Chemical Exam

Prepared by: Saber, Norjanah I.

Parameter Principle Time Color Interference Reagent Notes

Glucose  Double Sequential  30 sec  Potassium Iodide False Positive: False Negative: Multistix: Sensitivity: 100 mg/dL
Enzyme Reaction (Green-Brown)  High levels of  Glucose Oxidase
 Oxidizing agent ascorbic acid  Peroxidase Other Chromogens:
 Tetramethylbenzidin  Detergents  Ketones  Potassium iodide  Aminopropycarbazole
e (Yellow to green)  High SG Chemstrip: (Yellow-Orange-Brown)
 Low Temp  Glucose Oxidase  o-toluidine
 Improperly  Peroxidase (pink-purple)
preserved specimen  Tetramethylbenzidine Correlations:
 Ketones
 Proteins
Bilirubin  Diazo Reaction  30 sec  Tan/Pink – Violet False Positive: False Negative: Multistix Correlation:
 Highly pigmented  Specimen exposure  2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium  Urobilinogen
urine to light salt
 Phenazopyridine  Chemstrip:
 Indicant  2,6 dichlorobenzene diazonium
 Metabolites of salts
iodine
Ketones  Sodium  40 sec  Purple False Positive: False Negative: Chemstrip: Acetone is detected only when
Nitroprusside  Phtlein dyes  Improperly  Sodium nitroprusside glycine is present.
Reaction  Highly pigmented preserved specimen  Glycine
red urine Correlation:
 Levodopa  Glucose
 Medications
containing
sulfhydryl groups
Specific  Change in pKa of  45 sec  Blue (1.000) – False Positive: False Negative: Multistix: Add 0.005 to SG reading when
Gravity polyelectrolytes Yellow (1.030)  Highly  Highly alkaline  Polymethyl vinyl ether/maleic pH is ≥6.5 due to interference
concentration of urine (>6.5) anhydride (Bromthymol blue) with the bromthymol blue
protien Chemstrip: indicator.
 EDTA (Bromthymol blue) Not affected by glucose, protein
and radiographic dye.
Protein  Protein error of  60 sec  Blue to green False Positive: False Negative: Mulitstix: Indicator is sensitive to
indicator  Highly buffered  Protein other than  Tetrabromphenol albumin.
alkaline urine albumin. Chemstrip:
 Pigmented  Microalbuminuria  Tetrachlorophenol Correlation:
specimen tetrabromsulfonphthalein  Blood
 Phenazophyridine  Nitrite
 Quaternary  Leukocyte
ammonium  Microscopic
compounds
(detergents)
 Antiseptics
 Chlorhexidine
 Loss of buffer from
prolonged exposure
of reagent strip to
the specimen, High
SG
pH  Double indicator  60 sec  Orange (5.0) - Blue No known interferences
(9.0)
Blood  Pseudoperoxidase  60 sec  Uniform Blue-Green False Positive: False Negative: Multistix: Correlation:
activity of (Hgb or Mgb)  Strong oxidizing  High Specific  Diisopropylbenzene  Protein
hemoglobin  Speckled/spotted agents Gravity dehydroperoxide  Microscopic
(intact RBCs)  Detergents  Crenated Cells tetramethylbenzidine
 Formalin Chemstrip:
  Bacterial  Captropil  Dimethyldihydroperoxyhexane
peroxidases  High tetramethylbenzidine
 Menstrual Concentrations of
contamination nitrite
 Ascorbic Acid (>25
mg/dL)
 Unmixed specimen
Urobilinogen  Ehrlich Reaction  60 sec  Red False Positive: False Negative: Mutlistix: Correlation:
Ehrlich-reactive compounds :  Old specimen  P-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde  Bilirubin
 Porphobilinogen  Preservation in (PDAN)
 Indican formalin Chemstrip:
 p-aminosalicylic  High concentration  4-methoxynenzene-diazonium-
acid of nitrite tetrafluroborate
 methyldopa
 procaine
 chlorpromazine

Highly pigmented urine

Nitrate  Greiss Reaction  60 sec  Pink False Positive: False Negative: Multistix: Pink spots/ edges is considered
 Improperly  Nonreductase-  P-arsanilic, tetrahydrobenzen as NEGATIVE; Nitrite
preservation containing bacteria. (h)-quinolin-3-ol corresponds to 100,000
 Highly pigmented  Insufficient contact Chemstrip: organisms/MI
urine time between  Sulfanilamide
bacteria and  Hydroxytetrahydro Correlation:
urinary nitrate benzoquinone  Protein
 Lack of urinary  Leukocytes
nitrate  Microscopic
 Large quantities of
bacteria converting
nitrite to nitrogen
 Presence of
antibiotics
 High
concentrations of
ascorbic
 High SG
Leukocytes  Leukocyte Esterase  120 sec  Purple False Positive: False Negative: Mulitstix: Contain esterase:
Esterase  Strong oxidizing  High concentration  Derivatgize pryrrole amino acid  Neutrophils
agents of protein ester  Eosinophils
 Formalin  Glucose  Diazonium salt  Basophils
 Highly pigmented  Oxalic Acid Chemstrip:  Monocytes
urine  Ascorbic Acid  Indoxylcarbonic acid ester  Histiocytes
 Nitrofurantoin  Gentamicin  Diazonium salt  Trichomonas
 Cephalosporins No esterase:
 Tetracyclines  Lymphocyte
 Inaccurate Timing  Strip can detect even
lysed wbc’s
Correlations with other tests
 Protein
 Nitrite
 Microscopic