HISTORY

CHAPTER-2: FROM TRADE TO TERRITORIES

QUESTION ANSWERS:
1. What attracted European trading companies to India?

Answer.
European trading companies were looking for new lands from which they could buy goods at a
cheap price and carry them back to Europe to sell at higher prices. The fine qualities of cotton
and silk produced in India had a big market in Europe. Spices like Pepper, cloves, cardamom and
cinnamon too were in great demand. These were the reasons that attracted European trading
companies to India.

2. What were factories?

Answer.
The factories were the base from which the company's traders known at that time as ‘factors’
operated. These factories had warehouses where goods for export were stored and it had offices
where company officials sat. As trade expanded, the company persuaded merchants and traders
to come and settle near the factories.

3. Explain the system of “subsidiary alliance”.

Answer.
The system of the subsidiary alliance made Indian rulers let go of their armed forces and come
under the protection of East India Company. The following changes occurred when this system
came into being:

a. East India Company became the guardian of the territories that it took under the alliance

b. An English resident, who served as the EIC’s personnel, was appointed in the territory to keep
a check on the ruler

c. The Indian rules were asked not to allow any other European companies to trade with them
and enter their territory

d. Indian rulers were told to pay for the subsidiary armed forces of the EIC, disobeying which led
to that part of the territory being forfeited by the company.

4. What were the areas of conflict between the Bengal nawabs and the
East India Company?

Answer.
After the first British factory was set up in 1651 on the banks of the river Hooghly, East India
company started allowing more of its merchants and traders to visit and settle down at the city of
Bengal. The reasons that caused the conflicts between Bengal nawabs and East India Company
were:
a. Nawabs denied concessions to the East India Company on many occasions

b. Nawabs also demanded large tributes from the company

c. The company denied paying taxes

d. The company officials wrote insulting letters to the nawabs

5. How did the assumption of Diwani benefit the East India Company?

Answer.
Diwani rights are the rights that the British acquired to collect their own revenues and have the
authority to decide on civil cases. This right benefited East India Company in several ways:

a. It allowed the Company to use the vast revenue resources of Bengal

b. The monopoly of the East India Company on the trade started

c. Revenue from Bengal was used to export Indian goods out of the country.

6.What led to the Battle of Plassey and what was the result?

Answer.
Sirajuddaulah asked the Company to stop meddling in the political affairs of his dominion,
stop fortification, and pay the revenues. After negotiations failed, the Nawab marched with
30,000 soldiers to the English factory at Kasimbazar, captured the Company officials, locked
the warehouse, disarmed all Englishmen, and blockaded English ships. Then he marched to
Calcutta to establish control over the Company’s fort there. On hearing the news of the fall of
Calcutta, Company officials in Madras sent forces under the command of Robert Clive,
reinforced by naval fleets. Prolonged negotiations with the Nawab followed. Finally, in 1757,
Robert Clive led the Company’s army against Sirajuddaulah at Plassey. ​The Battle of Plassey
was the first major victory the Company won in India.

7.Explain Doctrine of Lapse.

Answer.
Doctrine of Lapse
i. Lord Dalhousie who was the Governor-General devised a policy that
came to be known as the Doctrine of Lapse.
ii. The doctrine declared that if an Indian ruler died without a male heir his
kingdom would “lapse”, that is, become part of Company territory.
iii. One kingdom after another was annexed simply by applying this
doctrine: Satara (1848), Sambalpur (1850), Udaipur (1852), Nagpur (1853) and Jhansi
(1854).