Fluid Dynamic

Student Name :- Kayfe Sayfadeen Saber

Class :- Second Stage - A

Course Title :- Fluid Dynamic

Department :- Mechanical & Mechatronic . Dep

College of Engineering

Salahaddin University – Erbil

Academic Year 2019 – 2020

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ABSTRACT

Fluid Dynamics is an international peer reviewed journal that publishes theoretical ,

computational , and experimental research on aeromechanics , hydrodynamics , and
biomechanics of continuous media .
Some of fluid dynamics include rocket engines , wind turbines , oil pipelines and air
conditioning systems .
Fluid dynamics is one of two branches of fluid mechanics , which is the study of fluids
and how forces affect them (The other branch is fluid statics , which deals with fluids at
rest ) .
Scientists across several fields study fluid dynamics . fluid dynamics provides methods
for studying the evolution of stars , ocean currents , weather patterns , plate tectonics and
even blood circulation .

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 TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACT………………………………………………..2

TABLE OF CONTENT…………………………………….3

INTRODUCTION …………………………………………4
PIEZOMETER …………………………………………….5

_ What do piezometers measure? …………………………5

_ Why is piezometer used? ………………………………..6

_ Hydraulic Piezometers …………………………………..6

_ Vibrating Wire Piezometers …………………………......7

_ How does a piezometer work? ………………………….8

Problem 1 …………………………………………………9

Problem 2 …………………………………………………9

Problem 3 …………………………………………………9

Problem 4 …………………………………………………10

REFREANCE ……………………………………..10

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INTRODUCTION

This is an introductory course in Fluid Mechanics. The subject Fluid Mechanics has a
wide scope and is of prime importance in several fields of engineering and science.
Present course emphasizes the fundamental underlying fluid mechanical principles and
application of those principles to solve real life problems. Special attention is given
towards deriving all the governing equations starting from the fundamental principle.
There is a well balanced coverage of physical concepts, mathematical operations along
with examples and exercise problems of practical importance. After completion of the
course, the students will have a strong fundamental understanding of the basic principles
of Fluid Mechanics and will be able to apply the basic principles to analyze fluid
mechanical systems

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 PIEZOMETER

Piezometers or pore pressure meters are the pressure transducers that are installed
beneath the ground to measure the sub-surface piezometric level within groundwater
.level, soil, or rock

Proper evaluation of pore pressure helps in monitoring the behaviour after construction
and indicates potentially dangerous conditions that may adversely affect the stability of
.the structure, its foundation and appurtenant

It also provides basic data for design improvement that will promote safer and more
economical design and construction. The Casagrande piezometer is considered as the
simplest form of piezometer. It consists of a Casagrande tip connected to the lengths of
.the extension pipe. The water level inside the pipe is measured using the dipmeter

However, the vibrating wire piezometer is most commonly used because of accurate
results and higher reliability

What do piezometers measure?

A piezometer is either a device used to measure liquid pressure in a system

by measuring the height to which a column of the liquid rises against gravity, or a device

which measures the pressure (more precisely, the piezometric head) of groundwater at a

specific point

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Why is piezometer used?

The use of piezometer has following purposes:

• To study the effect of water in pores of soil or rock is to reduce load bearing
capacity of soil or rock. Effect is more pronounced with higher pore water pressure
leading eventually in some cases to total failure of load bearing capacity of the soil.

• To determine level and flow pattern of ground water

• To determine the flow pattern of water in earth/rock fill, concrete dams, and their
foundations.

• To delineate the phreatic line.

Hydraulic Piezometers

The third type of piezometers are the hydraulic piezometers that consist of a porous filter
containing a reservoir of water, separated from a pressure gauge via resilient and water-
filled tubes.

These tubes circulate water through the system to remove air and ensure that the
reservoir remains filled with water.

The piezometer measures overall hydraulic pressure from which pore pressure can be
calculated.

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 Vibrating Wire Piezometers
The Vibrating Wire Piezometers measure the pore water pressure in fully or partially
saturated soil and rock. A vibrating wire piezometer basically consists of:

 A sensitive stainless steel diaphragm

 A magnetic, high tensile strength stretched wire, one end of which is anchored and the
other end is fixed to a diaphragm.
 Ceramic low air filter (brass high air entry filters are also used depending on site
requirements)
 Thermistor for temperature readings
 Glass to metal seal with four terminals for cable connection
 Stainless steel body with resistance to rusting or corrosion against several kinds of
dissolved impurities found in water under field conditions. For saline water
application, a special sensor with additional protection is provided

FIGURE 1

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How does a piezometer work?
The vibrating wire piezometer basically consists of a magnetic, high tensile strength
stretched wire, one end of which is anchored and the other end fixed to a diaphragm that
deflects in some proportion to applied pressure.

Any change in pressure deflects the diaphragm proportionally and this, in turn, affects
the tension in the stretched wire. Thus any change in pore pressure directly affects the
tension in the wire.

The wire is plucked by a coil magnet. Proportionate to the tension in the wire, it
resonates at a frequency ‘f’, which can be determined as follows:

f = {[σg/ρ] ^1/2}/ 2l Hz

Where σ = tension of the wire

g = gravitational constant

ρ = density of wire

l = length of wire

The resonant frequency, with which wire vibrates, induces an alternating current in the
coil magnet.

The pore pressure is proportional to the square of the frequency and the Encardio -rite
model EDI-51V readout logger (data logger) is able to display this directly in
engineering units.

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 REFREANCE

 Dunnicliff, John (1993) [1988]. Geotechnical Instrumentation for Monitoring

Field Performance. Wiley-Interscience. p. 117
 https://swayam.gov.in/nd1_noc20_me22/preview?fbclid=IwAR39mty3w0asOp6F
9xM5ECklVH_sBTfkLdow-CUi-tMM1inIlZfjYxhNsU8
 http://ocw.ump.edu.my/pluginfile.php/14573/mod_resource/content/4/chap%201a
%20Introduction%20to%20Fluid%20Mechanics.pptx.pdf
 https://www.quora.com/What-is-a-
piezometer?fbclid=IwAR0Z_5isn47f_nThoyCFg0gb0bwMxVqnyBzxyWVuhsx34p
Gpwng4der4WYc
 https://www.scribd.com/doc/47082627/Unit-3-Fluid-
Mechanics?fbclid=IwAR2exsjK02hfgi6QemG_3eWdPd5bsSoLM90mfig_Wp_lok
DcYj5e0quw2A8
 https://www.encardio.com/blog/piezometers-types-functions-how-it-works/

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