1st International Conference on Advances in Science, Engineering and Robotics Technology 2019 (ICASERT 2019)

Design and Implementation of IoT based Ideal Fish

Farm in the Context of Bangladesh Aquaculture
System
Abdul Kadar Muhammad Masum
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, International Islamic
University Chittagong, Bangladesh
akmmasum@yahoo.com
Shahidul Islam Khan
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, International Islamic
University Chittagong, Bangladesh
nayeemkh@yahoo.com
Md. Shahin
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, International Islamic
University Chittagong, Bangladesh
shahin.iiuc@gmail.com
Ahmed Shan-A-Alahi
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, International Islamic
University Chittagong, Bangladesh
shourabh_iiuc@yahoo.com
Md. Kalim Amzad Chy
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, International Islamic
University Chittagong, Bangladesh
kalim.amzad.chy@gmail.com
Md. Golam Rabiul Alam
Dept. of Computer Science and
Engineering, BRAC University,
Bangladesh
rabiul.alam@bracu.ac.bd

Abstract— This research proposes an IoT based ideal fish
farm that will be low in cost and high in fish production level. A
WEMOS D1 microcontroller is engaged in determining various
essential attributes of the water like pH, oil layer, water level,
temperature, and the fish behaviour to recognize their hungry
level that have a great effect on the fast growth of the fish.
Through our developed mobile app and a user-friendly web
interface the end user will be notified this information. The
ESP8266 wifi module is built in the D1 microcontroller through
which the system transmits the data to the web and mobile app.
In case of exceeding the predefined threshold value, the system
considers it as an abnormal situation and notify the concerned
authority to take the necessary steps. Moreover, the prediction
of the next day required fish food and other parameters assist
the fish farmer in taking a precaution step makes the system
more unique and exceptional. Through these features, a fish
farmer may produce more fish, and the protein challenge for
the large population will be diminished drastically.
Keywords — smart fish farm, pH sensor, oil layer detection,
Support Vector Regression (SVR), Random Forest Regression
I. INTRODUCTION
The present 7.3 billion world population is estimated to
be 11.2 billion in 2100. With the first growth rate of the
current population, at least 70% more protein will be
necessary in the year 2100 [1]. Oceans, a great source of
protein, is taken about 2.5% more fish than what ocean can
naturally support. WWF (World Wildlife Fund) reported that
since 1950, 90% of very usually captured fish have vanished
from the ocean [2]. We are increasing pressure on the ocean
that's a threat to the natural balance. To meet the demand, an
alternate source should be thought without threatening
nature.
Aquaculture-based fish farming is an excellent solution
to this critical problem. Fish farming is very economical as
only 1.5 pound fish food is required to grow 1 pound fish
while 8-9 pound feed and 8000L water in case of meat from
cow [3]. Also, with respect to financial gain, there was a
huge difference between IoT based and non-IoT based fish
farm, found on an earlier study. The quick growth of the fish
relies on various factors: production factors [4],
environmental factors [5], and biotic factors [6]. It is possible
to monitor and control some of those parameters.
The main purpose of this work is to build up a cost-
effective fish farm monitoring and controlling framework
that can properly determine various essential water attributes
like pH, oil level, temperature, water level, and fish hungry
level by perceiving the fish behavior. To achieve an accurate
value several data manipulation techniques like mean, mode,
data normalization has been followed. The gathered
information is stored in the cloud server for further analysis
like forecasting the probable pH, oil layer, water level,
required fish food etc. to take a preventive step in advance. If
the parameters exceed the predefined threshold level, then
the system will notify the user through the mobile app. To
build up the framework only $40 - $45 is enough. This
amount is so low that a fish farmer can easily adapt and take
part in settling the world protein challenge issue.
This paper is structured into five sections containing the
introduction. Section II presents related work. Section III
combines methodology where circuit design, smart fish
monitoring, and controlling process is explained. An
experimental result is shown in section IV. Section V The
conclusion and future work are deliberated in section V.
II. RELATED WORK
A few researchers from the genetic engineering field
produced genetically modified fish having more breeding
capabilities. But their survival rate and nutrition level are
lower than the natural fish [7]. Also supplying artificial fish
feed containing more chemical, microbes, seaweeds, etc.
causes various disease. Alternate fish feeds are developed
having lower chemicals to control the diseases.
Nowadays, the Internet of Things (IoT) is all about the 4th
industrial revolution. In outcomes of this revolution, IoT
advances the fish farming system that makes up a large
portion of the protein problem for the more growing
population [8]. Traditional fish farming faces lots of troubles
with respect to the change of the environment like extreme
weather, heavy rainfall, high temperature, limited water on
the farm etc. SK telecom proposed an IoT based fish farm
system that detects pH, dissolved oxygen level, temperature
and inform the fish farmer through their smartphones [9]. To
examine the water quality, the traditional system collects
several samples from different locations and process in the
laboratory. To smart this system, Shareef et al. [10]
developed a WSN (Wireless Sensor Network) technology-
based decision support system that detect different physio-
chemical characteristics of water and notify the end-user via
smartphone. Daudi et al. also developed a system based on
WSN technology [11]. Raspberry Pi based system

978-1-7281-3445-1/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE

continually determine the water quality through equipped
sensors and store the data in a cloud server for further
analysis [12]. If any water attribute surpasses its threshold
value than an auto-generated text message will be sent to the
end user. To display the collected information, LabView
software was utilized. However, the high cost is the primed
downside of this system. Based upon multiple pairs of
ultrasonic sensor data, fish hungry level can be divided into
multiple category [13]. Chy et al. [14] proposed an IoT based
fish farm system that can forecast the next day fish food
consumption. But they followed simple regression analysis
instead of considering several important features like pH,
temperature, oil layer etc.
A three-layer architecture-based system is proposed
where a remote layer collects the data, server layer transfer
and store the data. The obtained information is displayed in
the client layer [15]. The software is also integrated with the
system to monitor the sensor data. The system for fish farm
monitoring system determines similar factors instead of
considering other essential considerations like the density of
the oil layer. Moreover, a large portion of these kinds of the
system doesn't distinguish which sensors they have utilized
or equipped expensive sensors that make the framework hard
to adapt to the fish farm. In addition, most of the framework
provide the fish food after a specific period disregarding
nourishing when they need. Forecasting the amount of
required fish food is absent in most of the framework.
In perspective of Bangladesh aquaculture system, most of
the fish farm follow the conventional approaches to nurture
the fish. Therefore, the expense turns out to be high, yet the
outcome isn't at a satisfying level. To the best of our
knowledge, this is the main endeavor to build up an ideal fish
farm observing and understanding when fish require foods
by examining their movement. Additionally, predicting the
amount of fish food in next day will help the fish farmer to
make a preventive stride ahead of time.
III. METHODOLOGY
Figure 1 demonstrates an overview of the proposed
IoT based fisheries monitoring and controlling system, how
the fisheries data will be collected and transmitted to the end
users of the system. The system determines various
important features of the water like pH, oil layer,
temperature, water level, oil layer likewise the movement of
the fish that have a great impact on the fast development of
a fish. At the first time launching, after supplying the power,
the system active and take a few seconds to initialize the
equipped sensor. As pH sensor doesn't provide a suitable
value at a stationary state, it needs to move slightly to
estimate the pH value of the water properly. A servo motor
performs this duty that turns the pH sensor 30 degrees in
one way and 30 degrees in the opposite way. For more
exactness and lowering the power consumption, pH sensor
measures the mean and median of five subsequent pH value
using equation 1 and 2 where each value P is taken in every
3min. As mean value can be biased by the outlier value of
the sensor, the median value is considered. If the absolute
difference between these mean and median value exceeds
0.5, then the median value is considered as the best pH
value; otherwise, the mean value using equation 3.
𝑝𝐻_𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = (∑5𝑖=1 𝑃𝑖 )/5 (1)
pH_median = Middle of the sorted 5 values (2)
Best_pH = abs(pH_median – pH_avg) > 0.5? ph_median :
ph_mean (3)
Thick oil layer hinders the fishes from meeting the
sunlight that reduces the grown of the fish even can cause
death. Through IR optical sensor, the proposed system
estimates the thickness of the oil layer and saves the data in
temporary memory. Like pH value estimation, the mean and
median of the density of the oil layer is measured using
equation 4 and 5 where D is the oil density level in every
3min. To overcome the biased by outlier value, if the
absolute difference between oil layer mean and median
value exceeds 10, then the median value is considered as the
best oil layer value otherwise mean value.
𝑂𝑖𝑙_𝑙𝑎𝑦𝑒𝑟_𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = (∑5𝑖=1 𝐷𝑖 )/5 (4)
Oil_layer_median = Middle of the sorted 5 values (5)
Best_oil_layer = abs(oil_layer_median – oil_layer _avg)
>10? oil_layer_median: oil_layer_mean (6)
Typically, in a fish farm after a specific period, fish
food is provided to the fishes. But maybe continuously
increasing fishes need food earlier than the given time or
more food. We know, starve fishes grow very slowly. So,
feeding the fish when requires is a mandatory feature of a
model fishery. The system can understand the hungry level
either extreme or medium or normal hungry of the fishes so
that adequate fish food can be provided. The irregular fish
movement can assist us in recognizing the hunger level.
Deployed three ultrasonic sensors (a, b, c) read six value
after each 10 sec. For each sensor, the mean and median
value is determined using from equation 7 to 10 where a
refers to the position of a fish measured by sensor a and b, c
is like a. By comparing the mean and median value best
value is considered for every sensor. Then RMS value for
each sensor is measured using equation 11, 12 and 13.
𝑎_𝑟𝑚𝑠 is RMS value for sensor a, 𝑏_𝑟𝑚𝑠 and 𝑐_𝑟𝑚𝑠 are
similar to 𝑎_𝑟𝑚𝑠. From these three RMS values, the system
can understand the fish hungry level. If three RMS value
exceeds the threshold level, then extreme hungry, if two
exceeds then medium hungry otherwise satisfied level.
a = [a1, a2, … a6] b = [b1, b2, … b6] c = [c1, c2, …
c6]
𝑎_𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (∑6𝑖=1 𝑎𝑖 )/6 (7)
𝑏_𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (∑6𝑖=1 𝑏𝑖 )/6 (8)
6
𝑐_𝑎𝑣𝑔 = (∑𝑖=1 𝑐𝑖 )/6 (9)
a_median = b_median = c_median = Middle of the sorted
5 values (10)
a_best = compare(a_avg, a_median)
b_best = compare(b_avg, b_median)
c_best = compare(c_avg, c_median)
𝑎_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √(𝑎1 − 𝑎_𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡)2 +. . . +(𝑎6 − 𝑎_𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡)2 (11)
2
𝑏_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √(𝑏1 − 𝑏_𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡) +. . . +(𝑏6 − 𝑏_𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡) 2 (12)
2 2
𝑐_𝑟𝑚𝑠 = √(𝑐1 − 𝑐_𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡) +. . . +(𝑐6 − 𝑐_𝑏𝑒𝑠𝑡) (13)
Extreme hot and cold temperature one of the main
reasons lies behind the sluggish growth of a fish. Deployed
temperature sensor gives the temperature to the system in
real time. Like to pH and oil layer value estimating, the
framework estimates the temperature of the fishery
following equation 14 to 16 where T is the temperature in
each 3min. To determine the best value, the absolute
difference of mean and median is considered at 0.5.
𝑇𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒_𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛 = (∑5𝑖=1 𝑇𝑖 )/5 (14)
temp_median = Middle of the sorted 5 values (15)
Best_temp = abs(temp_median – temp _avg) >0.5?
temp_median: temp_avg (16)
Correspondingly, the excessively high and low
water level isn’t appropriate for the fishes. A liquid level
sensor can gauge the water level; however, it is costly. To
make the system more cost-effective, a low-cost ultrasonic
sensor is deployed to determine the water level. Like prior
value estimating water_level is determined using equation
17 to 19 where W is the water level in each 3min Here, the
absolute difference between the median and mean value is
considered as 5.
𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟_𝑙𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑙 = (∑5𝑖=1 𝑊𝑖 )/5 (17)
Water_level_median = Middle of the sorted 5 values (18)
Best_ Water_level = abs(Water_level _median –
Water_level _avg) >5? Water_level _median: Water_level
_avg (19)
Wemos D1 microcontroller sends the gathered data
to the end user of the system. A mobile application and web
interface are integrated with the system to operate it easily.
The microcontroller transmits the data to the mobile
application and web interface in real time to monitor the
data from anywhere in the world. In the web interface, the
data is plotted graphically and stored in the database that
will help the supervisor of the fishery to check the previous
data when necessary. Also, if the parameters of the water
quality and movement of the fish exceed the preset
threshold value, then the buzzer will be on, and fishery
supervisor can be notified through the mobile app also.
Fig. 1. Block Diagram
The proposed system is classified into the following parts:
A. Circuit Design and Softwares
The proposed system is developed by following the
designed circuit, shown in Figure 2. The VCC and ground
pin of every sensor is attached to the 5v pin and ground pin
of Wemos D1. pH sensor is connected to the analog pin, and
from the analog output of the pH sensor, the value of pH is
estimated using the formula of pH calculation. IR optical
sensor, Servo motor, temperature sensor, ultrasonic sensor, a
buzzer is connected to the Wemos D1 microcontroller board
according to the circuit diagram. Arduino IDE and language
is used to write the code and burnt into the system that is
easy to understand and reliable.
Fig. 2. The circuit design of the proposed system
B. Hardware: Following pieces of equipment are utilized to
develop the hardware part.
1) WEMOS D1: WEMOS D1 is a WIFI development
board based on ESP8266 12E. The working is similar to
NODEMCU, but the hardware is built resembling Arduino
UNO. In context of performance, WEMOS D1 is almost
two time faster than arduino.
2) pH Sensor:pH sensor measures the alkalinity or
acidity of a solution that’s scale range is from 0 to 14 where
7 is considered as neutral, below 7 acidic, above 7 alkalic.
TOL-00163 model of pH sensor is equipped to measure the
pH level of the fisheries water [16].
3) HC-SR04 Ultrasonic Sensors: In this system,
Ultrasonic wave based, HCSR04 ultrasonic sensors are used
to measure water level and fish movement for detecting
hungry level. At 40 KHz frequency, it can identify an object
at range from 2cm to 400cm [17].
4) IR Optical Sensor: The TCRT5000 IR optical sensor
is a reflective sensor which incorporates an infrared emitter
and phototransistor in a leaded package that prevents visible
light [18].
C. Algorithm:
In figure 3, at the first level, all sensor values are
initiated. Servo motor rotates 30 degrees right and left as pH
sensor needs to jiggle for a legitimate value. By utilizing pH
formula, pH is calculated 5 times in each 3min. Mean, and
median of the pH value is measured for a 15 min duration
from where the best value is calculated. As the ideal pH
value for the quick-growing of fishes is 7 – 8.5, the
framework turns on the alarm if it surpasses the range [19].
Two IR optical sensor employees to determine the oil layer
of the water. The output of the IR optical sensor gives an
aggregate value, heat and noise value. By expelling the
noise and heat value form the total value, the system gets the
exact oil layer value. Like the pH sensor, the mean, median
and best value of this sensor are calculated in the same
fashion. In the case of the oil layer value becomes less than
500, it informs the end user and switches on the alarm.
Mean, median, the best value of the temperature and water
level within 15min is measured like the pH and oil layer
sensor. [20] says that the best temperature for the rapid
growth of the fish is 22C to 27C. So, in case of surpassing
this range, the system notifies the owner of the fish farm
through developed mobile application and web interface. To
understand the fish moving rate, 6 subsequent readings of
the sensor is taken within one min duration. 4.5cm Root
Mean Square (RMS) value, is considered as a threshold
level to recognize the hungry level of the fishes. Integrated
ESP8266 WIFI module with the Wimos D1 microcontroller
transmits the data from the device to the mobile app and
web interface. Based on these important features of the
water, the system forecast how much fish feed is necessary
in real time.

Fig. 4. Machine Learning Model

Figure 5 shows the 1st phase of the back-propagation

process and figure 6 final outcomes where we select 0.005, a
threshold value for p.

Fig. 5. Backward Elimination1st phase

Fig. 3. Working process of the proposed system

E. Predicting the following day power consumption:

Forecasting various essential parameters makes the
system more unique. For simplicity, just predicting the
required fish food in the following day is considered. Like
this process, the system can forecast other features. Figure 4
is a demonstration of the machine learning process.
A well-structured dataset is a heart of any machine
learning model. From a local fish farm, more than 8-month
data has been collected. pH, oil layer, temperature, water
level and hungry level data is the main features of our
dataset. Raw data need to preprocess to remove the noise
and standardization. In feature scaling z-score normalization
is applied that make the mean of data of a feature zero and
standard deviation 1. One hot encoding is imposed on the
water level where 1 refers water level ok and 0 not ok.
Similarly, one-hot encoding is applied on hungry level data
where 0 refers extreme, 1 medium and 2 satisfied level
hungry. To select the best features for the predictive model,
the backward elimination feature selection process is chosen
that mainly decides the necessity of a feature based upon the
p value.
Fig. 6. Backward Elimination Final phase
Dataset is split into 80% and 20% where 20% is reserved
to evaluate the trained model. As we need to forecast the
amount of the next day fish food, a continuous value, a
regression model is selected. Among various regression
model, some best regression model like Linear Regression
(LR), Polynomial Regression (PR), Support Vector
Regression (SVR), Decision Tree Regression (DTR),
Random Forest Regression (RFR) has experimented to best
train the model. After completing the training process the
performance of the model is evaluated in respect to its
accuracy, cross-validation, Mean Absolute Error (MAE),
Mean Squad Error (MSE), Root Mean Squad Error (RMSE).
Observing these values against each regression model, SVR
gives us the best outcomes.
 IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
In figure 7, a prototype of the proposed framework
shows up where pH, temperature, oil layer, water level, the
hungry level of the fish are the important outcomes. To
monitor remotely, these essential attributes of the water are
sent to an interactive mobile application interface and to the Fig. 10. Oil Layer observation
web server through the ESP8266 WIFI module built in the
D1 microcontroller. Also, data is saved to the cloud storage
for further analytics. In case of any parameters exceeding
the predefined threshold value, the system switches on the
alarm and notifies the end user. A sample of the mobile
application interface is displayed in figure 8a and in figure
8b an abnormal situation arisen is detected and inform the
end user through mobile application. Fig. 11. Temperature observation

Fig. 12. Water Level observation

Before forecasting the following day power
consumption in real time, our trained model is examined by
testing data. The first column is the true amount of fish food
value. LR, PLR, SVR, DTR, RFR predict the amount of the
fish food value that appears in table 1.
Fig. 7. Photograph of the prototype
TABLE I. TESTING DATA
Fish Food LR PLR SVR DTR RFR
10134.51 10158.56 10142.37 10156.43 10158.56 10156.33
10126.22 10120.70 10115.18 10120.53 10113.49 10118.47
10128.79 10121.50 10125.34 10118.90 10120.24 10117.87
10090.00 10095.38 10096.95 10096.22 10090.58 10095.77
10076.12 10099.29 10099.45 10097.84 10090.58 10092.26

Based upon the prediction of the testing data, what other

(a) (b)
Fig. 8. (a) A sample of the mobile application interface (b) A sample of an
abnormal situation notification through mobile application

The system transmits the gathered data to the web interface

for graphical visualization. In figure 9, the system pictures
the pH data over time and save it into the csv datasheet of
the web server for future analytics. In resemblance of the pH
data visualization, the system also pictures the oil layer data
(figure 10), temperature data (figure 11), water level data used regression model predicts is visualize in figure 13
(figure 12) graphically for the remote user. where each regression value is separated with a different
color.

Fig. 13. Testing and Predicted Value Visualization

To judge the performance of the trained model several

techniques and tools like accuracy, cross-validation, MAE,
Fig. 9. pH observation MSE, RMSE is considered, shown in table 2. In cross-
validation testing, we have considered 5-fold. Because of
varying the parameters, the outcomes diverge from one
regression analysis to another regression analysis. Shifting
the degree of polynomial regression to three offers a better
result than linear regression. RFR gives a better result than [7] J. A. Beardmore and J. Porte, "Genetically modified organisms in
aquaculture," 2003.
decision tree regression. Overall, the performance of the
support vector regression is up to the satisfaction level. So, [8] T. S. F. A. E. T. I. Vision. (2014, 28 January). Towards Smart
it can be decided that the SVR-based model is more suitable Farming—Agriculture Embracing The IoT Vision. Available:
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to forecast the water parameters. 20Executive%20Summary.pdf
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Evolution of the Linear LR PLR SVR DTR RFR http://en.c114.com.cn/576/a855896.html
Model
Accuracy Training 86.01 86.02 85.74 98.85 97.16 [10] Z. Shareef, S. Reddy, and D. IGDTUW, "Design and development of
Testing 83.62 82.10 84.12 75.63 81.16 IOT Based Framework for Aquaculture," in National Conference on
Cross Validation Product Design (NCPD 2016), 2016.
82.67 82.67 83.76 72.88 82.89
MAR Training 13.68 12.75 13.50 2.77 5.59 [11] D. S. Simbeye and S. F. Yang, "Water quality monitoring and control
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V. CONCLUSION [13] A. K. M. Masum, M. K. A. Chy, I. Rahman, M. N. Uddin, and K. I.

In demand for the increased level of protein for the fast-
growing population of the world, the fish production needs to
be raised. Conventional fish cultivation system fails to
overcome the protein demand because of the adverse
environment and ignoring the current behavior of the fish.
This study proposes an IoT based smart fish monitoring and
the controlling system where various essential water
parameters and fish behavior is continuously measured and
notify the end user in case of any abnormal situation arisen
like increased pH or dense oil layer etc. To make the system
more user-friendly, a web interface and mobile app are
developed so that the user can examine all earlier data from
everywhere in the world. Moreover, the system can forecast
the water by machine learning regression algorithm that will
assist them in taking an advanced step in the fish farm. The
developed system is more cost-effective and smarter than
many existing conventional systems as well as other smart
systems. Reducing the cost of the system and integrating
other important feature like determining the poison in the
water is the future scope of the present system. The
incorporation of the proposed IoT-based smart fishery
monitoring framework supports the fish farmer to raise fish
production.
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