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Running head: LITERATURE REVIEW FINAL

Literature Review Draft

Sherwin Llevares

Grand Canyon University: NSG 324

March 28, 2020

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HPV Prevention

A highly contagious virus that lives on the surface of your skin known as the Human

papillomavirus (HPV), infects roughly about 80% of the population during some point in their

lifetime. The majority of the population that is infected by the virus may not experience a

significant health deterioration however, if the virus is not treated it may result in cervical

cancer. In regards of preventing HPV, the biggest complication that occurs is that not many

individuals are receiving vaccination. One main reason for not taking vaccination is the lack of

knowledge people have about them. With vaccines it helps reduce the risk of getting the virus,

however the vaccine must be taken before being exposed to the virus or it will not work. That is

why it is essential that education about HPV starts at a young age because they most likely have

not come in contact with the virus, so the vaccination is still a viable option for preventing the

disease. HPV is a sexually transmitted disease, so it is important to educate people before they

reach the age where they have sex. By acquiring the vaccination, it pre-determines that a patient

will no longer contract the virus. The three articles are reviewed to determine if participants who

received education regarding to HPV vaccines compared to those who did not will contract the

HPV. This paper will discuss the criteria used to choose the three articles such as a compare and

contrast of the article, and a discussion as to the areas of further study.

Methods

When it comes to selecting the articles, it was necessary that the articles were peer

reviewed, published within the last five years, and if it related to the question. In the GCU library

data based, “peer-reviewed” was selected in order for results to only show the ones that were

peer reviewed. It is at the most importance to select a peer reviewed article because they are
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reviewed by professional others who specialized in those specific aspects. The importance of

choosing articles that were published within five years is that information can drastically change

and involved for the better and can change the relevance of the current research. Lastly, each of

the articles pertained to the topic of how participants who received education regarding to HPV

vaccines compared to those who did not will contract the HPV.

Synthesizing Literature

The similarities that was noticed in each of the articles were the specific age group

sample, and the methods obtained for the research. The participants that were involved in each of

the articles ranged from the ages 18-30 years old. However, the sample size and gender varied on

each article from 150-3000 participants. In the first article, there are 3,042 participants with

1,154 male and 1,886 females (Hirth, Chang, Resto, & Berenson, 2017). In the second article,

there were 262 participants with 131 males and 131 females (Kester, Shedd-Steele, Dotson-

Roberts, Smith, & Zimet, 2015). Lastly, in the third article, sample sized differ from the other

studies because it has been found that HPV is more prevalent in females than males; therefore, it

consisted of 312 all female participants (Enerly, Flingtorp, Christiansen, Campbell, Hansen,

Myklebust, Weiderpass, & Nygård, 2019). Two out of three articles used a two phase methods.

The first article by Hirth, et al.(2017) and third article by Enerly, et al. used a questionnaire to

ask whether or not the participants has had the HPV vaccine and sexual history. In the second

phase, both used oral samples to extract DNA to determine whether or not they were exposed to

HPV. Whereas the second study by Kester, et al. held surveys in two groups. They randomized

participants into Group 1 and Group 2. Group 1 did the survey completion prior to education

(control group) and group 2 did the survey completion following education (intervention group).

Group 2 with the intervention group had an “educational intervention consisted of a 5–10 minute
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small group presentation led by a person trained in the areas of HPV infection, detection,

treatment and prevention” (Kester et al., 2015). In conclusion, the first and third article which

used the same methods found the same findings to their study. It is found that those who received

an HPV vaccine had a lower prevalence of acquiring the disease in comparison to those who

were unvaccinated. Lastly, the third study shows that young adults that are provided with

education on the vaccine has a higher chance of getting the vaccination. It is found that the

intervention group had higher HPV knowledge scores than the control group. Furthermore,

“among unvaccinated individuals (n=79), the intervention group had higher HPV vaccination

intent (86%) compared to the control group (67%)” ((Kester, et al., 2015). The study suggests

that educational interventions to increase HPV awareness and vaccination may help to boost

vaccination rates.

Areas of Further Study

Although all articles presented with sufficient conclusion, there are still areas where

further study must be conducted. In the first article (Hirth, et al., 2017) and third article (Enerl, et

al., 2019), it answered the question that those who received the vaccination has a lower

prevalence of acquiring HPV in their lifetime. However, it does not state whether or not

education played a factor in HPV vaccination; therefore, it should be included in the

questionnaire. In the second article (Kester, et al., 2015), it sufficiently answered whether or not

education played a factor in receiving HPV vaccines, but it does not answer the question if those

who are vaccinated has a lower chance of acquiring HPV in their lifetime. Furthermore, in all

three articles, it does not discuss whether age played a factor in receiving vaccination or when it

would be appropriate for them to receive HPV education.

Conclusion
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There is a clear evidence that receiving education about HPV increases likelihood of

vaccination thus decreasing their chances of getting HPV. The three articles were used to analyze

the importance of education and vaccination to combat acquiring HPV. It is important to find

articles that are peer reviewed, within 5 years and relates to the topic to grasp a better

understanding of disease prevention. Although the articles have many advantages, they do

present some disadvantage, but with further studies it can create a reliable source.
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References

Enerly, E., Flingtorp, R., Christiansen, I. K., Campbell, S., Hansen, M., Myklebust, T. A.,

Weiderpass, E., & Nygård, M. (2019). An observational study comparing HPV

prevalence and type distribution between HPV-vaccinated and -unvaccinated girls after

introduction of school-based HPV vaccination in Norway. Retrieved from

https://content.ebscohost.com/ContentServer.asp?

T=P&P=AN&K=139041353&S=R&D=a9h&EbscoContent=dGJyMNHX8kSeprY4xNv

gOLCmsEiep7VSs6%2B4Sq6WxWXS&ContentCustomer=dGJyMPGusUuxp7dOuePfg

eyx43zxpwAA

Jacqueline, M. H., Mihyun., Chang, Vicente A. R., Abbey B. B. (2017). Prevalence of oral

human papillomavirus by

vaccination status among young adults (18–30 years old). Vaccine, 132(1), 3446-3451.

Retrieved from file:///Users/BvsedHokageparadox/Downloads/1-s2.0-

S0264410X17306333-main.pdf

Kester, L. M., Shedd-Steele, R. B., Dotson-Roberts, C. A., Smith, J., Zimet, G. D. (2015). The

effects of a brief educational

intervention on human papillomavirus knowledge and intention to initiate HPV

vaccination in 18–26 year old young adults. Gynecologic Oncology, 132(1), 9-12.

Retrieved from

https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/S0090825813013978?

token=01A2755A2498C3588806151B82706C8011CDD38CADA1E6927317834601DD

8B92C758F7255C9E91B69787A4DAFD58792A
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