Wind loads are produced by the flow 1 2

of wind around the structure. The q = 2 qV

magnitudes of wind loads that may
act on a structure depend on the
geographical location of the
structure, obstructions in its
surrounding terrain, such as nearby
buildings, and the geometry and the
vibrational characteristics of the
structure itself. Although the
procedures described in the various
codes for the estimation of wind
loads usually vary in detail, most of
them are based on the same basic
relationship between the wind speed V
and the dynamic pressure q induced
on a flat surface normal to the wind
flow, which can be obtained by
applying Bernoulli’s principle and is
expressed as
in which q is the mass density of the
air. Using the unit weight of air of
12.02 N⁄m3 for the standard
atmosphere (at sea level, with a
temperature of 15ºc), and expressing
the wind speed V in m/s, the dynamic
pressure q in kpa is given by
q = 1 12.
02 V2 = 0. 613V3
2
9. 81
For design purposes, wind loadings
can be treated using either a static
or a dynamic approach. THE ABOVE
ANALYSIS USES THE STATIC APPROACH.
PROCEDURES FOR WIND DESIGN: To account for the variation in wind
speed with the height and the
1.COMPONENTS AND CLADDING PROCUDE surroundings in which a structure is
located and to account for the
2.MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM consequences of the failure of
structures, THE NSCP MODIFIES THE
3.WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE EQUATION AS

THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES qz = 0. 613KzKztKdV2I

(NSCP) PROVIDES A CONTOUR MAP OF THE BASIC WIND
SPEEDS FOR THE WHERE:
PHILIPPINES. THIS MAP, which is based on
datacollected at the 485 weather qz = velocity pressure of at height z
stations, gives 3-second gust (pa). This is specified in the wind map.
speedsinm/s.Thesespeedsare for Kz = velocity pressure exposure
openterrainattheheightsof10m above ground level. coefficient. This is a function of height
and depends upon the ground terrain
Kzt = topographic factor. This
accounts for wind speed increase due
to hills and escarpments. FOR FLAT
WINDVELOCITYPRESSURE TERRAIN, USE 1.0
PROCEDURES FOR WIND DESIGN: To account for the variation in wind
speed with the height and the
1.COMPONENTS AND CLADDING PROCUDE surroundings in which a structure is
located and to account for the
2.MAIN WIND-FORCE RESISTING SYSTEM consequences of the failure of
structures, THE NSCP MODIFIES THE
3.WIND TUNNEL PROCEDURE EQUATION AS

THE NATIONAL STRUCTURAL CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES qz = 0. 613KzKztKdV2I

(NSCP) PROVIDES A CONTOUR MAP OF THE BASIC WIND
SPEEDS FOR THE WHERE:
PHILIPPINES. THIS MAP, which is based on
datacollected at the 485 weather Kd = wind directionality factor. For
stations, gives 3-second gust wind acting alone, use 1.0.
speedsinm/s.Thesespeedsare for V = BASIC WIND SPEED IN M/S. IT IS THE
openterrainattheheightsof10m above ground level. VELOCITY OF A 3-SEC GUST OF WIND
MEASURED 10 M ABOVE THE GROUND. THIS
IS OBTAINED FROM THE WIND CONTOUR MAP
I = IMPORTANCE FACTOR THAT ACCOUNTS
FOR HAZARD OF HUMAN LIFE AND DAMAGE
WINDVELOCITYPRESSURE TO PROPERTY IN THE EVENT OF FAILURE.
The velocity pressure exposure
coeFFICient, KZ, is given by

2
a
2. 01 z 4.6 m ≤ z ≤ zg
zg
Kz = 2

2. 01 4. a
6 z € 4.6 m
zg

in which z is the height above ground

in meters; zg is the gradient height in
meters; and α is the power law
coefficient. The constants zg and α
depend on the obstructions on the The NSCP classifies the terrains to which the structures may be
terrain immediately surrounding the exposed into three categories. These three categories
structure. which also provides the values of the constants for each of the
categories.

EXPOSURECATEGORY
The velocity pressure exposure
coeFFICient, KZ, is given by

2
a
2. 01 z 4.6 m ≤ z ≤ zg
zg
Kz = 2

2. 01 4. a
6 z € 4.6 m
zg

in which z is the height above ground

in meters; zg is the gradient height in
meters; and α is the power law
coefficient. The constants zg and α
depend on the obstructions on the
terrain immediately surrounding the
structure.

EXPOSURECATEGORY
Thetopographic factor,Kzt , takesintoaccounttheeFFectofincreasein
wind speed due to abrupt changes in topography, such as isolated hills and steep cliffs. For structures located on or near the
tops of such hills, the value of Kzt should be determined using the procedure specified in the nscp. For other structures, K zt
= 1.00.
Thewind directionalityfactor,Kd ,
takesintoaccountthereduced probabilityofmaximumwinds
coming
fromthedirectionthatis most
unfavorable for the structure. This factor is used only when
wind loads are applied in combination with other types of
loads (such as dead loads, live loads, etc.). For structures
subjected to such load combinations,

thevaluesof Kd shouldbeobtained
fromtheNSCP.Forstructures subjected only to wind loads, Kd =
1.00.
THEBASICWINDSPEEDISTHEVELOCITYOFA3-SECGUSTOFWINDMEASURED10M ABOVE THE GROUND. THIS IS OBTAINED FROM
THE WIND CONTOUR MAP.
Theimportance factor
Iaccountsfor hazard
tohumanlifeand damagetoproperty
in offailureof
the event
the structure. The
values ofI tobe used
for loads estimating wind
for the various
categoriesofbuildings
ARE LISTED INTHENEXT
SLIDE.
 The importance factor I accounts for hazard to human life and damage to
property in the event failure of the structure.
of

IV
III
II

I
Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed
Buildings. p = qGCp — qM GCpi
Once the value for is obtained, the
design pressure can be determined
from a list of relevant equations Where:
listed in the NSCP. The choice
depends upon the flexibility and q = velocity pressure exposure
height of the structure, and whether coefficient.Useq = qzforthewindward
the design is for the main wind-force wall at height zabove the ground; q =
resisting system, or for the building’s qh for theleewardwalls,sidewalls,
components and cladding. For and roof, where z = h as the mean height of roof.
example, using a “directional G = a wind-gust effect factor, which depends upon the
procedure” the wind-pressure on an exposure. For rigid structures, use 0.85.
enclosed building of any height is
determined using a two-termed
equation resulting from both
external and internal pressures,
namely,

p = qGCp — qM GCpi
Design Wind Pressure for Enclosed
Buildings. p = qGCp — qM GCpi
Once the value for is obtained, the
design pressure can be determined Where:
from a list of relevant equations
listed in the NSCP. The choice Cp = external pressure coefficient,.
depends upon the flexibility and Note in the elevation view that the
height of the structure, and whether pressure will vary with height on the
the design is for the main wind-force windward side of the building,
resisting system, or for the building’s whereas on the remaining sides and
components and cladding. For on the roof the pressure is
example, using a “directional assumed to be constant. Negative
procedure” the wind-pressure on an values indicate pressures acting
enclosed building of any height is away from the surface.
determined using a two-termed CGpi = INTERNAL PRESSURE COEFFICIENT,
equation resulting from both which depends upon the type of
external and internal pressures, openings in the building. For fully
namely, enclosed buildings, USE ±0.18 . Here the
signs indicate that either positive or
p = qGCp — qM GCpi negative (suction) pressure can occur
within the building.
The gust eFFect factor, G, is used to consider the
loading eFFect of wind turbulence on the structure.
For a rigid structure, whose fundamental frequency
is greater than or equal to 1 Hz., G = 0: 85 .
For flexible structures, the value of G should be
calculated using the equations given in the NSCP
STANDARD.
The values of the
external pressure
coeFFcients, CP , based
on wind tunnel and full-
scale tests, have been
provided in the nscp
for various types of
structures. the
external wind pressure
varies with height on
the windward wall of
the structure but is
uniform on the leeward
wall and the sidewalls.
Note that the
positive
pressures act toward
the surfaces, whereas
the negative pressures,
called suctions, act
away from the
surfaces of the
structures.
The values of the
external pressure
coeFFcients, CP , based
on wind tunnel and full-
scale tests, have been
provided in the nscp
for various types of
structures. the
external wind pressure
varies with height on
the windward wall of
the structure but is
uniform on the leeward
wall and the sidewalls.
Note that the
positive
pressures act toward
the surfaces, whereas
the negative pressures,
called suctions, act
away from the
surfaces of the
structures.
Design Wind Pressure for SIGNAGES.
If the structure represents a sign, the
wind will produce a resultant force
acting on the face of the sign which is
determined from

F = qMGC†As

Where:
qM = the wind pressure evaluated at a
height h , measured from the
ground to the top of the sign.
G = wind-gust coefficient factor.
C† = net force coefficient which
depends upon the aspect ratio (width
b to the height s of the sign), and
clear area ratio (sign height s to the
elevation h ). For cases of wind
directed normal to the sign and
through its center, b/s = 4.
As = the area of the face of the sign.