AGITATION AND

MIXING OF FLUIDS

Dr. Vimal Gandhi

Department of Chemical Engineering,
D.D.University, Nadiad.

12/30/20 1
 AGITATION & MIXING OF LIQUIDS
“Many processing operations depend for their success on the effective
agitation & mixing of fluids” ……McCabe

Agitation
 It is an induced motion of a material in a specified way.
 the pattern is normally circulatory.
 it is normally taken place inside a container.

Mixing
 Random distribution, into & through one another
of two or more initially separate phases

12/30/20 2
Purposes of agitation of liquids

 Suspending solid particles.

 Blending miscible liquids e.g. methyl alcohol
& water.
 Dispersing gas through liquid in the form of
small bubbles.
 Promoting heat transfer between liquids &
a coil/jacket.

12/30/20 3
AGITATORS
 Multi-bladed paddle Simple straight-blade turbine
agitators with short
blades
– Turn at high speed on
Disk turbine
centrally-mounted shaft
– Smaller diameter; 30-
50% of diameter of
vessel
– Effective over wide Pitched-blade turbine
range of viscosities
Concave-blade
12/30/20 CD-6 impeller 4
Agitation vessel

Liquids are agitated in a tank

Bottom of the tank is rounded
Impeller creates a flow pattern.
Small scale tank (less than 10 litres)
are constructed using Pyrex glass.
For larger reactors/tank, stainless
steel is used.
Speed reduction devices are used to
control the agitation speed.
Mixing Flow : 3 patterns (axial,
radial, tangential flow)

Typical agitation process tank

12/30/20 5
Mixing Flow patterns (3 types):

(i) Axial flow.

 Impeller makes an angle of less
than 90o with the plane of rotation
thus resultant flow pattern towards the
base of the tank (i.e. marine
impellers).
More energy efficient than radial
flow mixing.
More effective at lifting solids from
the base of the tank.

12/30/20 e.g. Propellers 6

(ii) Radial flow.
 Impellers are parallel to the axis of the drive shaft.
The currents travel outward to the vessel wall & then either
upward or downward.
 Higher energy is required compared to axial flow impellers.

12/30/20 7
(ii) Tangential flow.
The currents acts in the direction tangent to the circular path
around the shaft.
Usually, it produce vortex (disadvantageous) & swirling the
liquid.

vortex

Unbaffled vessel
12/30/20 8
Vortex

 Ifsolid particles present within tank; it tends to throw the

particles to the outside by centrifugal force.
 Power absorbed by liquid is limited.
 At high impeller speeds, the vortex may be so deep that it
reaches the impeller.
 Method of preventing vortex
- baffles
- impeller in an angular off-center position

12/30/20 9
 vortex
Preventing vortex
(i) Baffles on the tank walls

Baffles are vertical

plates (typically
about 10% of the
tank diameter) that
stick out radially
from the tank wall

Flow pattern for an Flow pattern for a radial

axial flow propeller flow turbine/paddle
(baffled
12/30/20 vessel) 10
  Without baffles, the tangential flow
(swirling) occurred in a mixing tank
causes the entire fluid mass to spin
(more like a centrifuge than a mixer).
 With baffles, most impellers show
their true flow characteristics.
 Most common baffles are straight
flat plates of metal (standard
baffles). 
 Most vessels will have at least 3
baffles.  4 is most common and is
often referred to as the "fully baffled"
condition.

12/30/20 11
 Agitation in an unbaffled
vessel leads to swirling flow
with vortex formation &
poor distribution

Standard baffling
promotes flow that
results in good
solids distribution
12/30/20 12
(ii) Impeller in an angular off-center position
Mount the impeller away from the center of the vessel & tilted in
the direction perpendicular to the direction of flow.

Flow pattern with off-center propeller

12/30/20 13
12/30/20 14
12/30/20 15
Impeller:
Three main types of impellers :
(i) Propellers; (ii) paddles & (iii) turbines

(i) Propellers:
Create an axial-flow (flow of
currents is pushed in downward
direction).
High speed for low viscosity liquid.
Effective in very large tanks.
In a deep tank, 2 or more propellers
may be mounted on the same shaft.

12/30/20 16
(ii) Paddles:
Suitable for stirring simple liquids at low to
moderate speeds (between 20-150 rpm).
Paddles push the liquid radially (radial flow).
Anchor is one type of paddle agitator.
Ratio of paddles diameter to the vessel
diameter is typically 50-80%. Dia >o.6 Dt
Width of blade is 1/6 to 1/10 of its length.

Anchor
12/30/20 17
(iii)Turbine:
 Diameter ~ 30-50% of vessel diameter.
 Suitable for wide range of viscosity.
 For low viscosity, it generates strong currents which
continue throughout vessel.
 Principal currents produced: radial & tangential.

3 blades 4 blades 5 blades

6 blades 8 blades 12 blades Disc Turbines

12/30/20 18
 Agitator selection and viscosity Ranges

12/30/20 19
IMP- Standard turbine design
Dimension of a vessel & turbine impeller is :

Da 1 H J 1
 1 
Dt 3 Dt Dt 12

E 1 W 1 L 1
  
Dt 3 Da 5 Da 4

Da = impeller diameter
Dt = tank diameter

12/30/20 20
 Draft tubes

Propeller
Turbine

12/30/20 21
 Circulation, Velocities, and Power
Consumption
 Volume of fluid circulated by impeller must be
sufficient to sweep out entire vessel in reasonable
time
 Velocity of stream leaving impeller must be sufficient
to carry current to remotest parts of tank
 In mixing, also need turbulence
– Results from properly directed currents and large velocity
gradients in liquid
 Circulation and generation of turbulence both
consume energy
 Large impeller + medium speed = flow
 Small impeller + high speed = turbulence
12/30/20 22
Power consumption in agitated vessels

For an effective mixing, the volume of fluid circulated

in a vessel via an impeller must be sufficient to sweep
out the entire vessel in a reasonable time.
Stream velocity leaving the impeller must be sufficient
to carry currents to the remotest part of the vessel.

12/30/20 23
 (i) Flow number, NQ
q  n Da
3 q
NQ 
Where q is the volumetric flow rate, nDa3 -
measured at the tip of the blades, n is the -
rotational speed (rpm), Da is the impeller 3  Dt -
qT  0.92nDa  
diameter -
Total flow was shown to be
 Da 
-
n = speed (rotation/s) -
 NQ is constant for each type of Da = impeller diameter
impeller.For flat-blade turbine Dt = tank diameter (
(FBT), in a baffled vessel, NQ may 2
be taken as 1.3; For marine )
propellers (Square pitch), NQ = 0.5;
For four blade 45o turbine, NQ =
0.87;
 For HE impeller- NQ=0.47
12/30/20 24
(ii) Power consumption
Power required to drive the impeller.
Power number, Pg c
NP  3 5 or from Fig 1
n Da 

Power requirement is NPn D  3 5

P a
gc
Power no.- Analogous to f or Cd.
It is proportional to the ratio of the drag force acting on a unit area of the impeller
and the inertial stress (ie the total momentum associated with the bulk motion of the
fluid

12/30/20 25
 (iii) Dimensionless Group

The Reynolds number, NRe

Da2 n
N RE  ------ (5)

The Froude number, NFr
u  Da n
2
n Da uDa 
N Fr  ------ (6) Re 
g 
 Froude No. is a measure of the ratio of the inertial stress to
the gravitational force per unit area acting on the fluid. It
appears in the dynamic situations where there is significant
wave motion on a liquid surface. Important in ship design.
Unimportant when baffles are not used or Re< 300
12/30/20 26
 Why Dimensionless Numbers?
 Empirical correlations to estimate the power
required to rotate a given impeller at a give
speed, with respect to other variables in
system
– Measurements of tank and impeller
– Distance of impeller from tank floor
– Liquid depth
– Dimensions of baffles
– Viscosity, density, speed

12/30/20 27
(iv) Power Correlation
Typical plots of NP versus NRe is shown in Fig. 1 below
Curve A, B, & C for baffles; Curve D for unbaffled
For unbaffeld tanks, at high NRe (higher than 10,000), a
vortex forms & NFr has an effect. So empirically,

a  log10 N Re
m
b
The NP(corrected) must be corrected by multiplying NP by NFrm

N P ( Corrected )  N P  N m
Fr

12/30/20 28
 Fig 1

Curve A = vertical blades, W/Da = 0.2 Curve C = pitched blade

Curve B = vertical blades, W/Da = 0.125 Curve D = unbaffled tank
12/30/20 29
 Determination of power
Power
Reynolds Power number
baffled N P n 3 Da5 
number NP (Fig. 1) P
Da2 n gc
N RE 


Froude number N P (Corr )  N P  N Fr

m

Unbaffled
(curve D) n 2 Da
N Fr 
g
Table 1- Constants for unbaffled tank
a  log10 N Re
Turbine a b m
b
Three 1.7 18 Constants a & b
blades (Table 9.1)
Six 1 40
blades
12/30/20 30
 Dimensional analysis for fluid agitation systems

Basic quantities
Characteristic length: Impeller diameter D (m)
Characteristic time: Inverse impeller speed: 1/N (s)
Characteristic mass: Liquid density and cube
of impeller diameter:  D3 (kg)
Derived quantities
Characteristic velocity: Impeller diameter and speed: DN (m/s)
Characteristic pressure: Density and velocity
square:  D 2 N 2 (Pa)
Characteristic flow rate: Velocity and area ND3  m3 /s 
12/30/20 31
 Dimensionless numbers
N D2  Wbrake
Reynolds N Re = ; Power N Po =
 N 3 D5 
N 2 D3  N2D
Weber N We = ; Froude N Fr =
 g
Qi
Flow N Q =
ND3

12/30/20 32
 Dimensionless Correlations

12/30/20 33
 POWER CORRELATIONS-DIMENSIONAL
ANALYSIS

Pg c  nD 2
 nD 2 
   a , a , S ,
1 2 S ,..., S 
n
3 5
n Da    g
 
N P   ( N Re , N Fr , S1, S 2 ,..., Sn )
 P = (n, Da, gc, , g, )
 Where NRe is Reynold’s no.; NFr is the Froude no.
 nDa2/ is proportional to an NRe calculated from the diameter and
speed of the impeller
 NP is analogous to a friction factor or a drag coefficient associated
with the bulk motion of the fluid
 N Fr is a ratio of the inertial stress to the gravitation force per unit
12/30/20 34
 Shape Factors
 Various linear measurements
– Base measurements of Da (diameter of impeller) and Dt
(diameter of tank)
 Calculate remaining shape factors by dividing by
magnitude of Da or Dt
– S1, S2, S3, …, Sn
 Two mixers of the same geometrical proportions but
of different sizes will have identical shape factors, but
differ in magnitude of Da
 Geometrical similarity
12/30/20 35
 Power Correlations for Specific
Impellers
 Given in plots of NP vs. NRe for various
types of impellers, propellers, and turbines

12/30/20 36
 Power number NP vs. Reynolds number Re for turbines and impellers

12/30/20 37
Power number NP vs. Reynolds number Re for marine propellers and helical ribbons

12/30/20 38
 Power correlation for a 6-blade turbine in pseudoplastic liquids

12/30/20 39
Power required for complete suspension of solids
in agitated tanks using pitched-blade turbines

12/30/20 40
 Power Consumption
 Power required to drive impeller
q  nDa3 N Q
 (V2' ) 2
Ek 
2gc
 V’2 slightly less than tip speed, u2

  V / u2
2
' V2'  nDa
n 3 Da5   2 2 
P  N Q 
 Power Requirement gc  2 
12/30/20 41
 Calculation of Power Consumption
N P n 3 Da5 
P
gc

 At low NRe (<10), density is no longer a

factor
KL
NP 
N Re
K L n 2 Da3 
P
gc

12/30/20 42
 Calculation of Power Consumption
 At NRe>10,000 in baffled tanks, P is
independent of NRe and viscosity is not a
factor
N P  KT
K T n 3 Da5 
P
gc

 KL and KT are constants for various types of

impellers and tanks
12/30/20 43
 Table:2
Type of Impeller KL KT
Propeller, 3 blades
Pitch 1.0 41 0.32
Pitch 1.5 55 0.87
Turbine
6-blade disk (S3=0.25 S4=0.2) 65 5.75
6 curved blades (S4=0.2) 70 4.80
6 pitched blades (45, S4=0.2) - 1.63
4 pitched blades (45, S4=0.2) 44.5 1.27

Flat paddle, 2 blades (45, S4=0.2) 36.5 1.70

Anchor 300 0.35

12/30/20 44
 Power Consumption
 In general
P = NPn3Da5
 For Re < 10
NP = KL/Re
P = KLn2Da3
 For Re > 10,000
NP = KT
P = KTn3Da5
12/30/20 45
 Power Consumption
P  N P  N 3 D5
P  K1  ND 
3

P  K2  D
2

12/30/20 46
 Example

 A disc turbine with six blades is installed

centrally in a vertical baffled tank 2 m in
diameter. The turbine is 0.67 m in diameter &
is positioned 0.61 m above the bottom of the
tank. The turbine blades are 134mm wide. The
tank is filled to a depth of 2m with a solution
of 50% caustic soda at 65.oC, which has a
viscosity of 12cP and a density of 1500 kg/m3.
The turbine is operated at 90 rpm. What
power will be required?
12/30/20 47
Example
A flat-blade turbine with six blades is installed centrally in a
vertical tank. The tank is 1.83 m in diameter, the turbine is 0.61
m in diameter & is positioned 0.61 m from the bottom of the
tank. The turbine blades are 127mm wide. The tank is filled to
a depth of 1.83m with a solution of 50% caustic soda at 65.6oC,
which has a viscosity of 12cP and a density of 1498 kg/m3. The
turbine is operated at 90 rpm. What power will be required to
operate the mixer if the tank was baffled?

12/30/20 48
 Solution (a) baffled
n = 90rpm / 60 s = 1.5 r/s
Da = 0.61m
µ = 12cP = 12x10-3 kg/ms

N RE 
Da2 n

 0.61 (1.5)(1498)
2
 69600
 12 10 3

For Re > 10000, Np = KT = 5.8 from curve A for baffle

(NRe = 69600), NP = 5.8 (or from table 2 given before)
3 5
NPn Da 
P
3 5
g c
 (5.8)(1.5) (0.61) (1498)  2476.6 mN / s 
12/30/20 49
2476.6W
Solution (b) unbaffled n = 90rpm / 60 s = 1.5 r/s

From Fig 1, curve D (NRe = Da = 0.61m

69600), NP = 1.07 µ = 12cP = 12x10-3 kg/ms
Froude number, N RE  69600

n 2 Da (1.5) 2 (0.61)
N Fr    0.14
g 9.81
From Table 1, the constants a & b are 1.0 & 40.0 respectively

a  log10 N Re 1.0  log10 69600

m   0.096
b 40

12/30/20 50
From curve D, the power number for NRe = 69600 is 1.07
So the corrected value of NP,
N P (Corrected )  N P  N Frm  1.07 0.14 0.096  1.29

Thus power,
N P n 3 Da5 
P  (1.29)(1.5) 3 (0.61)5 (1498)
gc
 550mN / s  550 W

12/30/20 51
 Problem
 The agitation system mentioned above is to
be used to mix a rubber latex compound
having a viscosity of 120 Pa.s and density
1120 kg/m3. What power will be required?
 (KL= 65 – from table 2 given before)

0.612  1.5  1120

Re   5.21
120 P = KLn2Da3
2 3 65 1.5 2  0.613 120
P  K L n Da    3983.5 W

12/30/20 52
 Blending and Mixing
 More difficult to study and describe as
criterion for “good mixing” is often visual
observation
– Interference phenomena to follow blending of
gases in a duct
– Color change of acid-base indicator
– Rate of decay of concentration or temperature

12/30/20 53
 Mixing Using a Standard 6-Blade
Turbine: Mixing time models
 For a given tank and impeller or geometrically
similar systems, mixing time, tT, varies
inversely with stirrer speed
5V Dt2 H 1
tT  5
 Dt  q 4 0.92nDa2 Dt
q  0.92nD 
3
a

 Da 
2
D   Dt 
ntT  a     const  4.3
 Dt  H

tT is much greater when NRe is 10-1000, even

though power consumption is comparable to
the turbulent range
12/30/20 54
 Mixing times in agitated vessels
Dashed lines for unbaffled tanks, solid lines for baffled tanks

12/30/20 55
 Mixing time predictions - Norwood-Metzner
General correlation for turbine impellers
Correlation of blending times for miscible liquids in a turbine-agitated baffled
vessel
2 1/ 2 1/ 6
2 2 / 3 1/ 6
tT (nD ) g 1/ 2
D  Da   Dt   g 
ft  a
1/ 2 3 / 2
a
 ntT      2 
H D t  Dt  H  n Da 

ft is the blending time factor

 When NRe>105, Da/Dt
= 1/3, Da/Dh=1;ft  5
12/30/20 56
 Mixing time for a high efficiency
impeller (Turbulent regime)

1.67 0 .5
 Dt  H 
nTT  16.9   
 Da   Dt 

12/30/20 57
 Problem
 An agitated vessel 1.83 m in dia contains a six –
blade straight-blade turbine 0.6 m in diameter, set
one impeller diameter above the vessel floor, and
rotating at 80 rpm. It is proposed to use this vessel
for neutralizing a dilute aqueous solution of NaOH
at 70 0F with a stoichiometrically equivalent
quantity of concentrated HNO3. The final depth of
the liquid in the vessel is 1.83 m. Assuming that
all the acid is added to the vessel at one time, how
long will it take for the neutralization to be
complete?
12/30/20 58
 Solution
 Dt = 1.83 m Da = 0.61 m E =
0.61 m
 n = 80 /60 = 1.333 /s, density of
liquid (given) = 1000 kg/m3,
viscosity of liquid (given) 2
Find Re = n  Da   Dt 

ntT      const  4. 3
Da^2.density/viscosity =  Dt   H 
503000
 Find ntT from figure and then tT.

12/30/20 59
 Mixer Selection
 Choice of impeller can also affect mixing time
 Propellers typically require longer mixing times
compared to turbines
– Propellers have lower power consumption
 Gas bubbles, liquid drops, or solid particles also
increase blending time
 No direct relation between power consumed and
amount or degree of mixing
 When mixing time is critical, best mixer is one that
mixes in required time with least amount of power
– Mixing time is a compromise arrived at by considering
energy cost for mixing and capital cost of equipment
12/30/20 60
 Suspension of Solids
 Produce a homogeneous mixture
 Dissolve solids
 Catalyze a chemical reaction
 Promote growth of a crystalline product
from a supersaturated solution

12/30/20 61
 Critical Stirrer Speed
0.45
  
nc D 0.85
a  Sv D  g
0.1

0.2
p B 0.13
  
Where nc = critical stirrer speed
Da = agitator diameter
S = shape factor
v = kinematic viscosity
Dp = average particle size
G = gravitational acceleration
 = density difference
= liquid density
12/30/20 B = 100 x weight of solid/weight of liquid 62
 Shape Factor, S
Impeller type Dt/Da Dt/E S
(E is height of impeller
above vessel floor)

6-blade turbine 2 4 4.1

Da/W = 5 3 4 7.5
NP = 6.2 4 4 11.5
2-blade paddle 2 4 4.8
Da/W = 4 3 4 8
NP = 2.5 4 4 12.5
3-blade propeller 3 4 6.5
NP = 0.5 4 4 8.5
4 2.5 9.5
12/30/20 63
 For the same geometry, critical speed is about
the same for standard turbine and paddle
 However, turbine requires twice as much
power as paddle, and 15-20 times as much
power as propeller
 Sole purpose to suspend solids – use propeller
 For good gas dispersion or high shear – use
turbine

12/30/20 64
 Different processes require different degree of suspension.
 Defining the suspension condition in the order of increasing power
input or stirrer speed;

(i) Nearly complete suspension with filleting

Low stirrer speed, small amount of solid not in motion & rest on the
bottom of the tank.

(ii) Complete particle motion

All solids are either suspended or moving along the tank bottom.

(iii) Complete suspension (complete off-bottom suspension)

All solids are suspended off the tank bottom (not stay at bottom more
than 2 seconds).
All the surface of the solids is exposed to the fluid (all the solid
surface area is available for chemical reactions).
12/30/20 65
(iv) Uniform suspension (homogeneous suspension)
Higher stirrer speed, no longer any clear liquid near the top
of the tank & the suspension appears uniform.
The impeller speed is called as critical impeller speed.
Beyond this speed, any increase in the impeller speed does
not improve the quality of suspension

12/30/20 66
 SCALE UP OF AGITATORS

The conditions in the large vessel are close as possible

to the pilot scale/lab scale unit

Criterion (i) Constant Mixing Time

When the volume of the vessel is increased the
length of the flow path for bulk also increases. To
keep mixing time constant, the velocity of the
fluid in the larger tank should be increased in
proportion to the size. Power input per unit
volume is proportional to the square of the
velocity. So large power is needed to maintain
constant mixing time and so this is not feasible.
So this criterion for scale up cannot be used.
67 12/30/20
 Criterion (ii): Constant power input per
Unit Volume

N P n 3 Da5   2
P V  Dt H
gc 4

P N p  n Da
3 5
Dt H
  1  2
V  2 Da Dt
Dt H
4
Dt  1 Da H   2 Dt H   21 Da
68 12/30/20
 N p  n Da3 5
P

V  2 2
1 Da  21 Da
4
If

 3 5
P N n Da
P N p  n Da
3 2

p

V  3 
1  2 Da  3
3
V 1 2
4
4
P 2
 P   Kn 3 D 2
 Kn Da
3
 
V  V  lab
lab lab

P 3
 Kn plant D plant
2
 
 V  plant
69 12/30/20
 P = P
If     then
 V lab  V  plant
If

3 2
Kn plant D plant 3 2
= Knlab Dlab
2/3
nlab  Daplant 
  
n plant  Dalab 
=

70 12/30/20
 Criterion (iii) Same impeller tip sped

 ntm- dimensionless no. represents the number of

stirrer rotations required to homogenize the liquid. At
high Re, nitm is independent of Re.

1.54V
ntm 
Da3

71 12/30/20
Problem:

A fermentation liquid of viscosity 0.1

poise and density of volume 2.7 m3 using
Rushton turbine impeller with 1000
kg/m3 is agitated in a baffled tan
Estimate the mixing timek a dia of 0.5
m and stirring at a sped of 600 rpm.
Estimate the mixing time.
12/30/20 72
 Solution:

1.54V
ni t m  3
Da
1.54V 1.54  2.7
tm  tm   0.055 min  3.32s
600   0.5
3
3
n i Da

73 12/30/20
 Problem:
A pilot plant vessel 1 ft (305 mm) in dia is agitated by a six
blade turbine impeller 4 in (102 mm) in dia. When the
impeller Re no. is 10000, the blending time of two immiscible
liquids is found to be 15 s. The power required is 2 Hp/1000
gal (0.4 kW/m3. (a) What power input is required to give the
same blending time in a vessel 6 ft (1830 mm) in dia (b) What
would be the blending time in the 6 ft (1830 mm) vessel if the
power input per unit volume were the same as in the pilot
plant vessel?

74 12/30/20
 N P  KT
KT n D  3 5
P a
At high Re no’s gc

Subscript a and b represents 1

For a given density ft dia and 6ft dia vessel
P
 K ' n 3
Da 2
P
Da
3
 n 3 Da 2
na= nb (given) V

The ratio of the power inputs per unit volume in

the two vessels are
Pb 3 2 2 2
Vb nb Dab  Dab   6 
 3 2        36
75 Pa na D12/30/20
aa  Daa   1 
 Pb Pa 3 (For constant
 36  36  0.4  14.4kW / m blending
Vb Va time)

(b) If the power input per unit volume is same

then
Pa 3 2 Pb
 na Da
3 2
 nb Db
Va Vb

76 12/30/20
 Pa Pb 3 2 3 2
 , then na Da  nb Da
Va Vb
2/3 2/3
n b  Da   6
       3.3
na  Db  1
The blending time in 6 ft vessel  3.3  15s  49.5s

77 12/30/20
 A vertical tank 2.4 m dia is provided with a flat blade turbine
impeller (6 blades) mounted centrally in the tank at a height
of 0.8 m from bottom. The turbine is 0.8 m in dia and the
blades are 167 mm wide. The tank is filled to a depth of 2.4 m
With rubber latex compound having density 1120 kg/m3
and viscosity 120 kg/m.s. If the tank is baffled and turbine is
Rotated at 90 rpm, what is the power consumption in hP?
Take Np. Re = 65 for laminar flow and 5.75 for turbulent flow.

78 12/30/20
 Da n 0.82  90  1120
2

Re    8.9610
 60  120
( So la min ar )

Np x Re = 65; Np = 65 /8.96 = 7.25

P = NP. N3 Da5 = 8980 W= 12hP

79 12/30/20
 Newtonian and non-Newtonian Fluids

Newtonian fluids:
Fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called as
Newtonian fluids. Newton's law of viscosity is given by

Non-Newtonian fluids:
Fluids which do not obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called
as non-Newtonian fluids. Generally non-Newtonian fluids are
complex mixtures: slurries, pastes, gels, polymer solutions etc.

,where A, B and n are constants.

For Newtonian fluids A = 0, B =  and n = 1.

There is also one more - which is not real, it does not exist -
known as the ideal fluid. This is a fluid which is assumed to have
no viscosity. This is a useful concept when theoretical solutions are
being considered - it does help achieve some practically useful
solutions.
12/30/20 80
 Type of fluids
– Newtonian
– Non-Newtonian (Shear
thinning - Shear thickening)

v x
 xy 
y

12/30/20 81
 Toothpaste
Latex
Paint

Corn
Starch

12/30/20 82
12/30/20 83
12/30/20 84
 Power law fluids
Newtonian fluid:

dv x dv x
 xy     :  
dy dy
Power Law Fluid:
 xy
 xy  K  n
: a   K n 1


When n<1, viscosity decreases with shear
When n>1, viscosity increases with shear
12/30/20 85
 Power Consumption in
Non-Newtonian Liquids
 Non-Newtonian liquids – viscosity varies with
shear rate
 Use apparent viscosity, a
nDa2 
N Re,n 
a
n ' 1
 du 
 a  K '  
 dy  av

 For a straight-blade turbine in pseudoplastic

liquids  du 
   11n
12/30/20
 dy  av 86
 Types of Compressors

Reciprocating
Rotary
Centrifugal
Axial

12/30/20 87
 TYPES OF COMPRESSORS

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas_compressor

12/30/20 88
12/30/20 89
12/30/20 90
12/30/20 91
12/30/20 92
12/30/20 93
12/30/20 94
12/30/20 95
12/30/20 96
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors
There are two general types compressors
 Reciprocating compressor

For high pressures and low-volume flow rates. .

 Rotative compressor

For lower pressures and high-volume flow

rates.

12/30/20 97
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

Air compressor
12/30/20 98
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

12/30/20 Reciprocating compressor 99

 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

Motor
Compressor

Refrigerator compressor
12/30/20 100
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

Compressor

Motor

12/30/20 Refrigerator compressor 101

 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

12/30/20
Icebox compressor 102
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

Centrifugal rotative compressor

12/30/20 103
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

12/30/20
Centrifugal rotative compressor 104
 §9-1.The Types of gas compressors

Axis flow rotative compressor

12/30/20 105
 §9-2. The principle of reciprocating compressors
1.The principle
p
P2 2

P1
1

H2 V

Wc
H1
12/30/20 Q≈? 106
§9-2. The principle of reciprocating compressors
1.The principle

p T
P2 2T 2n 2s 2s

2n

2T
P1 P2
1 1
P1
v s

12/30/20 107
§9-2. The principle of reciprocating compressors
1.The principle

Notice that there will be a difference between the work

necessary to compress the gas from states 1 to state
2 and the total work of process.
Wcs>Wcn>WcT

12/30/20 108
 §9-2. The principle of reciprocating
compressors
2.The work of compressor
 Adiabatic compressor
 k 1

k k  p2  k
wc ,s  h2  h1  ( p2v2  p1v1 )  RgT1    1

k 1 k 1  p1  
 

12/30/20 109
 §9-2. The principle of reciprocating
compressors
2.The work of compressor
 Isothermal compressor

v2 p2
wc ,T   RgT1 ln  RgT1 ln
v1 p1

12/30/20 110
 §9-4. Multilevel compress with intercoolers
1.System
Cooling water

Intercooler
3’ 2 ’
2 1

High pressure gas

Low pressure gas

2nd-stage 1st-stage
compression compression

12/30/20 111
§9-4. Multilevel compress with intercoolers
2.Diagram

p
P2 3T 3’
g 3

Pm 2
f 2’

P1
1
e

12/30/20 112