REPRODUCTIVE

SYSTEM
 • Is a system of
sex organs
within an
organism
which work
together for
the purpose
of sexual
reproduction
REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
Major Structure

For Males
• Testes and Penis
For Females
• Ovaries and Uterus
Male Reproductive System Diseases
HYPOSPADIAS
• Is a birth defect in which the opening of the urethra is on the underside of the
penis instead of at the tip.
CAUSES
• Genetic – it’s more likely if the boy has a father or brother who born with it.
• Fertility treatments – the mother may have used hormone therapy or medicine to
help her get pregnant.
• The mother’s age and weight – there’s more chance a baby will be born with
hypospadias if his mom is overweight and over age 35.
• Exposure to smoking or pesticides
• Premature
TREATMENTS TO REDUCE YOUR BABY’S CHANCE OF HYPOSPADIAS
• Don’t smoke or drink alcohol
• Keep a healthy weight
• Take 400 to 800 micrograms (mcg) of Folic Acid per day
TESTICULAR CANCER
• Occurs in the testicles, which are located inside the scrotum, a loose bag of skin
underneath the penis.
SYMPTOMS
• A lump or enlargement in either testicles
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A sudden collection of fluid in the scrotum
• Enlargement and tenderness of the breast
• Back pain
CAUSES
• It’s not clear what causes testicular cancer in most cases.
Doctors only know that testicular cancer occurs when
healthy cells in a testicle become altered.
 PREVENTION
• There's no way to prevent Testicular Cancer

TREATMENTS

• Surgery
• Radiation therapy – a method used to kill cancer using high- energy rays.
• Chemotheraphy – applied after surgery to kill residual cancer cells.
•
•
 TESTICULAR TORSION
• occurs when a testicle rotates, twisting the spermatic cord that brings blood to
the scrotum. The reduced blood flow causes sudden and often severe pain and
swelling. Testicular torsion is most common between ages 12 and 18, but it can
occur at any age, even before birth.
SYMPTOMS
• Sudden, severe pain in the scrotum —
the loose bag of skin under your
penis that contains the testicles
• Swelling of the scrotum
• Abdominal pain
• Nausea and vomiting
• A testicle that's positioned higher than
normal or at an unusual angle
• Frequent urination
• Fever
CAUSES
• Testicular torsion occurs when the testicle rotates on the spermatic cord,
which brings blood to the testicle from the abdomen. If the testicle rotates
several times, blood flow to it can be entirely blocked, causing damage more
quickly.
• It's not clear why testicular torsion occurs. Most males who get testicular
torsion have an inherited trait that allows the testicle to rotate freely inside
the scrotum. This inherited condition often affects both testicles. But not
every male with the trait will have testicular torsion.
• Testicular torsion often occurs several hours after vigorous activity, after a
minor injury to the testicles or while sleeping. Cold temperature or rapid
growth of the testicle during puberty also might play a role.
TREATMENTS
• Surgical detorsion - is the definitive treatment for testicular torsion.
Manual detorsion of the torsed testis may be attempted but is
usually difficult because of acute pain during manipulation
PENILE CANCER
• Penile cancer is a rare type of cancer that occurs on the skin of the penis or
within the penis. It most commonly affects men over the age of 50.
There are several types of penile cancer, depending on the type of cell the 
cancer developed from.
The most common types include:
•squamous cell penile cancer – this accounts for more than 90% of cases
and starts in the cells that cover the surface of the penis
•carcinoma in situ (CIS) – a particular type of squamous cell cancer where
only the cells in the skin of the penis are affected and it hasn't spread any
deeper
•adenocarcinoma – cancer that starts in the glandular cells of the penis
that produce sweat
•melanoma of the penis – this is where the cancer develops in the skin
cells that give the skin its color
• a growth or sore on the penis that doesn't heal within 4 weeks 
• bleeding from the penis or from under the foreskin
• a foul-smelling discharge
• thickening of the skin of the penis or foreskin that makes it difficult to draw back
the foreskin (phimosis)
• a change in the colour of the skin of the penis or foreskin
• a rash on the penis
CAUSES
• carrying the human papilloma virus (HPV) – there are more than 100 types of HPV;
some types cause genital warts
• age – the condition rarely affects men under the age of 40 and is most common in men
aged over 50
• smoking – chemicals found in cigarettes can damage cells in the penis, which increases
your risk of getting penile cancer
• having phimosis – when the foreskin is difficult to retract, the chances of developing
infections like balanitis increase; repeated infections are linked to a higher risk of
developing some types of penile cancer as they can weaken your immune system
•surgery
•radiotherapy
•chemotherapy
Female Reproductive System Diseases
UTERINE PROLAPSE
• Uterine prolapse occurs when pelvic floor muscles and ligaments stretch and
weaken and no longer provide enough support for the uterus. As a result, the
uterus slips down into or protrudes out of the vagina.

• Sensation of heaviness or pulling in your pelvis

• Tissue protruding from your vagina
• Urinary problems, such as urine leakage (incontinence) or urine retention
• Trouble having a bowel movement
• Feeling as if you're sitting on a small ball or as if something is falling out of your
vagina
• Sexual concerns, such as a sensation of looseness in the tone of your vaginal
tissue
• Pregnancy
• Difficult labor and delivery or trauma during childbirth
• Delivery of a large baby
• Being overweight or obese
• Lower estrogen level after menopause
• Chronic constipation or straining with bowel movements
• Chronic cough or bronchitis
• Repeated heavy lifting
PREVENTION

• Perform Kegel exercises regularly. These exercises can strengthen your pelvic floor muscles — espe
important after you have a baby.
• Treat and prevent constipation. Drink plenty of fluids and eat high-fiber foods, such as fruits, vegetable
beans and whole-grain cereals.
• Avoid heavy lifting and lift correctly. When lifting, use your legs instead of your waist or back.
• Control coughing. Get treatment for a chronic cough or bronchitis, and don't smoke.
• Avoid weight gain. Talk with your doctor to determine your ideal weight and get advice on weight-loss
strategies, if you need them.
Female Reproductive System Diseases
OVARIAN CYSTS
• are fluid-filled sacs or pockets in an ovary or on its surface. Women have two
ovaries — each about the size and shape of an almond — on each side of the
uterus. Eggs (ova), which develop and mature in the ovaries, are released in
monthly cycles during the childbearing years.

• Pelvic pain — a dull or sharp ache in the lower abdomen on the side of the cyst
• Fullness or heaviness in your abdomen
• Bloating

• Endometriosis
• Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
• Watchful waiting. In many cases you can wait and be re-examined to see if the cyst
goes away within a few months. This is typically an option — regardless of your age
— if you have no symptoms and an ultrasound shows you have a simple, small,
fluid-filled cyst.
• Your doctor will likely recommend that you get follow-up pelvic ultrasounds at intervals
to see if your cyst changes in size.
• Medication. Your doctor might recommend hormonal contraceptives, such as birth
control pills, to keep ovarian cysts from recurring. However, birth control pills won't
shrink an existing cyst.
• Surgery. Your doctor might suggest removing a cyst that is large, doesn't look like a
functional cyst, is growing, continues through two or three menstrual cycles, or
causes pain.
Female Reproductive System Diseases
OVARIAN CANCER
• is a type of cancer that begins in the ovaries. The female reproductive system
contains two ovaries, one on each side of the uterus. The ovaries — each about
the size of an almond — produce eggs (ova) as well as the hormones estrogen
and progesterone.

• Abdominal bloating or swelling

• Quickly feeling full when eating
• Weight loss
• Discomfort in the pelvis area
• Changes in bowel habits, such as constipation
• A frequent need to urinate

• It's not clear what causes ovarian cancer, though doctors

have identified factors that can increase the risk of the
disease.
PREVENTION
There's no sure way to prevent ovarian cancer. But there may be ways
to reduce your risk:
• Consider taking birth control pills. Ask your doctor whether birth control pills may be
right for you. Women who use oral contraceptives may have a reduced risk of ovarian
cancer. But oral contraceptives do have risks, so discuss whether the benefits outweigh
those risks based on your situation.
• Discuss your risk factors with your doctor. If you have a family history of breast and
ovarian cancers, bring this up with your doctor. Your doctor can determine what this
may mean for your own risk of cancer. In some cases, your doctor may refer you to a
genetic counselor who can help you decide whether genetic testing may be right for
you. If you're found to have a gene mutation that increases your risk of ovarian cancer,
you may consider surgery to remove your ovaries to prevent cancer.
Female Reproductive System Diseases
Genital TB 
• usually occurs secondary to TB in other sites (primarily, the lungs). The spread
is generally through haematogenous or lymphatic routes2. Tuberculous
infection of the female genital organs can result in infertility, dyspareunia,
menstrual irregularities and chronic pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)3.

• apart from infertility, includepainful sexual intercourse; abnormally

long, heavyand infrequent periods; the absence of periods; and abdominal
pain.

• initial therapy with at least 3 anti-TB drugs for 2 months,

and a continuation phase with at least 2 anti-TB drugs
for another 4-10 months.  Rarely, surgical treatment of
the affected genital parts may be required in the
advanced stages of the condition, or if there is drug
resistance.