≡ ≡-
≡r(mod )
Reduced Residue System

Reduced Residue System mod m) m

 11

m Reduced Residue System mod

m) ( )

Reduced Residue System

-
<<
≠ । < < ≤ ≤ -
≡r(mod p).
≡r(mod p)
≡c(mod p), a≡d(mod p) ≡d(mod
p) -

≡r(mod p)
Reduced Residue System

- Reduced
Residue System

Reduced Residue System -

m Reduced Residue System mod m)

( )

- Reduced Residue System

Reduced Residue System p
 12

S= - - S p-1

r1,r2 r1≡r2(mod p) T p-1

T i, i≡ mod p)

i≡ mod p) pl i- pla(ri-rj). a, p pl(ri-rj)

। S T Reduced
Residue System

( )
a m a,m)=1. ≡1(mod
m).

( ) k m reduced residue system ( ) k

S= k reduced residue system (mod
m). a,m)=1 k

reduced residue system (mod m). S m

T m T
ari S rj ari≡rj(mod m)

k ≡

k(mod m) ak k ≡ k (mod m) ml ak

k - k = (ak-1) k. k

a ml(ak-1), ak≡1(mod m) ,
( )
≡1(mod m).

( )=16. 2949 40
 13

n 1 n n
(n) n.

n n)

( )=1. p ( )=
p-1. p pk

p ( )=pk-pk-1

1 pk p pk
p,2p,3p,……,(pk-1 p, pk-1
pk pk-pk-1 ( )=pk-pk-1

52)=52-5=20.
 14

6x≡ x=-2,24
11,-2,24 ax ≡ b(mod m)
1.

a m b ax ≡b(mod m)

x ax≡b(mod m) ax-b, m
k ax-b=km b=ax+km a,m ax km
ax+km a,m b a,m
b=ax+km

a m b ax ≡b(mod m)

a,b,m a m a1,b1,m1
a1x≡b1 (mod m1 ). a1,m1
।

a m b a m a,b,m
a1 ,b1 ,m1 a1x≡b1(mod m1 )
ax ≡b(mod m)
 15

a m a,b,m a1 ,b1 ,m1

x a1 x≡b1 (mod m1 ), m1 l(a1 -b1), , m1dld(a1 -b1)
ml(a-b), a≡b(mod m). a1 x≡b1 (mod m1 )
a≡b(mod m)

a1 ,b1

ax≡b(mod m)

( )

≡
≡ ax≡b(mod m)

3x≡4(mod 11) 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10}

Reduced residue system (mod 11). 3,11)=1,

3 Reduced residue
system(mod 11)। 3,6,9,12,15,18,21,24,27,30}.
15≡4(mod 11). 15=3x5. 3x≡4(mod 11)
 16

floor function): ⌊ ⌋ x x
⌊ ⌋=23, ⌊ ⌋=41, ⌊ ⌋=10, ⌊ ⌋=-13, ⌊ ⌋=-19.

. ). x=a+θ a 0≤θ<1, ⌊ ⌋ a.
⌊ ⌋ a θ 0≤θ<1 x=a+θ

. . a,b,c d a=bc+d, 0≤c<b

, ⌊ ⌋= ⌊ ⌋=⌊ ⌋, 0≤ <1, ⌊ ⌋ c
⌊ ⌋ c.

*1 n k ? ⌊ ⌋ .

1 13 3 ⌊ ⌋=4

1 100 8 2

⌈ ⌉ x
⌈ ⌉=4,⌈ ⌉=-12.

[ ] [ ]=12,
[ ]=-34

[ ]≥[ ] [ ]
 17

)( )( ) ( )

)
( )
( ) )( )(
) ( ) )( )(
) ( )

( )( )…………..( )
 18

a0,a1,a2……..ak
-
n= -

2k k 2k

-
n= - k
10k 10
k

3 3

s 10≡1(mod 3), 10s≡1(mod 3) , 10sas≡as(mod 3). s

0 k

-
n - ≡ ak+ak-1+ak-2+……+a0(mod 3).
3 3
3 0
3 0
3

9 9
 19

-
10≡1(mod 9) n - ≡ ak+ak-1+ak-

2+……+a0(mod ).

5 0 5

-
n= - 11
ak-ak-1+ak-2-ak-3+…….+(-1)ka0, 11

10≡-1(mod 11). s 10sas≡as(mod 11) s 10sas≡-a-

- -
s(mod 11). n=

- ≡ ±( ak-ak-1+ak-2-ak-3+…….+(-1)ka0) (mod 11). n,11

ak-ak-1+ak-2-ak-3+…….+(-1)ka0 11

- -
- - -

-
n= -

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅-̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅-

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅-̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

-
 20

√
 21

3 0 1. n2≡0,1(mod 3)

3k+1,3k+2
(3k)2=9k2≡0(mod 3), (3k+1)2=9k2+6k+1≡1(mod 3) (3k+2)2=9k2+12k+4≡1(mod 3).

n2≡0,1,4(mod 5), n2≡0,1,4,9(mod 16)

 22

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅ ̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

̅̅̅̅̅̅̅

।
 23

-
≡ ≡4 ≡4(mod 5),
≡4 - ≡ -
-

≡ ≡3(mod p).

a p ap+1

ap≡a(mod p), ap+1≡a+1(mod p). p ap+1

a+1 p
-

a p ap+
 24

p ap=bp+cp. a-b-c) p

≡a(mod )

- - - - - -
 25

- -

- -
-
-

n √ n
 26

*************

n an-bn =(a-b)(an-1+an-2b+an-3b2+……..+abn-2+bn-1)

(a-b)(an-1+an-2b+an-3b2+……..+abn-2+bn-1)

a(an-1+an-2b+an-3b2+……..+abn-2+bn-1)-b(an-1+an-2b+an-3b2+……..+abn-2+bn-1)

=an+an-1b+an-2b2+…….+a2bn-2+abn-1 -an-1b-an-2b2-an-3b3-……….abn-1-bn

=an-bn.

an+bn=(a+b)(an-1-an-2b+an-3b2-an-4b3+……..+bn-1)

2n+1

-
 27

)( )( ) ( )

√ √

। ।

Tk k

T1+T2+T3+…….+Tn=⌊ ⌋ ⌊ ⌋ ⌊ ⌋ ⌊ ⌋
 28

- -

- - -

- - ≡61(mod 5) ≡1(mod 5).

≡1(mod 5)
 29

≡0,1(mod 3), ≡1,2(mod 3), ≡

, 196=2x98=22x49=22x72=(2x7)2, , 196=142.
 30

15

15= . 1500 402=1600,

√ <40. 392=(40-1)2=1600-80+1=1521,382=(40-2)2=1600-160+4=1444.

382< <392. √ ≈38 √ ≈ √ ≈3.8.

√ 38 39
√ 38 39

15=

150000 3872.
√ ≈3.87

54.3 = ,

1500 150000

1800
40 402=1600. 412,422,..
(a+b)2=a2+2ab+b2
412
422 422=(41+1)2=412+2x41x1+12=1681+82+1=1764.
432 1800

2,3,17,99,170,2623
31