1.

Analyze the various social, political, economic, and cultural changes that occurred in the
nineteenth century.
SOCIAL
 The 19th century Filipinos had suffered from the Spaniards' feudalistic and master slave
relationship. The social structure is divided into three groups:
 Upper Class- The Spaniards, peninsulars and friars are among those who belong to
that class. They have the power and the wealth to rule over the Philippines. They
loved their positions and were doing whatever they wanted.
 Middle Class- Individuals who belong to this class include natives, mestizos and
criollos.
 Lowest Class- this class includes the Filipinos only.

POLITICAL
 The Spaniards ruled the Filipinos in the 19th century. The Filipinos became the
Spaniard’s slave. They've earned and wasted the Filipinos' money by the power and
authority that the Spaniards hold.
 There were too complicated functions to the unions of the church and the state.
 Through the power that the Spaniards possess, they had the right to appoint the
different positions. The appointment of positions is obtained by the highest bidder
which is the Governor-general of the country.
 Filipinos were deprived of those few positions which they had occupied in the
bureaucracy, while the overwhelming majority of Spanish officials had little interest in,
or even knowledge of, the country they were supposed to rule.
 The opening of the Suez Canal in 1869 and relatively easy passage between Spain and
the Philippines, most became birds of prey, staying only long enough to feather their
nests.
 Created to rid the provinces of the bands of tulisanes, the Guardia Civil not only failed to
achieve this end, but became an oppressive force in the provinces, harassing farmers
and using their position for personal profit, as Rizal depicts so vividly in his novels.
 To a nationalist like Rizal the decision to separate from Spain had been made long since;
it was, as the Spanish prosecutors noted in 1896 (with substantial correctness though
with little respect for due legal process) a matter of when and how the Revolution
should come.

ECONOMIC
 The emergence of the nationalist movement in the late 19th century could hardly
possibly bring about the economic growth that took place in the Philippines of the 19th
century, particularly after about 1830. Throughout those years, the development of the
export industry brought increased wealth to the middle and upper classes of the
Philippines who were in a position to benefit from it, as well as to the Western traders,
primarily British and American, who organized it. This also introduced all the equipment
and consumer goods that the western developed economies could supply into the
Philippines.
  Philippine exports were agricultural products in this booming economy, and the rapidly
increasing population required increased quantities of rice. Those who managed large-
scale rice, sugar and abaca cultivation in Central Luzon, Batangas, parts of the Bicol
region, Negros and Panay thereby benefited most.
 By this time, many of these inquilinos were equivalently hacenderos in their own right,
passing on from one generation to the next the Iands they rented from the friar
hacienda, and farming them by means of their share-tenant or kasama.
 The prosperity which the new export economy had brought to some may be illustrated
by the case of Rizal's Chinese ancestry Domingo Lam-Co. When he had come to the
Binan hacienda in mid-eighteenth century, the average bolding of an inquiline was 2.9
hectares, after Rizal's father had moved to the Calamba hacienda, the Rizal family in the
1890’s rented from the hacienda over 390 hectares.
 A mixture of traditional methods and productivity modernization led to disagreements
about who would eventually reap the greater part of the economic boom's goods. This
will ultimately lead to a debate on the rights of the friars to the haciendas.

SOCIAL

 Major influence in this time was the return of the Jesuits in 1859 to take charge of the
evangelization of Mindanao.
 They returned with ideas and methods new to the Philippine educational system.
 Took over Ateneo Municipal de Manila (now Ateneo de Manila University) in 1865 has been
transformed into a secondary school where Rizal studied.
 As Filosofo Tasyo ( Rizal’s father, Francisco ) say, “ The Philippines owes (the Jesuits) the
beginnings of the Natural Science, soul of the 19th century.”
 There are lots of criticisms received in the educational system of the Philippines in the late 19th
century. Below are the following:
 Overemphasis on religious matters
 Obsolete teaching methods
 Limited curriculum
 Absence of academic freedom
 Prejudice against Filipinos in the schools of higher learning
 Friar control over the system