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Design the flexural (including cutoffs) and shear reinforcement for a typical interior span of a
six span continuous beam with center-to-center spacing of 20 ft. Assume the supports are 12
inches wide. Check that deflection (excessive deflections will cause problems) and crack-width
serviceability requirements are met.
FLEXURAL DESIGN
(A) Choose the beam depth, h. Because we are concerned about deflection, use a fairly deep
beam (architect said it was O.K.): h = `/10 = 20 ft/10 (12 in/foot) = 24 in.
(B) Assume two rows of steel both top and bottom: dpos = dneg = h − 3.5 in = 20.5 in.
(C) Use a narrow beam for better efficiency. Assuming r = b/dpos = 0.4, b = 0.4dpos =
0.4(20.5 in) = 8.2 in, use b = 9 in.
(D) Compute Mu and Mn at the midspan (maximum positive moment) and support (maximum
negative moment). With our estimated beam height and width, we can calculate the self-
weight, SW , and determine the total dead load, DL.
SW = bhwc
= (9 in)(24 in)(150 lb/ft3 )(1 foot2 /144 in2 )(1 kip/1000 lb)
= 0.225 kip/ft
DL = SDL + SW = (2.15 kip/ft + 0.225 kip/ft)
= 2.375 kip/ft
wu = 1.2DL + 1.6LL = 1.2(2.375 kip/ft) + 1.6(2.65 kip/ft) = 7.09 kip/ft
Mn
(E) Compute R = bd2
.
1
5 #7s 2 #7s
2 #5s 6 #5s
Support Midspan
φ M n = −251 kip−ft φ M n = 162 kip−ft
where dbs is the diameter of the stirrup, dbf,i is the diameter of the ith flexural reinforcing
bar, and cs,min is the minimum clear spacing between bars. We will use 1.5 inches clear
cover and assume a #3 stirrup. The minimum beam width, bmin , is controlled by the 3 #7
(db = 0.875 in) bars:
cs,min = max(db , 1 in) = max(0.875 in, 1 in) = 1 in (8)
bmin = 2(1.5 in) + 2(0.375 in) + 3(0.875 in) + 2(1 in) = 8.38 in (9)
The bars will fit. Calculate the actual values for dpos and dneg . Because the positive steel is
in two equal rows, the centroid is located at the center of the two rows.
dpos = 24 in − 1.5 in − 0.375 in − 0.625 in − 0.5 in = 21.0 in (10)
2
The negative steel has two unequal rows so the centroid is found by:
dneg,1 = 24 in − 1.5 in − 0.375 in − (0.875 in)/2 = 21.7 in (11)
dneg,2 = dneg,1 − 0.875 in − 1 in = 19.8 in (12)
3dneg,1 + 2dneg,2 3(21.7 in) + 2(19.8 in)
dneg = = = 20.9 in (13)
5 5
(H) Analyze the section, check φMn ≥ Mu . Because some of the positive steel will continue into
the negative moment region, and vice-versa, sections will be analyzed as doubly reinforced.
It is assumed that two bars on top and bottom will continue throughout the beam.
The spreadsheet doubly.xls in the course directory is used to analyze the sections and
perform code checks. From the spreadsheet:
φMn,pos = 162.4 kip · ft > Mu,pos = 160 kip · ft (14)
φMn,neg = 250.8 kip · ft > |Mu,neg | = 233 kip · ft (15)
The initial flexural design is done. Next, we design the shear reinforcement.
SHEAR DESIGN
(1) Find the shear envelope. The ACI coefficients give shear at the face of interior supports as
wu `n /2. Thus, for the present case:
wu `n (7.09 kip/ft)(19 ft)
Vu,sup = = = 67.4 kip (16)
2 2
Assume that the maximum shear at midspan is as derived for a simple beam:
1.6(LL)`n 1.6(2.65 kip/ft)(19 ft)
Vu,mid = = = 10.1 kip (17)
8 8
The equation which defines the shear envelope is then given by:
" #
Vu,sup − Vu,mid
Vu (x) = Vu,sup − x (18)
`n /2
" #
67.4 kip − 10.1 kip
= 67.4 kip − x (19)
19 ft/2
= 67.4 kip − (6.03 kip/ft)x (20)
q
(2) Check that Vu,max ≤ φ(Vc + 8 fc0 bd). Recall that Vu,max is the shear at the critical section—
distance d from the face of the support. Assume that d = dpos = 21.0 in(1 foot/12 in) =
1.75 ft so that:
Vu,max = Vu (dpos ) = Vu (1.75 ft) (21)
= 67.4 kip − (6.03 kip/ft)(1.75 ft) = 56.8 kip (22)
q
Vc = 2 fc0 bdpos (23)
q
= 2 4, 000 lb/in2 (9 in)(21.0 in)(1 kip/1000 lb) (24)
= 23.9 kip (25)
q
φ(Vc + 8 fc0 bdpos ) = φ(5Vc ) = 0.75(5)(23.9 kip) = 89.7 kip. (26)
q
Thus, Vu,max = 56.8 kip < φ(Vc + 8 fc0 bdpos ) = 89.7 kip indicating that the section is large
enough. The shear envelope is plotted in Figure 2.
3
Vu,sup
60
Vu,max
50
Vu (x) (kip)
Vu,mid
20
10
1 2 3 x (feet) 6 7 8 9
(3) Pick bars and set spacing. Assume #3 stirrups will be used. The spacing near the support,
dependent on Vu,max , is (again, using dpos for d):
φVn = φ(Vc + Vs ) = 0.75(23.9 kip + 55.4 kip) = 59.5 kip > Vu,max = 56.8 kip (30)
As the shear drops, the maximum spacing will increase to dpos /2 = (21.0 in)/2 = 10.5 in.
So, we will use s = 10.0 in near the midspan. The shear capacity of the stirrups and total
capacity at that spacing is
Solving Equation 20q for Vu (x) = 38.7 kip gives x = 4.76 ft ≡ 4 ft 9 in. Note that at
s = 10.0 in, Vs < 4 fc0 bdpos so that the maximum stirrup spacing is indeed d/2. Check that
4
8 @ 5" 4 @ 7" 4 @ 10"
2" 4"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x (feet)
Using a #3 stirrup, Av = 2(0.11 in2 ) = 0.22 in2 > Av,min , so we meet the minimum area
requirement of the code.
Choose one more spacing interval, s = 7 in, resulting in:
Av fy dpos 0.22 in2 (60 kip/in2 )(21.0 in)
Vs = = = 39.6 kip (36)
s 7 in
φ(Vc + Vs ) = 0.75(23.9 kip + 39.6 kip) = 47.6 kip (37)
q
Because Vs < 4 fc0 bdpos for s = 7 in (compare Equation 36 to Equation 29), d/2 spacing
controls. Solving Equation 20 for Vu (x) = 47.6 kip gives x = 3.28 ft ≡ 3 ft 3 in.
Zone A starts when Vu drops below φVc /2:
φVc /2 = 0.75(23.9 kip)/2 = 8.96 kip < Vu,mid = 10.1 kip (38)
Thus, there is no Zone A—stirrups must be used throughout the beam.
Using the calculations above, the stirrups are designed as shown in Figure 3 with the first
stirrup at 2 inches from the face of the support, then 8 additional stirrups at 5 inch spacing,
4 at 7 inch spacing, and 4 at 10 inch spacing. This results in a shear capacity as shown in
Figure 4.
FLEXURAL STEEL CUTOFFS
Negative Reinforcement Cutoffs
At the support there are five #7 bars as tension reinforcement (at the top of the beam since the
moment is negative). It is assumed that two #5 compressive bars continue from the positive moment
reinforcement. The nominal moment capacity for this arrangement is 251 kip · ft as calculated
above. The steel configuration at the support is shown in Figure 5 along with configurations used
after cutting off steel as explained below.
5
60
φVn(x)
Vu (x) and φVn (x) (kip)
50
Vu(x)
40
30
20
10
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x (feet)
6
c2v
c1 c2h
Cutoff #1
We first wish to cut off the two #7s in the bottom row of the tension steel. This results in a
moment capacity of 163 kip · ft. Determine the development length using the general formula:
3 fy αβγλ
ld = db (39)
40 fc0 c+K
q
tr
db
Note that α = 1.3 because there are more than 12 inches of concrete below the reinforcing. Recall
that c = min(c1 , c2 ) where c1 is the distance from the center of the bar to the nearest concrete
surface and c2 is one-half the center-to-center spacing of the bars being developed in the horizontal
or vertical direction. Designating c2h as the horizontal dimension and c2v as the vertical dimension
(see Figure 6):
Cutoff #2
Next, we will cut the center tension bar of the remaining three #7s. As there is only one row
left, we do not need to worry about vertical spacing (c2 = c2h ). Again, we will use the general
7
Midspan Cutoff #1 Cutoff #2
φ M n = 162 kip−ft φ M n = 138 kip−ft φ M n = 88 kip−ft
max(d, 12db ) = max(dneg , 12db ) = max(20.9 in, 12(0.875 in)) = 20.9 in (51)
Using a buffer of dneg = 20.9 in ≡ 1.74 ft = 0.09`n , the cutoff locations are determined as
sketched on the attached plot.
Positive Reinforcement Cutoffs
At the midspan there are six #5 bars as tension reinforcement. It is assumed that two #7
compressive bars continue from the negative moment reinforcement. The steel configuration is
shown in Figure 7 along with configurations used after cutting off steel as explained below.
Cutoff #1
We first wish to cut off the middle #5 in the top row of the tension steel. This results in a
moment capacity of 138 kip · ft.
8
We have more than db clear spacing both horizontally and vertically and we are using stirrups, so
again we will use the table in {ACI 12.2.2} for #5 reinforcing steel:
f αβλ
y
60, 000 lb/in2 (1.0)(1.0)(1.0)
`d = q db = √ 0.625 in (57)
25 fc0 25 4, 000 lb/in2
= 23.7 in ≡ 1.98 ft = 0.104`n (58)
Cutoff #2
Next, we will cut the remaining #5s in the top row. The remaining three bars in the bottom row
will continue into the supports. When cutting these two #5s, the vertical spacing is the same as
before and will control the development length so that `d = 0.104`n again.
In this case our buffer is dpos = 21.0 in ≡ 1.75 ft = 0.092`n , and the cutoff locations are
determined as sketched on the attached plot.
Checking the Rules
Negative Cutoff #1
Rule #1 Bars must extend the longer of d or 12db past flexural cutoff points except at supports of
simple spans or ends of cantilevers. {ACI 12.10.3} – The buffer of max(d, 12db ) is shown on the
attached moment plot and the cutoff was determined so that this rule was satisfied.
Rule #2 Bars must extend at least `d from the point of maximum bar stresses or from the point at
which adjacent bars which are cut or bent are no longer required to resist flexure. {ACI 12.10.2,
12.10.4, 12.12.2} – Cutting these bars `d from the support results in a cutoff location 4.5 ft from
face of the support.
Rule #3 Bars cannot be cutoff in tension regions unless conditions in {ACI 12.10.5} are met.
– The #7s being cut are in tension so we must satisfy {ACI 12.10.5} which stipulates we must
meet one of the conditions given in {ACI 12.10.5.1, 12.10.5.2, or 12.10.5.3}.
{ACI 12.10.5.1}: To satisfy this condition, we need Vu ≤ 2φVn /3 or Vu /φVn ≤ 2/3. Looking at
the shear design at x = 4.50 ft (the location of cutoff #1) we are using s = 7 in as spacing so that
φVn = 47.6 kip, and Vu = Vu (4.50 ft) = 67.4 kip − (6.03 kip/ft)(4.50 ft) = 40.3 kip.
Vu 40.3 kip 2
= = 0.85 > (59)
φVn 47.6 kip 3
Thus, we do not satisfy this section.
{ACI 12.10.5.2}: To satisfy this, we may need to add extra stirrups over the last 0.75dneg of the
bar being cut. The required spacing of the additional bars, s+ is:
!
Av fy dneg
s+ ≤ min 2
, (60)
(60 lb/in )b 8βb
where βb is the ratio of the area of bars being cut to the total area. In this case, βb = 2/5 since two
#7s out of five are being cut.
10
we are using s = 7 in spacing so that φVn = 47.6 kip, and Vu = Vu (5.00 ft) = 67.4 kip −
(6.03 kip/ft)(5.00 ft) = 37.3 kip.
Vu 37.3 kip 2
= = 0.78 > (64)
φVn 47.6 kip 3
We do not satisfy this section.
{ACI 12.10.5.2}: The required spacing over the last 0.75d of the bar being cut of the additional
stirrups, s+ is:
!
Av fy dpos
s+ ≤ min 2
, (65)
(60 lb/in )b 8βb
0.22 in2 (60, 000 lb/in2 ) 21.0 in
!
= min , = 15.75 in (66)
60 lb/in2 (9 in) 8(1/6)
0.75dpos 0.75(21.0 in)
⇒ = = 1.00 stirrup (67)
s+ 15.75 in/stirrup
where βb = 1/6 since one #5 out of six are being cut. At the point of the cut we are using s = 7 in
spacing, so
That is, we have 2.25 stirrups from the initial design and we need to add an additional 1.00 stirrup
for a total of 3.25 stirrups over 15.75 in at the end of the cut bars. This works out to a spacing of
15.75 in/3.25 stirrups= 4.85 inch/stirrup. So, we will reduce our spacing to 4 inches near the end
of the cut bar.
{ACI 12.10.5.3}: In order to meet this criterion, we must meet three conditions:
2. “Continuing reinforcement provides double the area required for flexure at the cutoff point.”
That is, φMn /Mu ≥ 2 at the cutoff point, where φMn is the moment capacity of the continu-
ing bars. After positive cutoff #1 the moment capacity is φMn = 138 kip − ft, and reading
from the graph, the moment demand, Mu , is 96 kip-ft.
φMn 138 kip − ft
= = 1.53 < 2 (69)
Mu 96 kip − ft
Thus, this criterion is not met.
3. “Factored shear does not exceed three fourths the design shear strength, φVn .” That is,
Vu /φVn ≤ 3/4. Based on the results from Equation 64, this criterion is not met either.
Overall, the stipulations of {ACI 12.10.5.3} are not met based on the moment capacity. The
end result is that we will be adding extra stirrups near the end of the first cut bar as required by
{ACI 12.10.5.2}.
Rules #4 and #5 are based on conditions near the supports and will be checked for Positive
Cutoff #2.
11
Positive Cutoff #2
Rule #1 Satisfied by inspection.
Rule #2 Bars must extend at least `d from the point of maximum bar stresses or from the point at
which adjacent bars which are cut or bent are no longer required to resist flexure. {ACI 12.10.2,
12.10.4, 12.12.2} – The bar at cutoff #1 was adjacent to the bars being checked now. The bars
from cutoff #2 reach their full strength before bars from cutoff #1 are needed, so this rule is satis-
fied.
Rule #3 Bars cannot be cutoff in tension regions unless conditions in {ACI 12.10.5} are met.
– The edge of the buffer occurs at x = 3.14 ft. If we cut here, it will be in a region of posi-
tive moment, thus we must meet one of the conditions of {ACI 12.10.5}. At the cutoff location,
x = 3.14 ft, we are using s = 5 in spacing so that φVn = 56.8 kip, and Vu = Vu (3.14 ft) = 67.4 kip−
(6.03 kip/ft)(3.14 ft) = 48.5 kip.
Vu 48.5 kip
= = 0.85 (70)
φVn 56.8 kip
The ratio in Equation 70 is greater than 2/3 and 3/4, so we cannot meet the provisions of {ACI 12.10.5.1}
or {ACI 12.10.5.3}. We could add extra stirrups near the cutoff location as stipulated in {ACI 12.10.5.2}.
However, we are cutting the bars near the positive P.I. so that by extending the cutoff a few inches
(4.33 inches to be exact) towards the support we will not be cutting in tension. We elect to extend
the bars and the rule is satisfied since we will no longer be cutting in tension.
Rule #4
(a) Simple supports—At least one-third of the positive moment reinforcement must extend six
inches into the support. {ACI 12.11.1}
(b) Continuous interior beams with closed stirrups—At least one-fourth of the positive moment
reinforcement must extend six inches into the support. {ACI 12.11.1, 7.13.2.3}
(c) Continuous interior beams without closed stirrups—At least one-fourth of the positive mo-
ment reinforcement must be continuous. {ACI 12.11.1, 7.13.2.4}
(d) Continuous perimeter beams—At least one-fourth of the positive moment reinforcement must
be continuous around the perimeter of the building and enclosed within closed stirrups or
stirrups with 135-degree hooks. {ACI 7.13.2.2}
We are considering a continuous interior beam. One-half of the positive reinforcing (three of
six bars) will be continuing through the support. Thus, whether the stirrups are closed or not, we
meet this rule.
Rule #5 At the positive moment point of inflection (P.I.), and at simple supports, the positive
moment reinforcement must satisfy:
qMn
`d ≤ + `a (71)
Vu
where Vu is the factored shear at the P.I. or the support, for a P.I. `a is the larger of d or 12db and is
less than the actual embedment past the P.I, for a simple support `a is the end anchorage past the
center of the support, and q is 1.3 if the ends of reinforcement are confined by compressive reaction
(generally true for simple supports) and 1.0 otherwise. {ACI 12.11.3} – The positive moment P.I.
occurs at 0.146`n = 0.146(19 ft) = 2.77 ft. Calculating the needed quantities at the P.I.:
88 kip·ft 88 kip·ft
φMn = 88 kip·ft ⇒ Mn = = = 97.8 kip·ft (72)
φ 0.9
Vu = 67.4 kip − (6.03 kip/ft)(2.77 ft) = 50.7 kip (73)
`a = max(dpos , 12db ) = max(21.0 in, 12(0.625 in)) = 21.0 in (74)
12
Because this is a P.I. (and not a support), q = 1.0. The development length from cutoff #1 is
`d = 23.7 in so that
qMn (1.0)97.8 kip·ft
+ `a = (12 in/foot) + 21.0 in = 44.1 in > `d = 23.7 in (75)
Vu 50.7 kip
Rule #5 is satisfied and we are done with the flexural steel cutoff design.
FINAL DESIGN
Stirrup at
As required by ACI 12.10.5.2:
Center
8 @ 5" 2 @ 7" 5 @ 4" 3 @ 10"
8"
2"
Positive Cutoff #2 Negative Cutoff #1 Positive Cutoff #1 Negative Cutoff #2
@ 2ft 9in @ 4ft 7in @ 5ft 0in @ 6ft 0in
CL
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
x (feet)
13
SERVICEABILITY—DEFLECTION
(1) Would large deflections cause a problem? Yes they would (given).
Note that Equation 77 is valid because this is a rectangular section.1 Calculate Icr at the
midspan (Icr,mid ) and support (Icr,sup ). At midspan, there are 6 #5 for the tensile steel (As =
1.86 in2 ) and 2 #7 for the compressive steel (A0s = 1.20 in2 ). The distance from the top to
the neutral axis, c, is found by solving the quadratic formula:
bc2
+ [nAs + (n − 1)A0s ] c − nAs dpos − (n − 1)A0s d0pos
2 (79)
(9 in)c2
2 + 8.04(1.86 in2 ) + 7.04(1.20 in2 ) c − 8.04(1.86 in2 )(21.0 in) − 7.04(1.20 in2 )(2.3 in) (80)
4.5c2 + 23.4c − 333.5 (81)
Solving gives c = 6.39 in. We can then solve for the cracked moment of inertia, Icr,mid .
bc3
Icr,mid = + (n − 1)A0s (c − d0pos )2 + nAs (dpos − c)2 (82)
3
(9 in)(6.39 in)3
= + 7.04(1.20 in2 )(6.39 in − 2.3 in)2 (83)
3
+8.04(1.86 in2 )(21.0 in − 6.39 in)2 (84)
= 4116 in4
At the support, there are five #7 bars for tensile steel at the top since moments are negative
(As = 3.0 in2 ), the bottom has 3 #5 (A0s = 0.93 in2 ) and is in compression so that cneg is the
distance from the bottom to the neutral axis. The distances to the steel, d0neg and dneg are also
measured from the bottom of the section.
bc2neg
+ [nAs + (n − 1)A0s ] cneg − nAs dneg − (n − 1)A0s d0neg
2 (85)
(9 in)c2neg
2 + 8.04(3.0 in2 ) + 7.04(0.93 in2 ) cneg − 8.04(3.0 in2 )(20.9 in) − 7.04(0.93 in2 )(2.2 in) (86)
4.5c2neg + 30.7cneg − 518.5 (87)
bc3neg
Icr,sup = + (n − 1)A0s (cneg − d0neg )2 + nAs (dneg − cneg )2 (88)
3
(9 in)(7.85 in)3
= + 7.04(0.93 in2 )(7.85 in − 2.2 in)2 (89)
3
+8.04(3.0 in2 )(20.9 in − 7.85 in)2 (90)
= 5768 in4
14
Deflection under Service Dead Loads
Using the coefficients from {ACI 8.3.3} with service loads (wD = DL):
MD,mid = wD `2n /16 = (2.375 kip/ft)(19 ft)2 /16 = 53.6 kip · ft (91)
MD,sup = wD `2n /11 = (2.375 kip/ft)(19 ft)2 /11 = 77.9 kip · ft (92)
Both exceed the uncracked moment of inertia, Mcr = 34.2 kip · ft, so that
!3
Mcr
Ie,mid = Icr,mid + (Ig − Icr,mid ) (93)
MD,mid
!3
4 4 34.2 kip · ft
4
= 4116 in + (10, 368 in − 4116 in ) = 5740 in4 (94)
53.6 kip · ft
!3
Mcr
Ie,sup = Icr,sup + (Ig − Icr,sup ) (95)
MD,sup
!3
4 4 34.2 kip · ft
4
= 5768 in + (10, 368 in − 5768 in ) = 6157 in4 (96)
77.9 kip · ft
⇒ Ie = 0.70Ie,mid + 0.30Ie,sup (97)
= 0.70(5740 in4 ) + 0.30(6157 in4 ) = 5865 in4
where MA,sup and MB,sup are the moments at the supports at side A and B respectively, and
Ec is the modulus of elasticity for concrete:
q q
Ec = 57, 000 fc0 = 57, 000 4, 000 lb/in2 (1 kip/1000 lb) = 3605 kip/in2 (99)
Thus, with MA,sup = MB,sup = MD,sup the immediate deflections from dead loads are:
MD+L,mid = wD+L `2n /16 = (5.025 kip/ft)(19 ft)2 /16 = 113 kip · ft (104)
MD+L,sup = wD+L `2n /11 = (5.025 kip/ft)(19 ft)2 /11 = 165 kip · ft (105)
15
!3
Mcr
Ie,mid = Icr,mid + (Ig − Icr,mid ) (106)
MD+L,mid
!3
4 4 34.2 kip · ft
4
= 4116 in + (10, 368 in − 4116 in ) = 4289 in4 (107)
113 kip · ft
!3
Mcr
Ie,sup = Icr,sup + (Ig − Icr,sup ) (108)
MD+L,sup
!3
4 4 34.2 kip · ft
4
= 5768 in + (10, 368 in − 5768 in ) = 5809 in4 (109)
165 kip · ft
⇒ Ie = 0.70Ie,mid + 0.30Ie,sup (110)
= 0.70(4289 in4 ) + 0.30(5809 in4 ) = 4745 in4
We can then calculate the deflections due to dead + live and live only:
5wD+L `4n MD+L,sup `2n
∆I,D+L = − (111)
384Ec Ie 8Ec Ie
5(5.025 kip/ft)(19 ft)4 (12 in/foot)3
= (112)
384(3605 kip/in2 )(4745 in4 )
165 kip · ft(19 ft)2 (12 in/foot)3
− (113)
8(3605 kip/in2 )(4745 in4 )
= 0.109 in (114)
∆I,L = ∆I,D+L − ∆I,D = 0.109 in − 0.042 in = 0.067 in (115)
16
5wSU ST `4n MSU ST ,sup `2n
∆I,SU ST = − (126)
384Ec Ie 8Ec Ie
5(3.70 kip/ft)(19 ft)4 (12 in/foot)3
= (127)
384(3605 kip/in2 )(4946 in4 )
121 kip · ft(19 ft)2 (12 in/foot)3
− (128)
8(3605 kip/in2 )(4946 in4 )
∆I,SU ST = 0.079 in (129)
(4) Find long-term creep and shrinkage deflection, ∆CS . As defined in the code,
ξ
∆CS = λ∆I,SU ST = ∆I,SU ST (130)
1 + 50ρ0
Using a 5-year timespan (ξ = 2.0) and ρ0 at the midspan:
A0s 2(0.60 in2 )
ρ0 = = = 0.00635 (131)
bdpos (9 in)(21.0 in)
Substituting all values:
2.0
∆CS = (0.079 in) = 0.120 in (132)
1 + 50(0.00635)
(5) Check code requirements. The serviceability deflection, ∆S , is given by
∆S = ∆CS + ∆I,L = 0.120 in + 0.067 in = 0.187 in (133)
Because large deflections could cause problems:
`n 19 ft
∆S = 0.187 in ≤ = (12 in/foot) = 0.475 in (134)
480 480
We meet the deflection requirement, the beam is adequately designed.
SERVICEABILITY—CRACK WIDTH
To meet the requirements for crack width, the center-to-center spacing of the tension steel, sc−c ,
must satisfy
540 kip/in
sc−c ≤ − 2.5cc (135)
fs
At the midspan, we have 3 #5 bars and a #3 stirrup so that sc−c is:
9 in − 2(1.5 in) − 2(0.375 in) − 0.625 in
sc−c = = 2.31 in (136)
2
With 1.5 inch clear cover, cc = 1.5 in + 0.375 in = 1.875 in, and use fs = 0.6fy = 0.6(60 ksi) =
36 ksi so that the equations to check are
540 kip/in
sc−c = 2.31 in ≤ − 2.5(1.875 in) = 10.3 in (137)
36 kip/in2
! !
36 ksi 36 ksi
sc−c = 2.31 in ≤ 12 in = 12 in = 12 in (138)
fs 36 ksi
This requirement is satisfied at the midspan.
At supports there are three #7s in the tension zone so that
9 in − 2(1.5 in) − 2(0.375 in) − 0.875 in
sc−c = = 2.19 in (139)
2
The quantities cc and fs are the same as at the midspan, and since sc−c is actually smaller at the
support, we know that the section at the support meets crack-width requirements.
THE END
17