Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281

,QWHUQDWLRQDO&RQIHUHQFH±*UHHQ8UEDQLVP*8

([DPLQLQJWKHFKDOOHQJHVRIELF\FOHXVHLQ-HGGDKFLW\
0RKDPPHG$OMRXILH 
Department of Urban and Regional Planning, Faculty of Environmental Design, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

$EVWUDFW

,Q WKH SUHVHQFH RI KLJK UDWHV RI XUEDQL]DWLRQ VXVWDLQDEOH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ VROXWLRQV DUH YLWDO 'XH WR LWV VRFLDO HFRQRPLF DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDOEHQHILWVELF\FOHLVJHWWLQJPRUHDWWHQWLRQLQIDVWJURZLQJDQGKLJKGHQVFLWLHV7KLVSDSHUDWWHPSWVWRH[DPLQHWKH
FKDOOHQJHV RI ELF\FOH XVH LQ -HGGDK FLW\ 6DXGL $UDELD $ VXUYH\ KDV EHHQ FRQGXFWHG WR FROOHFW WKH GDWD IRU H[DPLQLQJ WKH
FKDOOHQJHV WKDW IDFH -HGGDK UHVLGHQWV IRU ELF\FOH XVH 9LVXDO DVVHVVPHQW ZDV FRQGXFWHG WR REVHUYH WKH EDUULHUV IRU XVLQJ WKH
ELF\FOH LQ -HGGDK FLW\ ,Q FRQMXQFWLRQ WR WKDW TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV GLVWULEXWHG WR DVVHVV WKH DWWLWXGH WRZDUG ELF\FOH XVH DQG WKH
SHUFHSWLRQRIREVWDFOHVIRUXVLQJELF\FOHIRUGLIIHUHQWDJHJURXSVRI-HGGDKFLW\UHVLGHQWV


© 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
‹7KH$XWKRUV3XEOLVKHGE\(OVHYLHU%9
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
3HHUUHYLHZXQGHUUHVSRQVLELOLW\RIWKHRUJDQL]LQJFRPPLWWHHRI*8
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016
Keywords:%LF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVSODQQLQJDWWLWXGHSHUFHSWLRQRIEDUULHUV-HGGDK

,QWURGXFWLRQ

+LJK XUEDQL]DWLRQ UDWHV SRVH FRQWLQXRXV FKDOOHQJHV IRU XUEDQ SODQQHUV GXH WR LWV HQYLURQPHQWDO FRQVHTXHQFHV
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ DV VXFK LV D NH\ FRQFHUQ ZKHUH LQ VXVWDLQDELOLW\ LV FHQWUDO SDUWLFXODUO\ LQ FDU GHSHQGHQW FLWLHV
%LF\FOLQJSURYLGHVVHYHUDOVRFLDOHFRQRPLFDQGHQYLURQPHQWDOEHQHILWVDQGUHSUHVHQWVDVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
VROXWLRQLQIDVWJURZLQJDQGKLJKGHQVFLWLHV
%LF\FOLQJ LQ FLWLHV LV UHVXPLQJ DIWHU D ORQJ GDUN DJH ZKLFK ZDV GRPLQDWHG E\ FDUV LQ SDVW +HDOWK DQG
HQYLURQPHQWDO EHQHILWV RI ELF\FOLQJ DUH ZHOO HVWDEOLVKHG VLQFHORQJ 3XFKHU  %XHKOHU  ZKLOH WKH DPSOLILHG
OLYDELOLW\ DQG XUEDQ ZHOOEHLQJ DUH WKH NH\ IDFWRUV WKDW PDNH ELNLQJ VLJQLILFDQW LQ FLWLHV OLNH &RSHQKDJHQ DQG
$PVWHUGDP1LHOVHQHWDO%HFN ,PPHUV



&RUUHVSRQGLQJDXWKRU7HO
E-mail address:PDOMXILH#NDXHGXVDDOMRXILH#LWFQO

1878-0296 © 2017 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the organizing committee of GU 2016
doi:10.1016/j.proenv.2017.03.058
270 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281

$WSUHVHQWFLWLHVDUHUHIXUELVKLQJWKHLUVWUXFWXUHDQGIRUPVWRDFFRPPRGDWHELF\FOHODQHVGXHWRHYHULQFUHDVLQJ
FRQVFLRXVQHVVWRZDUGVVXVWDLQDEOHPRELOLW\,QIDFWSURPRWLQJZDONDEOHDQGELNHDEOHORFDOLWLHVE\QRZDUHDPLG
WKH SULQFLSDO FRQFHUQV RI XUEDQ SODQQHUV DQG SROLF\PDNHUV RI ZKLFK $XVWUDOLDQ 1RUWK $PHULFDQ DQG :HVW
(XURSHDQFLWLHVDUHWKHZRQGHUIXOH[DPSOHV3XFKHUHWDO(&$XVWURDGV7&2&/DQ]HQGRUI
%XVFK*HHUWVHPD5HFHQWO\LWKDVEHHQREVHUYHGLQ86FLWLHVWKDWH[SDQVLRQRIELNHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHRQRQH
KDQG VWLPXODWHV WKH JURZWK RI PXOWLPRGH WUDQVLW ZKLOH RQ WKH RWKHU KDQG LW LV D PRWLYDWLQJ IRUFH IRU UHDO HVWDWH
LQYHVWPHQWDQGXUEDQJURZWK0F&RUPLFN
$V PHQWLRQHG HDUOLHU OLWHUDWXUH RQ ELF\FOLQJ UHODWHG UHVHDUFKLQYHVWLJDWLRQV DUH SULPDULO\ HQWKXVLDVWLF DERXW LWV
KHDOWKEHQHILWV&\FOLQJ\LHOGVVHYHUDOKHDOWKJDLQVLQWKHIRUPRIPRGHVWWRKHDY\SK\VLFDODFWLYLWLHVFRUUHVSRQGLQJ
ZLWKWKHPHGLFDOO\VXJJHVWHGOHYHORISK\VLFDODFWLYLW\VSHFLDOO\SK\VLFDOO\DFWLYHLQGLYLGXDOVZKRXVHDFWLYHPRGH
RIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQIRUPRIF\FOLQJRUZDONLQJJDLQVOHVVZHLJKWRYHUWLPHZKLFKPHDQVF\FOLQJDQGZDONLQJDUHWKH
ZHDSRQV DJDLQVW REHVLW\  %DVVHWW -U HWDO  %XHKOHU HWDO 6XPLQVNL 6WUDWHJLHV DLPHG DW UHJXODU
F\FOLQJ DQG ZDONLQJ LQ ZHVWHUQ (XURSHDQ FLW\ )ODQGHUV VHHP WR EH VHQVLEOH LQ PLQLPLVLQJ KHDOWK EXUGHQV GXH WR
SK\VLFDO LQDFWLYLW\ %XHNHUV HWDO  $XVW&\FOH 1DWLRQDO F\FOLQJ VNLOOV SURJUDP LQ $XVWUDOLD WR 
GULYHGHPRQVWUDWHGWRKDYHKDGDQHQFRXUDJLQJHIIHFWRQERG\PDVVLQGH[%0,DQGZHLJKWDPLGVWWKHSDUWLFLSDQWV
5LVVHO  :DWNLQV  6RPH VWXGLHV KDYH H[KLELWHG D QHJDWLYH FRQQHFLRQ EHWZHHQ WKH DFWLYH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ
F\FOLQJDQGZDONLQJDQGWKHOLSLGSURILOHVDQGEORRGSUHVVXUH+XHWDOYRQ+XWK6PLWK
'RXEWOHVVO\GLUHFWRULQGLUHFWKHDOWKEHQHILWVDWWUDFWVSHRSOHWRULGHDELF\FOHWKRXJKWKHLUFKRLFHWRULGHGHSHQGV
XSRQ VHYHUDO RWKHU HOHPHQWV VXFK DV EXLOW HQYLURQPHQW VXUURXQGLQJ WKH WULSV ,Q JHQHUDO ELF\FOLVW SUHIHUV HYHQ
WRSRJUDSK\ KLJKO\ PL[HG ODQG XVHV DEVHQFH RI KLJKZD\V DQG H[SUHVVZD\V GHQVH LQWHUVHFWLRQV DQG SURSHU
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUELF\FOLQJFRPSULVLQJOHVVFRQJHVWHGVWUHHWVRUPDUNHGELF\FOHODQHELF\FOHLQFOXVLYHWUDIILFVLJQDO
DQG URDG VLJQDJH PRUH DFFHVVLEOH QHLJKERXUKRRGV VWLPXODWH ELF\FOLQJ DQG ZDONLQJ LQGHHG:LQWHUV HWDO
%DUWRQHWDO
$SDUW IURP EHLQJ KHDOWK\ IRU WKH ULGHUV ELF\FOLQJ LPSURYHV WKH TXDOLW\ RI SK\VLFDO HQYLURQPHQW 0DUVKDOO 
*DUULFN $V DQ DFWLYH PRGH RI WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ ELF\FOLQJ HDVHV WUDIILF FRQJHVWLRQ DQG PLWLJDWH DLU DQG QRLVH
SROOXWLRQ+DQG\ ;LQJ
6DIHW\RIF\FOLVWLVDQRWKHUSHUWLQHQWLVVXHRIIRFXV$%%&UHSRUWUHYHDOVWKDWWKRXVDQGVRIF\FOLVWVDUHKXUWHYHU\
\HDULQWKH8.EHFDXVHRIURDGFDVXDOWLHV%%&(YHQWKHVRXWKHUQSDUWVRIWKH86$ZHUHIRXQGUHODWLYHO\
PHDJUHLQWHUPRIELF\FOLVWV
VDIHW\*RGZLQ 3ULFH+HQFHLWLVTXLWHLQWHUHVWLQJWRNQRZZK\WKHF\FOLVWDUH
KLJKO\ YXOQHUDEOH DW FHUWDLQ SODFHV DQG ZK\ WKH\ DUH HQFRXQWHULQJ WKH ULVN IDFWRUV 7UDGLWLRQDOO\ XVHV RI VDIHW\
DSSDUDWXVVXFKDVKHOPHWVDQGREH\LQJWKHWUDIILFVLJQDOVDUHFRQVLGHUHGWREHDVVRFLDWHGZLWKWKHF\FOLVW
VVDIHW\
0F&OLQWRFN  &OHDU\  0F*XLUH  6PLWK ,Q ODWHU \HDUV XVHV RI PRELOH SKRQHV ZKLOH F\FOLQJ KDV
HPHUJHGDVDQDGGLWLRQDOULVNIDFWRUGH:DDUGHWDOKRZHYHUDODWHVWVWXG\VDQFWLRQVWKDWWKHUHDUHPDLQO\
EHKDYLRXUDO DQG GHPRJUDSKLF IDFWRUV EHKLQG WKH FDXVDOLWLHV DQG LQMXULHV FDXVHG WR F\FOLVWV \RXQJHU PDOH F\FOLVW
ZHUHDWWKHKLJKULVNJURXSGXHWRWKHLUKLJKO\ULVNWDNLQJKDELWV+ROOLQJZRUWK
0RVWUHFHQWO\WKHERG\RIOLWHUDWXUHKDVEHHQVKLIWLQJLWVDWWHQWLRQWRZDUGVVFUXWLQL]HWKHH[WHQWRIF\FOLQJDWD
ODWHU DJH $JH IULHQGO\ F\FOLQJ LQIUDVWUXFWXUH ZDV FRPPHQGHG LQ &DQDGLDQ FLWLHV WR SURPRWH OLIHWLPH F\FOLQJ
FRQVLGHULQJ LWV KHDOWK DQG RWKHU EHQHILWV WR WKH ROG SHRSOH :LQWHUV HWDO  6LPLODUO\ LQ FDVH RI 0DOP| FLW\
6ZHGHQVFKRODUVFRQFOXGHGWKDWF\FOLQJVHHPVWRKDYHDQDIILUPDWLYHDQGDYLWDOUROHLQWKHPRYHPHQWVRIHOGHUO\
SHRSOH F\FOLQJ LV QRW RQO\ D IDFLOLWDWRU WR ROGHU SHUVRQV LQ WKHLU GDLO\ FKRUHV WKRXJK LW LV DOVR DFWV DV D PHDQ RI
SOHDVXUH5\DQHWDO
,QHVVHQFHELF\FOLQJKDVPXOWLIDFHWHGEHQHILWVIRUWKHLQGLYLGXDOVDQGIRUWKHSK\VLFDOHQYLURQPHQWWRR,WZRUNV
DVDFDWDO\VWDJDLQVWREHVLW\EORRGSUHVVXUHDQGOLSLGSURILOHVWKDWWDNHVSODFHLQDEVHQFHRISK\VLFDOLQDFWLYLW\5ROH
RIELF\FOLQJLQHDVLQJWUDIILFFRQJHVWLRQDQGWUDQVLWLRQRIXUEDQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQIURPIRVVLOIXHOOHG
FDUGRPLQDWHG
WR
OHVVRU
]HURFDUERQ
EDVHGVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLVXQTXHVWLRQDEO\VXEVWDQWLDO7KRXJKELF\FOLQJLVQRWSUDFWLFHG
ZLWKRXW ULVN DQG WKHUH DUH VHYHUDO LQIUDVWUXFWXUDO EXLOW HQYLURQPHQWV UHODWHG SURFHGXUDO DQG SUDFWLFH FRQFHUQHG
GHPRJUDSKLFDQGEHKDYLRXUDOIDFWRUVWKDWVKRXOGEHWDNHQFDUHIRUWKHUHQDLVVDQFHRIELF\FOLQJDFURVVRXUFLWLHV
7R WKLV HQG WKLV SDSHU DWWHPSWV WR WR H[DPLQH WKH FKDOOHQJHV RI ELF\FOH XVH LQ -HGGDK FLW\ D IDVW JURZLQJ DQG
KLJKGHQVHFLW\LQ6DXGL$UDELD$OWKRXJKPDQ\SUHYLRXVVWXGLHVKDYHH[DPLQHGWKHGHWHUPLQLQJWKHFKDOOHQJHVRI
ELF\FOH XVH LQ XUEDQ DUHDV WKLV KDV UHFHLYHG D OLWWOH DWWHQWLRQ LQ 6DXGL FLWLHV LQ JHQHUDO DQG LQ -HGGDK FLW\ LQ
SDUWLFXODU
 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281 271

0HWKRGRORJ\

2.1. Study area

-HGGDK FLW\ LV ORFDWHG LQZHVWHUQUHJLRQ DW WKH 5HG 6HD FRDVWILJXUH  -HGGDK FLW\ XQGHUZHQW D QRWDEOH DQG D
UDSLGXUEDQJURZWKGXULQJWKHSDVWILIW\\HDUV-HGGDKSRSXODWLRQKDVJURZQUDSLGO\IURPDERXWLQWKH\HDU
WRDERXWLQWKH\HDU$QXUEDQDUHDKDVH[SDQGHGGUDPDWLFDOO\IURPDERXWKHFWDUHVLQ
 WR  KHFWDUHV LQ  $OMRXILH HW DO 6HYHUDO WULJJHULQJ IDFWRUV DQG GLIIHUHQW SDWWHUQV RI
GHYHORSPHQWKDVDIIHFWHGWKHFLW\JURZWKDQGH[SDQVLRQDQGXQGHQLDEO\KDVDIIHFWHGWKHSDWWHUQRIWUDYHOLQ-HGGDK






















)LJD-HGGDK/RFDWLRQLQ6DXGL$UDELDE-HGGDKXUEDQDUHD


,QWKHVKDUHRIGDLO\WULSVEHWZHHQGLIIHUHQWWUDQVSRUWDWLRQPRGHVZDVEDODQFHGDQGLGHDO7KHSHUFHQWDJHRI
GDLO\WULSVXVLQJFDUZDVDERXWXVLQJSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWZDVDERXWDQGXVLQJRWKHUPRGHVLQFOXGHF\FOLQJ
DQGZDONLQJZDVDERXW$OMRXILHHWDO,QWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIGDLO\WULSVXVLQJFDUZDVDERXW
XVLQJSXEOLFWUDQVSRUWZDVDERXWDQGXVLQJRWKHUPRGHVLQFOXGHF\FOLQJDQGZDONLQJZDVDERXW
$OMRXILHHWDO&DUKDVGRPLQDWHGWKHGDLO\WULSVLQ-HGGDKDQGRWKHUPRGHVLQFOXGLQJF\FOLQJKDVGHFOLQHG
GUDPDWLFDOO\
&HUWDLQO\WKLVKDVFDXVHGKDSKD]DUGLVVXHVIRUXUEDQHQYLURQPHQWLQ-HGGDK-HGGDKVWUHHWVZLWQHVVDFRQVWDQW
FRQJHVWLRQ GXULQJ PRUQLQJ DQG DIWHUQRRQ SHDN KRXUV GXULQJ QRQSHDN KRXUV ,%,  0XQLFLSDOLW\ RI -HGGDK
7KHDYHUDJHVSHHGVRQWKHPDLQURDGVLVGHFOLQLQJDQGWUDIILFVDIHW\LVGHFUHDVLQJZKLOHWUDIILFHPLVVLRQV
DQG WULS GXUDWLRQ LV LQFUHDVLQJ 0XQLFLSDOLW\ RI -HGGDK  $OMRXILH HW DO  7KXV VXVWDLQDELOLW\ RI
WUDQVSRUWDWLRQV\VWHPLVFUXFLDOLQ-HGGDK7KLVVWXG\DWWHPSWVWRWDFNOHWKHFKDOOHQJHVRIELF\FOHXVHLQ-HGGDKDVD
RQHRIVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDOWHUQDWLYH

272 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281

2.2. Visual examination

3URYLGLQJVDIHDQGFRQYHQLHQWIDFLOLWLHVDUHHVVHQWLDOWRVWLPXODWHELF\FOLQJ,QKLJKGHQVHFLWLHVDQGKLJKOHYHORI
WUDIILFLWLVFUXFLDO7KHSHUFHQWDJHRIELF\FOLQJLQ-HGGDKLVYHU\ORZDQGPDUJLQDO$VLQGLFDWHGDERYHLQ
RIGDLO\WULSVXVHRWKHUPRGHVLQFOXGLQJELF\FOLQJDQGZDONLQJ$FFRUGLQJO\YLVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQLVLPSRUWDQWWR
DVVHVVWKHELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVLQ-HGGDKDQGGHILQHWKHEDUULHUVIRUXVLQJWKHELF\FOH
$PHULFDQ $VVRFLDWLRQRI 6WDWH +LJKZD\ DQG 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ 2IILFLDOV $$6+72KDV SURYLGHG D JXLGH IRU WKH
GHYHORSPHQWRIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHV7KLVJXLGHGHILQHVWKHUHTXLUHPHQWVDQGVWDQGDUGVIRUELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVSODQQLQJ
DQG GHVLJQV $$6+72  2XW RI WKH YDULRXV W\SHV RI ELF\FOH IDFLOLWLHV SURYLGHG LQ WKLV JXLGH VHYHQ PDLQ
ELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDVIROORZLQJ
x 7UDIILFVLJQDO
x 7UDIILFVLJQV
x %LF\FOH3DUNLQJ
x %LF\FOH/DQHV
x /LJKWLQJ
x 2Q6WUHHW3DUNLQJ
x 3DYHPHQWTXDOLW\
7RDVVHVVWKHDYDLODELOLW\DQGFRQGLWLRQRIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVLQ-HGGDKLQRUGHUWRGHILQHWKHSK\VLFDOEDUULHUVRI
XVLQJELF\FOHWKHFRQVLGHUHGELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVZHUHREVHUYHGDQGH[DPLQHG)LHOGREVHUYDWLRQLQFRQMXQFWLRQZLWK
SKRWRJUDSKV DQG QRWHV ZDV FRQGXFWHG LQ RUGHU WR DVVHVV WKH DYDLODELOLW\ DQG FRQGLWLRQ RI ELF\FOH IDFLOLWLHV LQ
GLIIHUHQWORFDWLRQVLQ-HGGDKFLW\'LIIHUHQWORFDWLRQVWKURXJKRXW-HGGDKFLW\ZDVH[DPLQHG)LJXUHZKHUHLQ
ORFDWLRQVUHSUHVHQWPDLQDQGVHFRQGDU\URDGVZKLOHRQHORFDWLRQUHSUHVHQWDUHVLGHQWLDOQHLJKERXUKRRG



























)LJ2EVHUYHG/RFDWLRQV
 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281 273

2.3. Questionnaire

,Q RUGHU WR DVVHVV WKH DWWLWXGH WRZDUG ELF\FOH XVH DQG WKH SHUFHSWLRQ RI REVWDFOHV IRU XVLQJ ELF\FOH E\ -HGGDK
UHVLGHQWV D TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV SUHSDUHG 7KH TXHVWLRQQDLUH ZDV GHVLJQHG LQ WKUHH PDLQ SDUWV 7KH ILUVW SDUW KDV
LQFOXGHGPDLQVRFLRHFRQRPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVQDPHO\DJHJHQGHUDQGLQFRPHOHYHO
7KH VHFRQG SDUW KDV LQFOXGHG DQ DVVHVVPHQW RI WKH DWWLWXGH WRZDUG WKH ELF\FOH XVH IRU FRPPXWLQJ *HQHUDO
VWDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHDWWLWXGHRIXVLQJELF\FOHZHUHFRQVLGHUHGDVIROORZLQJ
x 'R\RXSUHIHUXVLQJWKHELF\FOHIRUFRPPXWLQJLQ-HGGDK"
x 8VLQJWKHELF\FOHIRUFRPPXWLQJLVJRRGIRUHQYLURQPHQW
x 8VLQJWKHELF\FOHLVJRRGIRUKHDOWK
x &RPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOHLVHFRQRPLFDO
x &RPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOHLVIDVWHU

7KHVHJHQHUDOVWDWHPHQWVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGRQWKHEDVLVRIWKHOHDVWNQRZOHGJHDERXWELF\FOLQJLQ-HGGDKJLYHQ
WKDWWKHSHUFHQWDJHRIELF\FOLQJLQ-HGGDKLVYHU\ORZDQGPDUJLQDODVLQGLFDWHGDERYH5HVSRQGHQWVZHUHDVNHGWR
GHWHUPLQH WKHLU SHUVRQDO RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH FRQVLGHUHG VWDWHPHQWV (DFK RI WKHVH VWDWHPHQWV ZDV IRUPXODWHG LQWR
FORVHGHQGHGTXHVWLRQVZLWKWZRFKRLFHV³<HV´DQG³1R´
7KHWKLUGSDUWKDVLQFOXGHGDQDVVHVVPHQWRIWKHSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHREVWDFOHVIRUELF\FOHXVHLQ-HGGDK3UHYLRXV
VWXGLHVKDYHSRLQWRXWVHYHUDOEDUULHUVWRIRUELF\FOLQJVXFKDVLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDIHW\ZHDWKHUWRSRJUDSK\5LHWYHOG
DQG'DQLHO7LW]HHWDO.UL]HNHWDO+HLQHQ6WDWHPHQWVDERXWWKHLQIUDVWUXFWXUHVDIHW\
DQGZHDWKHUREVWDFOHVZHUHFRQVLGHUHGJLYHQWKDWWRSRJUDSK\LVQRWDQREVWDFOHLQ-HGGDKDVLWLVPRVWO\IODWWHUUDLQ
$FFRUGLQJO\WKHIROORZLQJVVWDWHPHQWVZHUHFRQVLGHUHG
x -HGGDKWUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVVXLWDEOHIRUELF\FOHXVH
x &RPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOHLVVDIHLQ-HGGDK
x :HDWKHULVDQREVWDFOHIRUXVLQJWKHELF\FOHIRUFRPPXWLQJLQ-HGGDK

5HVSRQGHQWV ZHUH DVNHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKHLU SHUVRQDO SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKH FRQVLGHUHG VWDWHPHQWV (DFK RI WKHVH
VWDWHPHQWVZDVIRUPXODWHGLQWRFORVHGHQGHGTXHVWLRQVZLWKWZRFKRLFHV³<HV´DQG³1R´
7RUDLVHWKHUDWHRIUHVSRQGHQWWKHHQWLUHTXHVWLRQQDLUHZDVGHLJQHGWRWDNHDERXWPLQXWHVWREHFRPSOHWHV
7KHVXUYH\ZDVFDUULHGRXWGXULQJWKHSHULRGEHWZHHQ0DUFKWKDQG$SULOWK6XUYH\ZDVFRQGXFWHGDW
WKHPDLQDFWLYLW\FHQWUHVVXFKDVPDLQVKRSSLQJPDOOVXQLYHUVLWLHVPDMRULQWHUVHFWLRQVDQGPDLQDWWUDFWLRQV


5HVXOW

3.1. Visual examination

7DEOHGHSLFWVWKHUHVXOWRIWKHYLVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHDYDLODELOLW\DQGFRQGLWLRQRIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVLQWKH
REVHUYHGORFDWLRQVWKURXJKRXW-HGGDKFLW\7KHVHILQGLQJVUHYHDOWKDWPRVWRIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVZHUHQRWDYDLODEOH
DQGLQDGHTXDWHDQGZHUHQRWLQDTXDOLW\FRQGLWLRQ7UDIILFVLJQDOWUDIILFVLJQVELF\FOHSDUNLQJDQGELF\FOHODQHV
ZHUHQRWDYDLODEOHLQDOOWKHREVHUYHGORFDWLRQV)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIWKHWUDIILFVLJQDOLQORFDWLRQ
 ,W LV QRWHG WKDW ELF\FOH KDV QR WUDIILF VLJQDO V\PERO DQG KDV QR SULRULW\ DQG FRQVLGHUDWLRQ GXULQJ LQWHUVHFWLRQ
FURVVLQJZKLFKSRVHDKLJKULVNRIFROOLVLRQZLWKFDU7UDIILFVLJQVZHUHYHU\OLPLWHGLQWKHREVHUYHGORFDWLRQVDQG
KDYHQRVLJQVIRUELF\FOH)LJXUHGHSLFWVWKHFRQGLWLRQRIELF\FOHODQHVLQORFDWLRQ,WLVQRWHGWKDWELF\FOHKDVQR
GHYRWHGODQHVZKLFKGHFUHDVHWKHVDIHW\DQGLQFUHDVHWKHFRQIOLFWVZLWKRWKHUYHKLFOHV0RUHRYHUELF\FOHSDUNLQJ
ZDVQRWDYDLODEOHLQDOOWKHREVHUYHGORFDWLRQV
)LQGLQJV DOVR UHYHDO WKDW RWKHU IDFLOLWLHV VXFK RQVWUHHW SDUNLQJ DQG SDYHPHQW ZHUH PRVWO\ QRW LQ D TXDOLW\
FRQGLWLRQLQWKHDOOREVHUYHGORFDWLRQVH[SHFWIRUORFDWLRQDQGORFDWLRQZKLFKGHSLFWVOLJKWO\DEHWWHUFRQGLWLRQ
)LJXUHLOOXVWUDWHWKHFRQGLWLRQRIRQVWUHHWSDUNLQJLQORFDWLRQ,WLVQRWHGWKDWRQVWUHHWSDUNLQJVSUHDGLQDOOWKH
 274 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281

REVHUYHGORFDWLRQVZKLFKSRVHDKLJKULVNIRUWKHELF\FOLVWV)LJXUHVKRZVWKHSDYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQLQORFDWLRQ,W
LVQRWHGWKDWSDYHPHQWZDVLQLQDSSURSULDWHFRQGLWLRQVPRRWKVXUIDFHLQPRVWRIWKHREVHUYHGORFDWLRQV7DEOH
DQGFDXVHGLVUXSWIRUWKHELF\FOLVWV)LQDOO\ILQGLQJVLQGLFDWHVOLJKWO\DEHWWHUFRQGLWLRQRIOLJKWLQJIDFLOLW\ZKHUHLQ
RIWKHREVHUYHGORFDWLRQV7DEOHKDGDQDGHTXDWHOLJKWLQJRQWKHRWKHUORFDWLRQVKDGDQLQDGHTXDWHOLJKWLQJ


7DEOH7KHUHVXOWRIWKHYLVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQRIWKHELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVRIWKHVWXGLHVORFDWLRQV

2Q6WUHHW 3DYHPHQW
/RFDWLRQ 7UDIILFVLJQDO 7UDIILFVLJQV %LF\FOH3DUNLQJ %LF\FOH/DQHV /LJKWLQJ 3DUNLQJ TXDOLW\

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH ,QDGHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

ORFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH $GHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH ,QDGHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH $GHTXDWH /RZ $SSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH $GHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH $GHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH ,QDGHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH ,QDGHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH $GHTXDWH +LJK $SSURSULDWH

/RFDWLRQ 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH 1RWDYDLODEOH ,QDGHTXDWH +LJK ,QDSSURSULDWH




 

)LJ&RQGLWLRQRIWKHWUDIILFVLJQDODQGODFNRIELF\FOLQJVLJQ
 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281 275

)LJ/DFNRIELF\FOLQJODQHV

)LJ2QVWUHHWSDUNLQJDQGELF\FOLQJULVN




)LJ3DYHPHQWFRQGLWLRQDQG%LF\FOLQJULVN
276 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281

3.2. Questionnaire survey

$WRWDORITXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHGLVWULEXWHGWKURXJKRXWWKH-HGGDKPDLQDFWLYLW\FHQWHUV$WRWDORIZHUH
FRPSOHWHO\ILOOHGZKLOHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUHSDUWLDOO\ILOOHGRXW7KHFRPSOHWHO\ILHOGRXWTXHVWLRQQDLUHVZHUH
FRQVLGHUHGLQWKHDQDO\VLV

3.2.1 Socio-economic attributes

7DEOH  GHSLFWV WKH VRFLRHFRQRPLF DWWULEXWHV RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV $ GLYHUVH VRFLR HFRQRPLF DWWULEXWHV RI WKH
UHVSRQGHQWVZHUHQRWLFHGLQWKHFRQVLGHUHGIXOO\FRPSOHWHGTXHVWLRQQDLUHV


7DEOH6RFLRHFRQRPLFFKDUDFWHULVWLFVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWV


6RFLRHFRQRPLFDWWULEXWHV )UHTXHQF\ 3HUFHQW
$JH
%HORZ<HDUV  

<HDUV  

 <HDUV  
 <HDUV  

<HDUV  

 <HDUVDQGDERYH  
 
 *HQGHU

 0DOH  
)HPDOH  

0RQWKO\LQFRPHOHYHO
/HVVWKDQ6$5  
6$5  
6$5  
0RUHWKDQ6$5  


3.2.2 Attitude toward bicycle use for commuting

5HVSRQGHQWV ZHUH DVNHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKHLU SHUVRQDO RSLQLRQV DERXW WKH  PDLQ VWDWHPHQWV ZLWK WZR FKRLFHV
³<HV´RU³1R´0RVWUHVSRQGHQWVKDYHUHYHDOHGDSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGWKHILUVWVWDWHPHQW³Do you prefer using
the bicycle for commuting in Jeddah?´DVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJXUH$ERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSUHIHUUHGXVLQJWKH
ELF\FOHIRUFRPPXWLQJZKLOHDERXWSUHIHUUHGQRW5HVXOWVLQGLFDWHWKDWODUJHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDGD
SRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGWKHVHFRQGVWDWHPHQW³Using the bicycle for commuting is good for environment”)LJXUH
 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281 277

$ERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHGWKDWXVLQJELF\FOHIRUFRPPXWLQJLVJRRGIRUHQYLURQPHQWZKLOHDERXW
EHOLHYHGQRW7KLVVHHPVWRUHYHDODQDZDUHQHVVRIHQYLURQPHQWVXVWDLQDELOLW\DQGJUHHQWUDQVSRUWDWLRQ



)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VSUHIHUHQFHIRUXVLQJWKHELF\FOH)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VHQYLURQPHQWEHQHILWVEHOLHIVRIWKHZKHQXVLQJELF\FOH

)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VEHOLHIVRIWKHKHDOWKEHQHILWVRIELF\FOLQJ)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VEHOLHIVRIWKHHFRQRPLFEHQHILWVRIELF\FOLQJ


0RUHRYHUDODUJHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDYHUHYHDOHGDSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGWKHWKLUGVWDWHPHQW³Using
the bicycle is good for health´DVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJXUH$ERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHGWKDWXVLQJELF\FOH
IRUFRPPXWLQJLVJRRGIRUKHDOWKZKLOHDERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHGQRW5HVXOWVDOVRLQGLFDWHWKDWWKH
PDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDGDSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGWKHIRXUWKVWDWHPHQW³Using the bicycle is economical”
)LJXUH   $ERXW  RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV EHOLHYHG WKDW XVLQJ ELF\FOH IRU FRPPXWLQJ LV HFRQRPLFDO ZKLOH DERXW
 EHOLHYHG QRW 7KLV VHHPV WR EH LPSDFWHG E\ WKH UHFHQW LQFUHDVH RI WKH IXHO SULFHV LQ 6DXGL $UDELD KRZHYHU
IXUWKHULQYHVWLJDWLRQVDUHQHHGHGWRVWXG\WKLVLPSDFW
278 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281


















)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VEHOLHIVDERXWVSHHGRIFRPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOH

)LQDOO\ D ODUJH PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV KDYH UHYHDOHG D QHJDWLYH DWWLWXGH WRZDUG WKH ODVW VWDWHPHQW
³commuting by bicycle is faster´DVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJXUH$ERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHGWKDWFRPPXWLQJ
E\ ELF\FOH LV IDVWHU ZKLOH DERXW  RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV EHOLHYHG QRW 7KLV VHHPV WR EH WULJJHUHG E\ WKH ORQJ
FRPPXWLQJGLVWDQFHVLQ-HGGDKWKHSDWWHUQRIGHYHORSPHQWWUDIILFOHYHOVDQGODFNRIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHV


3.2.3 Perception of the obstacles for bicycle use

5HVSRQGHQWV ZHUH DVNHG WR GHWHUPLQH WKHLU SHUVRQDO SHUFHSWLRQ RI WKH  PDLQ VWDWHPHQWV REVWDFOHV ZLWK WZR
FKRLFHV³<HV´RU³1R´$ODUJHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDYHUHYHDOHGDSHUFHSWLRQWRZDUGWKHILUVWVWDWHPHQW
³Jeddah transport infrastructure is suitable for bicycle use” DV LQGLFDWHG LQ )LJXUH  $ERXW   RI WKH
UHVSRQGHQWV SHUFHLYHG WKDW -HGGDK WUDQVSRUW LQIUDVWUXFWXUH LV QRW VXLWDEOH IRU ELF\FOH XVH ZKLOH DERXW  RI WKH
UHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGWKDWLWLVVXLWDEOH7KLVVHHPVWREHKLJKO\UHODWHGWRWKHDEVHQFHRIWKHPDMRULW\RIELF\FOH
IDFLOLWLHVLQ-HGGDKZKLFKKDVEHHQQRWLFHGDQGIRXQGRXWLQWKHYLVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQ5HVXOWVDOVRLQGLFDWHWKDWODUJH
PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV KDG D SHUFHSWLRQ WRZDUG WKH VHFRQG VWDWHPHQW ³Commuting by bicycle is safe in
Jeddah”DVGHSLFWHGLQ)LJXUH$ERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGWKDWFRPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOHLVQRWVDIH
LQ -HGGDK ZKLOH DERXW  RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV SHUFHLYHG WKDW LW LV VDIH 7KLV VHHPV DOVR WR EH UHODWHG WR WKH
DYDLODELOLW\RIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVLQ-HGGDK
)LQDOO\DODUJHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDYHDSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHODVWVWDWHPHQW³Weather is an obstacle for
using the bicycle for commuting in Jeddah”DVLQGLFDWHGLQ)LJXUH$ERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHG
WKDW ZHDWKHU LV DQ REVWDFOH IRU XVLQJ WKH ELF\FOH IRU FRPPXWLQJ LQ -HGGDK ZKLOH DERXW  RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV
SHUFHLYHGWKDWLWLVQRW7KLVVHHPVDOVRWREHUHODWHGWRWKHZHDWKHUFRQGLWLRQLQ-HGGDKSDUWLFXODUO\LQDVXPPHU
SHULRG+RZHYHUWKLVVHHPVWREHHQFRXUDJLQJDVRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGWKDWZHDWKHULVQRWDQREVWDFOH
IRUELF\FOLQJLQ-HGGDK





 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281 279

)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHVXLWDELOLW\RI-HGGDKWUDQVSRUWLQIUDVWUXFWXUHIRUELF\FOLQJ

)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VSHUFHSWLRQRIWKHVDIHW\RIELF\FOLQJ


280 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281

)LJ5HVSRQGHQW¶VSHUFHSWLRQLIZHDWKHULVDQREVWDFOHIRUFRPPXWLQJLQ-HGGDK

'LVFXVVLRQDQGFRQFOXVLRQ

7RHOLPLQDWHWKHQHJDWLYHFRQVHTXHQFHVRIXUEDQL]DWLRQVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVROXWLRQVDUHYLWDOSDUWLFXODUO\
LQIDVWJURZLQJDQGKLJKGHQVFLWLHV%LF\FOLQJUHSUHVHQWVDVXVWDLQDEOHWUDQVSRUWDWLRQVROXWLRQLQWKHVHVFLWLHVJLYHQ
WKH VHYHUDO VRFLDO HFRQRPLF DQG HQYLURQPHQWDO EHQHILWV WKDW LW FDQ SURYLGH 7KRXJK WKHUH DUH D VHYHUDO
LQIUDVWUXFWXUDOEXLOWHQYLURQPHQWVUHODWHGSURFHGXUDODQGSUDFWLFHFRQFHUQHGGHPRJUDSKLFDQGEHKDYLRUDOIDFWRUV
WKDWVKRXOGEHWDNHQFDUHIRUELF\FOLQJDFURVVRXUFLWLHV
7KLVSDSHUKDVDWWHPSWHGWRH[DPLQHWKHFKDOOHQJHVRIELF\FOHXVHLQ-HGGDKFLW\DIDVWJURZLQJDQGKLJKGHQVH
FLW\LQ6DXGL$UDELD7KHUHVXOWVRIWKHYLVXDOH[DPLQDWLRQLQGLFDWHWKDWPRVWRIELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHVZHUHQRWDYDLODEOH
DQGLQDGHTXDWHDQGZHUHQRWLQDTXDOLW\FRQGLWLRQLQWKHREVHUYHGORFDWLRQV7KLVSRVH DKLJKULVNIRUELF\FOLVWV
GHFUHDVHVDIHW\DQGLQFUHDVHFRQIOLFWZLWKRWKHUYHKLFOHV
5HVXOWVRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVXUYH\LQGLFDWHWKDWPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDYHDSRVLWLYHDWWLWXGHWRZDUGWKH
ELF\FOH XVH IRU FRPPXWLQJ  0RVW RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV SUHIHUUHG XVLQJ WKH ELF\FOH IRU FRPPXWLQJ LQ -HGGDK DQG D
ODUJHPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHGWKDWXVLQJELF\FOHIRUFRPPXWLQJLVJRRGIRUHQYLURQPHQWKHDOWKDQGLWLV
HFRQRPLFDO+RZHYHUPRVWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVEHOLHYHGWKDWFRPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOHLVQRWIDVWHUZKLFKVHHPV
WR EH WULJJHUHG E\ WKH ORQJ FRPPXWLQJ GLVWDQFHV LQ -HGGDK WKHSDWWHUQ RI GHYHORSPHQW WUDIILF OHYHOV DQG ODFN RI
ELF\FOHIDFLOLWLHV
5HVXOWVRIWKHTXHVWLRQQDLUHVXUYH\DOVRLQGLFDWHWKDWPDMRULW\RIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVKDYHDKLJKSHUFHSWLRQRIWKH
REVWDFOHV IRU ELF\FOH XVH LQ -HGGDK  $ ODUJH PDMRULW\ RI WKH UHVSRQGHQWV SHUFHLYHG WKDW -HGGDK WUDQVSRUW
LQIUDVWUXFWXUHLVQRWVXLWDEOHIRUELF\FOHXVHDQGFRPPXWLQJE\ELF\FOHLVQRWVDIHLQ-HGGDK0RVWRI
WKH UHVSRQGHQWV SHUFHLYHG WKDW ZHDWKHU LV DQ REVWDFOH IRU XVLQJ WKH ELF\FOH IRU FRPPXWLQJ LQ -HGGDK +RZHYHU
DERXWRIWKHUHVSRQGHQWVSHUFHLYHGWKDWZHDWKHULVQRWDQREVWDFOHIRUELF\FOLQJLQ-HGGDKZKLFKVHHPVWREH
HQFRXUDJLQJIRUELF\FOLQJIDFLOLWLHVSURYLVLRQ
7KLVVWXG\KDVSRLQWRXWWKHFKDOOHQJHVRIELF\FOLQJXVHLQ-HGGDK7UDQVSRUWDWLRQSODQVLQ-HGGDKPXVWSD\D
FRQVLGHUDEOH DWWHQWLRQ WR WKH ELF\FOH IDFLOLWLHV SURYLVLRQ DQG LQ RUGHU WR LQFUHDVH WKH ULGHUVKLS DQG FRPSHWH ZLWK
GRPLQDQW FDU UHOLDQFH DQG SURPRWH D VXVWDLQDEOH WUDQVSRUWDWLRQ VROXWLRQ WKDW KDV KLJK ZLOOLQJQHVV IURP -HGGDK
UHVLGHQWV )LQDOO\ IXUWKHU VWXGLHV WR H[SORUH RWKHU REVWDFOHV DQG FKDOOHQJHV IRU ELF\FOLQJ LQ -HGGDK FLW\ DUH
UHFRPPHQGHG 


5HIHUHQFHV

$$6+72*XLGHIRUWKH'HYHORSPHQWRI%LF\FOH)DFLOLWLHV)RXUWK(GLWLRQ$PHULFDQ$VVRFLDWLRQRI6WDWH+LJKZD\DQG7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ

2IILFLDOV
$OMRXILH0=XLGJHHVW0%UXVVHO0 9DQ0DDUVHYHHQ06SDWLDOWHPSRUDODQDO\VLVRIXUEDQJURZWKDQGWUDQVSRUWDWLRQLQ-HGGDK
&LW\6DXGL$UDELD&LWLHV
$XVWURDGV1DWLRQDO&\FOLQJ6WUDWHJ\±JHDULQJXSIRUDFWLYHDQGVXVWDLQDEOHFRPPXQLWLHV
%DUWRQ++RUVZHOO0 0LOODU31HLJKERXUKRRG$FFHVVLELOLW\DQG$FWLYH7UDYHO3ODQQLQJ3UDFWLFH 5HVHDUFK
%DVVHWW -U ' 5 3XFKHU - %XHKOHU 5 7KRPSVRQ ' /  &URXWHU 6 (  :DONLQJ F\FOLQJ DQG REHVLW\ UDWHV LQ (XURSH 1RUWK
$PHULFDDQG$XVWUDOLD-3K\V$FW+HDOWK
%%&  :KHQ \RX FDQ
W JHW EDFN RQ WKH ELNH 0DJD]LQH DYDLODEOH DW KWWSZZZEEFFRPQHZVPDJD]LQH DFFHVVHG 0D\ 

%HFN0- ,PPHUV/+%LF\FOHRZQHUVKLSDQGXVHLQ$PVWHUGDP1R
%XHKOHU53XFKHU-0HURP' %DXPDQ$$FWLYHWUDYHOLQ*HUPDQ\DQGWKH86FRQWULEXWLRQVRIGDLO\ZDONLQJDQGF\FOLQJWR
SK\VLFDODFWLYLW\$PHULFDQ-RXUQDORI3UHYHQWLYH0HGLFLQH
%XHNHUV - 'RQV ( (OHQ %  3DQLV / ,  +HDOWK LPSDFW PRGHO IRU PRGDO VKLIW IURP FDU XVH WR F\FOLQJ RU ZDONLQJ LQ )ODQGHUV
DSSOLFDWLRQWRWZRELF\FOHKLJKZD\V-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW +HDOWK
GH:DDUG'6FKHSHUV32UPHO: %URRNKXLV.0RELOHSKRQHXVHZKLOHF\FOLQJ,QFLGHQFHDQGHIIHFWVRQEHKDYLRXUDQGVDIHW\
(UJRQRPLFV
'LOO -  &DUU 7  %LF\FOH FRPPXWLQJ DQG IDFLOLWLHV LQ PDMRU 86 FLWLHV LI \RX EXLOG WKHP FRPPXWHUV ZLOO XVH WKHP 7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
5HVHDUFK5HFRUG-RXUQDORIWKH7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK%RDUG
(&(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ*UHHQ3DSHU²7RZDUGVD1HZ&XOWXUHIRU8UEDQ0RELOLW\%UXVVHOV(XURSHDQ&RPPLVVLRQ
 Mohammed Aljoufie / Procedia Environmental Sciences 37 (2017) 269 – 281 281

*RGZLQ$ 3ULFH$0%LF\FOLQJDQGZDONLQJLQWKH6RXWKHDVW86$:K\LVLWUDUHDQGULVN\"-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW +HDOWK


+DQG\6/ ;LQJ<)DFWRUVFRUUHODWHGZLWKELF\FOHFRPPXWLQJ$VWXG\LQVL[VPDOO86FLWLHV,QWHUQDWLRQDO-RXUQDORI6XVWDLQDEOH
7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ
+HLQHQ(HWDO&RPPXWLQJE\%LF\FOH$Q2YHUYLHZRIWKH/LWHUDWXUH7UDQVSRUW5HYLHZVS
+ROOLQJZRUWK0 $ +DUSHU$- +DPHU 05LVNIDFWRUVIRUF\FOLQJDFFLGHQWUHODWHGLQMXU\WKH8.&\FOLQJIRU +HDOWK6XUYH\
-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW +HDOWK
+X*DQJ+HLNNL3HNNDULQHQ2VPR+DQQLQHQ=KLMLH<X=H\X*RXDQG+XLJXDQ7LDQ&RPPXWLQJ/HLVXUH7LPH3K\VLFDO$FWLYLW\DQG
&DUGLRYDVFXODU5LVN)DFWRUVLQ&KLQD0HGLFLQHDQG6FLHQFHLQ6SRUWVDQG([HUFLVH±
,%,*-HGGDK3XEOLF7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6WXG\0LQLVWU\RI7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ6DXGL$UDELD
-HGGDK0XQLFLSDOLW\-HGGDKVWUDWHJLFSODQ-HGGDK0XQLFLSDOLW\6DXGL$UDELD
.UL]HN-%DUQHV*DQG7KRPSVRQN$QDO\]LQJWKH(IIHFWRI%LF\FOH)DFLOLWLHVRQ&RPPXWH 0RGH6KDUHRYHU 7LPH -RXUQDORI
8UEDQ3ODQQLQJDQG'HYHORSPHQW
/DQ]HQGRUI0 %XVFK*HHUWVHPD$7KHF\FOLQJERRPLQODUJH*HUPDQFLWLHV²HPSLULFDOHYLGHQFHIRUVXFFHVVIXOF\FOLQJFDPSDLJQV
7UDQVSRUWSROLF\
0DUVKDOO:( *DUULFN1:(YLGHQFHRQZK\ELNHIULHQGO\FLWLHVDUHVDIHUIRUDOOURDGXVHUV(QYLURQPHQWDO3UDFWLFH

0F&OLQWRFN +  &OHDU\ -  &\FOH IDFLOLWLHV DQG F\FOLVWVƍ VDIHW\ ([SHULHQFH IURP *UHDWHU 1RWWLQJKDP DQG OHVVRQV IRU IXWXUH F\FOLQJ
SURYLVLRQ7UDQVSRUW3ROLF\
0F&RUPLFN .  ([SDQVLRQ RI %LNH ,QIUDVWUXFWXUH )XHOV *URZWK RI 0XOWLPRGDO 7UDQVLW 8UEDQ /DQG DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSXUEDQODQGXOLRUJLQIUDVWUXFWXUHWUDQVLWWUHQGVWUDQVSRUWDWLRQUHDOHVWDWHDFFHVVHG0D\
0F*XLUH/ 6PLWK1&\FOLQJVDIHW\LQMXU\SUHYHQWLRQLQ2[IRUGF\FOLVWV,QMXU\3UHYHQWLRQ
1LHOVHQ76NRY3HWHUVHQ+  $JHUYLJ&DUVWHQVHQ78UEDQSODQQLQJSUDFWLFHVIRUELNHDEOHFLWLHV±WKHFDVHRI&RSHQKDJHQ8UEDQ
5HV3UDFW±
3XFKHU- %XHKOHU5&LW\F\FOLQJ0,73UHVV
3XFKHU - .RPDQRII &  6FKLPHN 3  %LF\FOLQJ UHQDLVVDQFH LQ 1RUWK $PHULFD" 5HFHQW WUHQGV DQG DOWHUQDWLYH SROLFLHV WR SURPRWH
ELF\FOLQJ7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ5HVHDUFK3DUW$3ROLF\DQG3UDFWLFH
5LHWYHOG3'DQLHO9'HWHUPLQDQWVRIELF\FOHXVHGRPXQLFLSDOSROLFLHVPDWWHU"7UDQVS5HV3DUW$±
5LVVHO& :DWNLQV*,PSDFWRQF\FOLQJEHKDYLRUDQGZHLJKWORVVRIDQDWLRQDOF\FOLQJVNLOOVSURJUDP$XVW&\FOHLQ$XVWUDOLD±
-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW +HDOWK
5\DQ-6YHQVVRQ+5RVHQNYLVW-6FKPLGW60 :UHWVWUDQG$&\FOLQJDQGF\FOLQJFHVVDWLRQLQODWHUOLIH)LQGLQJVIURPWKH
FLW\RI0DOP|-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW +HDOWK
6XPLQVNL 5 5 :DVVHUPDQ - $ 0D\ILHOG & $ )UHHPDQ (  %UDQGO 5  %LF\FOLQJ SROLF\ LQGLUHFWO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK
RYHUZHLJKWREHVLW\$PHULFDQMRXUQDORISUHYHQWLYHPHGLFLQH
7&2&7KH &LW\ RI &DOJDU\  &\FOLQJ 6WUDWHJ\ -XQH  DYDLODEOH DW
KWWSVZZZFDOJDU\FD7UDQVSRUWDWLRQ73'RFXPHQWVF\FOLQJ&\FOLQJ6WUDWHJ\F\FOLQJVWUDWHJ\SGI"QRUHGLUHFW  DFFHVVHG 0D\ 

7LW]H66WURQHJJHU:-DQVFKLW]62MD3$VVRFLDWLRQRIEXLOWHQYLURQPHQWVRFLDOHQYLURQPHQWDQGSHUVRQDOIDFWRUVZLWKELF\FOLQJ
DVDPRGHRIWUDQVSRUWDWLRQDPRQJ$XVWULDQFLW\GZHOOHUV3UHYHQWLYH0HGLFLQHS±
YRQ +XWK 6PLWK / %RUFK-RKQVHQ .  -¡UJHQVHQ 7  &RPPXWLQJ SK\VLFDO DFWLYLW\ LV IDYRXUDEO\ DVVRFLDWHG ZLWK ELRORJLFDO ULVN
IDFWRUVIRUFDUGLRYDVFXODUGLVHDVH(XURSHDQMRXUQDORIHSLGHPLRORJ\
:LQWHUV0%UDXHU06HWWRQ(0 7HVFKNH.%XLOWHQYLURQPHQWLQIOXHQFHVRQKHDOWK\WUDQVSRUWDWLRQFKRLFHVELF\FOLQJYHUVXV
GULYLQJ-RXUQDORIXUEDQKHDOWK
:LQWHUV06LPV*RXOG-)UDQNH7 0F.D\+³,JUHZXSRQDELNH´&\FOLQJDQGROGHUDGXOWV-RXUQDORI7UDQVSRUW +HDOWK