OWER SYSTENS, HT ASS EET E-MAIL: owerlinereviewcenter (yahoo.com! ALL RIGHTS RESERVED No part of this handout/manual may be used or reproduced without prior permission from POWERLINE Management, Using or reproduction of this handout/manual without permission is subject to sanction against them. POWERLINE REVIEW CENTER MEZZANINE FLOOR, DONA AMPARO BUILDING CORNER ESPANA & G. M. TOLENTINO STREETS SAMPALOC, MANILA TEL. NOS. 735-73-02 & 733-214-418POWERLINE. REVIEW CENTER; INC. ‘ PQWER SYSTEM REVIEW LECTURE POWER SYSTEM : Is she study convémed with generation, trafismission, distribution.and ut eleeme power. es Clessitication of Overhead Transmssion Lines According io Jenath 4. Short = 80 km (50 miles) or less 2: Medium = 81 to 240 kn (150 miles) _ 3. Long = above 240 km Paramefers.of Transmission Lines 1, Series resistance ofthe line } short =). } : ke 2. Series inductance of the linc), yMedium ~~) x 3, Shunt capacitance of the tine ) Yonge 4, Shunt conductance of the line } CS SERIES RESISTANCE OF THE LINE . DC Resistance(GHME) AC Resistance Renae Rsk Ree Where: 2 1 Vie EY 2 £0.0105 df = forcopper F 0.0063. Pf > for aluminum + &= diameter of conductor, inch f = frequency, Hz . Skit: Effect ~ the tendency of current to move outward the surface of conductor. FRoxtmity’ Skin effect depends upon the following factors: epee a. Nature of material b. Diameter of wire &. , Frequency . 4." Shape of wire ‘Note: Skin effect is negligible when the supply frequency is low (less than 30 ¥42) and condue diameter is less than 1.0 crm * SERIES INDUCTANCE OF THE LINE For 14 Solid Lines: L=2x107m 2 Hémpor conductor For 3¢ lines: . deo x 107M a. oe. FU/ m per phase Where: . i nductance Of the line” D~ distance between conductors 1’ self Geometric Mean Distance of solid conductor rim ce! 0.7788 ¢ : 1 ~ radius of conductor De~ self Gecmetri¢ Mean Distance of solid conductor or Geometric Mean ~ Radius (GMR) of conductor. Deg ~ equivalent spacing of conductors or Geomelric Mea Distance (Gi4D conductors. °‘of positian of each phase of| gh indvetance and the capacitance of the line. Where: Ds* = GMA of the bundled conductor Debi (Pt “> Mar 2 - teal lnnelle p= fos nit 1.0030, Sh For 3- strand bundle . 2 ms Hur 4 ~ strand inven Ganaciwace of t tiny O98 Foe 1h 2 wire lane : Can Cha Cy 22 rr to neutral ne . wf Rie : hee ea * grounds “ Far 3 plines . Wheres 1, 8.9% x10" Gm ity Toe tree speucePedormance.of Transmission Liaes using per phate bavit : SHORT ARANSMISSION. LINES: Yolege tquation : FneVensige, vee VE Ver Tg In Vollage Regulation > - Notation: : V4 Sending end line voltage ” Vy" 'Receiving ond tine. voltage Vay ~ Sending end line to neutral voltage Vin Revetving end fine to Neutral voltage Ig = Sending eu! curceut V5 Want 3 ovr Mal Mael so0% ly = Receh | 1g end current or load current : ‘a “VR 100% + Pq = Receiving end power factor cy of Transmission : Receiving end power BENT «10% 98 * Sending eud yrangle nd power Pf< * Sending end power @ q Rezeiving end pt angle. Per AB Vols Pls = 3 Vay leis" Pe + Linc Laws ing end Power , Pao V3 Wale Phe #3. Van ba Phy . wer Factor ar senuting and receiving, Mg & Ply Pheacor 0, 0% |0,,-A,| & Phe eus O,+c05 P,, -O,,) MEDLUM_TRANSMISSION LINES + Nominal £-Cireuit Represontation a Nominal T-Cireuit Roprasentation Zus2 2/2 Moltuge Kegutarion . ficiency ne Pp, Foci I Typ Se Bee 100M Weal Pye Line loss tOVR =z= series impedance per unl length y = shunt admittance per unit length Vow —Vaccosh art +/,Zy sinh fae Daze & Yaye Vou Ve cosh 27% tae sigh JZ, F = sins fF Ze~ characteristic impedance /% ohms Y= propagation coustants fyz at jf P= phase shit escotin io niin porwr Wag @ ~ attenuation constant noper per unit length. Wavelenpts, a 2 ft Velocuy of propopation,w * A-f FP fegueney io aps ISMISIGN LIM SURGES "which approxiznately the speed of fight change of vultige ce when impress inves along, macs high rate of saless line, vk becomes: Zp © E LA we Pa Wat fe Ve Case T + Line open eiresited LE Reflected current (ED — Reflected voluge r= £ : open Resultant curren elreult Resultant voltage ge, Cuse 2 : Line short-circuited at tbe other ond (= 0) a Reflected current : i" § Refecwemvoitage : °=—£ Reoultant curren Resultant voltage Rai short} circuitedi o i fE,t) —+ Cate 3 Line terminated by sesistanre (Zo= R) + Refleered consent Pe © & (EL Reflected voluye #4» O Hi Resultuu surten Resultant voltage ¢ > E “GENERALIZED GIRGUIT GONSTANT e Vins AV Bt, iG Is + @ Vane Btn . At ng load, Ik =0, Vax @ no load = Voy ~ oe + CORONA POWER Caraist- a luminous discherge due to ionization of air suroundiny; a eonductor cuusell by high voltage gradient exceeding a certain critica! value. The phhenovienou if violet ylow production of ozone sas in an overhead fines. Mactan Bjgecting Carona ¢ 1) Atiwesphere 2) Conductor size 3). Spacing between conductor ~ 4) Line voltage 8 of Corona: wceounmpanned by lots uf ear s malrictor dus to chemical ceaeti “ih conan ustication lines. Remedy: 1. Increase cunductor size : 2. Inereave evumiictor spacing Corana Power Loss, EV ces 2 (4025) {5 (Vs -VeF x10 Won per phuse Where: £ Frequency ia cpe f = radius of conh D+ distance between conductor . Var applied voliayetl & = air density Beton * be barometric pressure in emor 1 temppecatue in" ‘Ve = disruptive eritieal voltage/phase (kV) reury Discuptive Critical Voleage, Vex ~ the minimum phase to neutral voliage at whi Vex mage Si me Veks iphuse, Mi iviegulasity Faelor (1.6 foe polished wire) Se = breakdown strengtls of air (30 KV max fem or 21.1 kV ms fee)* 6 ‘Undergrad Galles - estentially stotntof one or rssre conductors covered with suitable insulation and : surrounded by protecting core, Single Core conductor insulation Where (p ~ specific résistance of insulation 7, ~ conductor radius * — cable radius 7, +t ‘t thickness of insulation C= length of cables . Capacitance ot undecaraund sahle ce Bete Pw in? A Where = <,2845x 10-7 im £, "eelative permittivity of insulation sLoGORE BELTED GABLES a Cx ( of Pes ty LS c& (Co capacitance between core C5~ capacitance between each core and the sheet "> By state to wye transformation Sys Cs#3 Ce | Him toncutal SAG £ STRESS ANALYSIS 1 Bor toevet Sugmccts :DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM = The part of power system whic distributes electric energy. It gencral!y consist of ‘feeders, distributors, avd service mains. 1. Nature of Current a. DC distribution system b. AC distribution system 2. Types of Construction a. overhead system b. underground systerts 3. Scheme of Connection a. radial system b. cing system c. interconnected system FAULT CALCULATION ~ it is the unietentional or intentional ¢ 2nnecting together of two or more conductors whieh ordinarily operates with a difterence of potential butween them. PER-UNIT CALCULATIONS = ve KBR _ ket + 8 Tg MYA x 1000 3A ohms van? 7 per Unit puvanuesn Hemel Value Ingenerals et Unit (pu Values = wpe MIE ygsy X 1000 Z base* aq 3 J bare fe OA pase pase , Zz, ke EE va, : ~ given | __given lease | For change of base Z punew 700% { Wras | Fs : e ‘given For Cirenit Breaker ( 600-V é& above) {Interrupting Capacity ot Rating Factor x Symmetrical Jse 5 Factor: 1,0--~ $ eyele duty i Scycle duty 1.3 stensesneneeren 3 cyCIE duty 1A aeveernrser= 1 eyele duty Momentary Current Duty + Fastor x Asymmetrical Isc 35 for HV above 5kV a directly feed from generator For Circuit Breaker (Below 600V) Interrupting Capacity or Rating ~ 100% x Asymmietrica 132 yy Momentary Current Diy = 125% x Asynametrical 80 aya «Sagat int, yy = any point ¥ = air ao =F eu m, “2. Approx. length of cable in the spar, © (cusion at the Lawes! point ne = Sonpagsobitceuckinsiag (parabolic cable) f—— Xp ee Xe 2. Difference in elevation : 1. Sag: heymy 2 a Gane ameek My aT : weg? ay? vee a Note st, +x, , Satsing for x) & 3+ ea ee 27, (earn) Te . toe,» 2% te 2 at Where ice Crom lowest point gf cable ‘T,= (ension at the lowest point @~ unil weight of cableER SYSTEM REVIEW PROBLEMS . Which of the following standard transmission system: voltages is classified as High Voltage? A, 345 kV . 765 KV B, 500 kV (0230 kv . Asingle phase, two-wire transmission line,15 km long, is made up of round conductor, each of 0.8 cm in diameter, separated from each other by 40 cm. Calculate the equivalent diameter of a fictitious hallow, thin walled copper conductor having the same. inductance ns inthe onginal design... . » A. 0.8 cm a Cc. 1.6m (B)0.623 cm Pag esr D. 1.25em “2 . A69 KV line has a horizontal configuration. The distance between adjacent conductor is ‘6 ft, What is the geometric mean distance of the line? AGH Laas . 10.4 ft. Base CMDs AN nxm terme 7.8 ft =z Mm Whats the GM of our ates Conductor in diamond formation each of radius 1 mm of an gdividual strand? a 682 mm ‘cynes fi Tene C. 1.723mm 2.304 mm D. 2.177mm . What is the GMR of six strands conductor in pyramid formation of radius 1 mm of an it strand? - fy 24 mm QmRe {wee Cc. 146mm B. 2.304mm . D. 2.177 mm }; Asingle phase transmission line is 35 km long, consist of two solid round conductor, ‘each of 0.9 cm in diameter, the conductor spacing is 2.5 m. Calculate the inductance aS mt Lezxio7|n z 1 ya © 46 mH B. 63 mH | 16m . A500 KV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 1272 MCM, 45/7 Bittern conductor per phase with horizontal conductor configuration, 35 ft spacing. The conductors have ameter of 148 in and GMR is 0.5228 in. Find irsetanoe per km, 1.38 mHliea | 4.56 mHikm Deg, = Sih B. 2.54 mire) L> 2x10 71N D346 mH/km Dep |. .A.69-KV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 336,400 cmil, 36/7 Linnet conductor per phase with a horizontal configuration of D12=5 ft, Das = § ft and Ds.=10 ft. The conductors have a diameter of 0.721 inch, resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile and gmr of 0.0244 ft. What is the reactance for 12 miles line. AGohms x, = APL C.4 ohms Bizehee L=2ns7(n Bee . OzB. 2 ohms Gp ones 9. Asingle circuit three-phase transmission line is composed of four (4) ACSR, 4,272,000 ‘qmil conductor per phase with horizontal configuration. The bundle spacing is 45 cm. oho perrall lege US eed . Vest =2xI6 Pd ¥ "c. essese | Pche oof eae . 0.7829] Mn a) D. 0.72837 Deberoof/Ds-d De= emer 10. A three phase 60 Hz transposed transmission line has'a flat horizontal spacing ‘Buuwlep configuration. The line reactance is 0.486 ohm per km. The conductor geometric mean UNes radius is 2.0 cm. Determine the spacing D in meter, Brom sans Tn a 4, Siam Ls “Ee i, 11. The conductors of double circuit S-phase 115 kV lines are arranged at the vertices of a hexagon 10 on sides, Calculate the equivalent spacing ofthe peal! ines. Pepa. 3.16 ©. 13.68% UNes P1278 D. 14.148 "2 [re he snses untnsposed fanemicion ne hee:98 m horizontal spacing anda telephone line 1.2 m spacing is 4m below phase b and the line are supported on. ‘same tower. The power line carries a 60 Hz balanced current of 200 A. Pad the voltage Per km induced in the telephone line, : A. 5.88cis 45° 3.88cis 60° B. 2.44 cis 30° ). 6.32 cis 90° 13. A 500 kV three phase transposed line is composed of one ACSR 1272 MCM, 45/7 Bittern conductor per phase with horizontal conductor configuration, 35 ft spacing. The ‘Cons ween |.345 in and GMR is 0.5328 in. eee 0. 0083 4 Fikm C. 0.0057 yz F sam B..0.0094 uF /km D. 0.0064 'F ‘km 14. A ac tare geae carpe ine, comeceye of fue ACSE Ese MCM, 24/7 Rook conductor per phase with horizontal conductor. configuration, 35 ft spacing. Bundle spacing is 18 inches. The conductors have diameter of 0.977 in and GMR is 0.3924 in. capacitance per km. 10.0107 ein C. 0.01157 4 F km B. 0.0101 yF km D. 0.01264 4 F ‘km 15. When a conductor carries more current on the surface as compared to core, it is due to A. permeability variation C. corona © skin effect D. unsymmetrical fautt 16. The conductors are bundled primarily to A. increase reactance ©)reduce reactance B. reduce radio interference D. none of the above 17. On.which of the following factors skin effect depends? A. frequency of the current C. size of the conductor B. resistivity of the conductor @)all of the above18. Galvanized stéel wire is generally used as A. stay wire [structural components B. earth wire all of the above 19. If the height of transmission tower is increased, which of the following parameters is ‘to change? Capacitance C, Resistance B. Inductance D. all of the above 20. To increase the capacity of a transmission line for transmitting power, which of the seta net be decreased? ‘A. Capacitance C. Voltage .@piine inductance P= ee cn& — D.Allofthe above 21. Overhead transmission lines generally use . A. copper conductors C. all aluminum conductors - © ACSR conductors ; D. Steel conductors 22. ‘A.220 kV three phase transmission line is @ ish long 1 sine reearce po Deere ohms per phase and the inductance per phase is 20 ohms per phase. The capacitance is negligible. Determine the voltage regulation when supplying 381 sara ou factor lagging at 220 kV: 3.6% ©.12.4% 15.8% D, 19.4% 23. A69 KV, 18km, 3-phase transmission line has an impedance of 0.125 +0.4375 ohm per km. Determine the transmission efficiency when the line delivers 70 MVA to a load at 64 KV with 60% pf lagging. 98.75% GC. 96.47% 90% D. 98.2% 24. .A.230 KV transmission line is sending 100 MW power at 230 KV and 90% power factor. ‘The impedance ig.5 + {20 and its capacitive reactance is 2500 ohms. Determine the receiving end voltage. i A272 NOMINAL TT CET © apis Kv (B) 222.83 kV D. 224,28 KV 25. A3-phase, 230 kV, 60 Hz 80 km medium transmission line has an impedance of Z= 0.05+j 0.45 ohm per km and shunt admittance of j3.4x10-° siemens per km. What is the transmission line efficiency when the line delivers 200MVA, 0.8 pt lagging ot 220 KV? A 98:75% = NomiwAt TT cit 96.47% B. 97.92% N & é 98.05% 26. The ABCD constants.of a 60 Hz, 3-phase long transmission lines are as follows ‘Az D= 0.877 11,57" B=191.62/79.1° . C= 0.0012 / 90:42 This supplies 100 MW load at 230 KV with 90% | power factor. What is the sending voltage ? A 248kV 269 kV B. 245kV . 238 KV 27. A.6000 volts line supplying three loads A, B & C. If the loads are located 4, 6 and 10 km respectively away from the supply having a resistance of 0.05 ohm per km & currents 1a=50A, Ib=75A and Ic=100A. What is the voltage delivered in load C:A. 5955 volis Gp017.5 vots B. 5975 volts ‘6062 volts * 25, A three phase power of Freer Ee a a ena He a sbatiton located 315 km from the source of power, For a preliminary design assume UNE following parameters: Vs=1.0 pu, Vr=0.9 pu, wavelength of 5000 km, caren LaPoneiuty impedence of S20 ohiw and Dower ahs cf S087 toyiens Doo te EWN loadabilt . . ao Caer equation, line nominal, Gaon B. 480 KV tv Bag mk D. 380 KV cmd 28. In the analysis of which the following lines shunt capacitance is neglected? short transmission fines . long transmission lines 8. medium transmission lines D. sigan wale bor talk 30. Which of the following is neglected in the analysis of short trarismission lines? * A. series impedance C. ?R loss @shunt admittance D. all of the above square root of the ratio of line impedance and shunt admittance is called ‘surge impedance of the line” C. conductance of the line B. regulation of theline 3+ = D.none of the above . cH 92. In ACSR conductor, the function of ste! is to @) provide additional mechanical strength C. prevent corona B. take care of surges D. reduce inductance and subsequently improve power factor 33. The effect of corona can be detected by A. presence ofeone detected by odour _C. hissing sound 8. faint luminous glow of bluish colour @)all of the above 34. The current drawn by the line due'to corona losses is @non-sinusoidal C. triangular B. sinusoidal D. square 35, Corona results in @®radio interference C. better regulation B. power factor improvement D. none of the above 36. When the load at the receiving énd of a long transmission line is removed, the sending ‘end voltage is less than the receiving end voltage. This effect is known as. 2S crea NM} <(ve| C. Kelvin effect OD. Faraday effect 37. Which of the following has least effect on corona? atmospheric temperature C. size and charge per ion 1. number of ions D. mean free path38, In context of corona, if the conductors are polished and smooth, which of the following statement is correct? A. hissing sound will be more intense B. power loss will be least ©corona glow will be uniform along the length of the conductor D. corona glow will not occur 39. Power loss due to corona is not directly proportional to (A) spacing between conductors C. phiase — neutral voltage 'B. supply voltage frequency D. all of the above = (EBl) (F+2215 (WoW)? ounce 40. By which of the ea tae Go Weex Ion Tegulated? A. Use of series capacitors to neutralize the effect of series reactance B. Switching in shunt capacitors at the receiving end dyring heavy loads C. Use of tap changing transformers ©) Any of the abave methods 41. Which of the following are connected by the service mains? A. Transformer and earth C. Distributor and relay system (B) Distributor and consumer terminals _D. Distributor and transformer 42. By which of the following methods the protection against direct lightning strokes and high voltage sweep waves is provided? . Lightning arresters ©. Ground wire i Lightning arresters and ground wires _D. Earthing of neutral 43. The top most conductor in a high voltage transmission line is @® earth conductor C. R-phase conductor B. Y-phase conductor D. B-phase conductor 44, Which of the following distribution systems is more reliable? GLO A. Radial system C. Tree system @rng main system D. All are equally reliable 45. In.a certain circuit analyses, the bases chosen are: 34.5 kV and 100 MVA. What is the worty base? Ah = Kup? 65 kN? 1.9 ohms. - . 23,8 ohms: a 7.5 ohms “We Soha 2bO= ae) 46. A 69kV/13.8 kV, 75 MVA transformer has 8% impedance. What is its impedance at base 100 MVA and 66KV? A. 0.6% 2, U m a 800% 3.8% 1a pe aD 1.66% 47. At a 34.5 KV substation the available fault current is 10 p.u. What is the available fault MVA if the base MVA is 50? . 50 3200 Vig eVox Feu $0048. The per unit reaclance-of a synchronous generator are Xd=1.1, Xd'=0.24, Xd"= 0. 45. The generator is operating without load at 5% above rated voltage then a three phase fault occurs at its terminal, If a generator is rated 500 MVA and 20 KV, determine insient fault current? 101 kA C. 202 kA }. 10.1 kA D. 2.02 kA 49. A Generator rated 500 MVA, 20 kv has an impedance of 0.20 per unit . If the generator is supplying 425 KW load at 20 KV, unity power factor and a fault occurs at the load. What will be the per unit value of the fault current with respect to the bases, 500 MVA and 20 kV. A40 5.0 B.2.0 . 3.0 50. In a short circuit study, the positive, negative and zero sequence impedance are 0.25 p.u. 0.25 per and 0.05 p.u. respectively. The base MVA is 100. Determine the fault current for a three phase fault at the 115 KV Ie A. 3000 amperes 2000 amperes B. 2500 amperes 'D. 3500 amperes * 54. A synchronous generator having a subtransient reactance of 0.15 pu and operating 5% above its rated voltage supplies a synchronous motor having 0.2 pu subtransient reactance. The motor is connected to the generator by a transmission line and a transformer of total reactance 0.305 pu. A sudden three phase short circuit occurs at the generator terminals. Determine the per unit subtransient fault current. 9.079 pu ‘C. 8.08 pu 7.08 pu D. 12.34 pu 52. At a certain location in an electrical system, the available fault MVA is 500 MVA. A 15 MVA, 34.5/6.24 kV, 5% impedance, wewye. grounded transformer is installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the ndary side of the transformer. A 195 MVA Oe MVA B. 175 MVA. 150 MVA 53. Behind a certain point in a system network the equivalent Thevenin's impedance is 0.2 p.u. at 100 MVA base. A 115.kV/34.5 kV, 10 MVA transformer of 5% impedance is tapped at this point. If a three phase fault should occur at the secondary of the transformer, what is the maximum fault current?_ ‘A. 6692 amperes 2390 amperes B. 820 amperes 'D. 1590 amperes 54. A utility supplies an industrial plant. at 13.2 kV from a 20 MVA transformer whose impedance is 8 %. The utility short circuit capacity at the primary of the transformer is 500 MVA. It is desired to add 3-phase current limiting reactors the secondary of the transformer to limit the initial fault capacity the utility to 133 MVA. What Is the reactance of the reactor required? A. 0.625 ohm 0.265 ohm B. 0.375 ohm . 0.25 ohm: interrupting current capacity of a circuit breaker is depends on symmetrical short current ‘C. steady state short circuit current f asymmetrical short circuit current D. duty cycle56. Which of the following is used to determine or find the short circuited coil. A. Ohm-meter. c. . @) Growler D. Hi-pot 57. Earthing is necessary to give protection against Daca suede mock C. voltage fluctuation EAT RESISP Nae B, overloading D.none ofthe above = MPTENS 7 ; pase 58. Ground wire is used to A. give good regulati C. give the support to the tower B. avoid overloading (D) connect a circuit conductor or other device to an earth-plate 59. The size of the earth wire is determined by A. the atmospheric conditions ©ampere capacity of the service wires B. the voltage of the service wires D. none of the above: 60. Which of the following short-circuits most dangerous? ‘short-circuits. C, Line-to-ground short-circuits ine-to-line short circuit D. Line-to-line and ground short circuit 61. Which of the following equipment is used to limit short-circuit current level in substation? A. .Isolator . Lightning switch B. Coupling capacitor Series reactor 62. When a live: conductor of public electric supply breaks down and touches the earth which of the following will happen? Jourrent will ow to the earth C. supply voltage will increase . supply voltage will drop 1D. no current will flow in the conductor 63. For which of the following equipment current is not necessary? A. citcuit breakers isolators B. load break switch D. circuit breakers and load switches 64. Which of the following relays is used on long transmission lines? A. Impedance relay C. Reactance relay @)mno's relay D. None of the above * @) spauencs 65. Ata certain point on 34.5kV network the thevenin’s equivalent sequence X:=j0.15 per tue 7e, unit at 50 MVA base, Xo=j0.55 per unit at 50 MVA base. Find the short circuit current for Line to fault at this point. A.2800A ERE 80004 - 16708 Kei ihaaib point of the system. network the positive, negative and zero sequence impedances a6 0.25, 0.25; 0.3 p.u. respectively. The base MVA is 100, The voltage at that point is 34.5 KV. Determine the fault current for a line to ground fault. (A) 62754 C. 7516A B. 81324 D. 2091 A ‘A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50. MVA, 30 KV has X1=25%, “X_=15% and Xo=5%. What reactance must be placed in the generator neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted line to ground fault to that for a bolted 3-phase fault?A 2.4 ohms C. 1:5 ohms. & -8 ohms D. 1.2 ohms: 68, The positive, negative and zero sequence reactances of a 20 MVA, 13.2 kV synchronous generator are 0.3 pu, 0.2 pu and 0.1 pu, respectively. The generator is solidly grounded and is nat loaded. A double line to ground fall occurs at the generator jinals, determine the fault current. 4750 A C. 4500A B. 4250A D. 3750A . 69. The indoor 3-phase power center is to be served at 13.8 kV, the power center will include a high side (primary) circuit breaker, a 1,500 KVA, 13,800/460 Voits transformer with 4 % impedance, and a main circuit breaker. If the service point has a short circuit capacity of 900 MVA, what is the momentary and interrupting duty at 3 cycles of the main.secondary circuit breaker? A. 73 KA& 59KA C. 63 KA & 49 KA B. 83KA& 69 KA (D) 56 KA & 45 KA 70. arrester nominal rating shall be used in a 34.5 kV grounded system? . Gar kv ©. 22KV 42KV D. 35kV 71. The CT ratio and PT ratio are 240 and 2000 respectively. The impedance of the transmission line is 10 ohms, an impedance relay is installed to protect the line. What is the impedance of the line as seen by the Impedance relay? 1.2 ohms Zissonms IMPEONCE |. 20 ohms: B 101.6 ohms. 72. A three phase wye-delta connected, 345/34.5 kV transformer has an emergency rating of 60 MVA. Determine the CT ratio and CT connections required for the protection of the transformer primary & secondary. A. 200:5 A-con & 1000:5 A-con C. 100:5 Y-con & 1000:5 A-con G)200:5 A-con & 1000: Y-con D. 100:5 A-con & 1000:5 Y-con + 73. For Y-bus system shown, find Y11 Line (bus to bus)’ Reu Xpu 1:2 0.05 0.15 13 0.10 0.30 23 0.15 0.45 24 0.10 0.30 34 0.05 0.15 319 C. -24)6 AHS D. 3.68611 + 74. Two bus system has: Zn=j0.11565 pu , 2:2 Ze1=j0.04580 and Zz.=j0.13893 pu. If an impedance Zb= j0.4 pu is connected between busses 1 and 2. Find the new value of Z2z A j0.10696 pu C. j0.05735 pu (8) jo. 12352 pu _ * OD. §0.11565 pu 78. wt is the IEEE standard device number for Circuit breaker? 52 c.91 B. 85 D. 81Power System Supplementary Problems . What is the recommended horizontal spacing of three phase conductors for a 34.5 kV transmission line? 2ft C. 3.5 ft (©) 4f D. 3ft . What is the GMR of four strands conductor with square formation in terms of “r” of individual strand ? A21 . 1.46 B. 2.304 1.723, What is the GMR of three strands conductor with pyramid formation in terms of *r of individual strand 2 A. 2.102 1:46 B, 2,304~ ). 2.477 . What is the GMR of seven strands conductor of radius 1 mm of an individual strand ? A. 2.1mm C. 1.46 mm B. 2.304mm ©) 2.177 mm A 115 kV line has a horizontal configuration. The distance between adjacent ‘conductor is 9 ft. What is the geometric mean distance of the line? A 12.24 ft 418 ft - B. 9.42 ft. (O)11.348 ;. A three-phase transposed distribution line is designed with equilateral spacing of 12 #. ‘tis decided to build the line with horizontal spacing Dai = 2D1z = 2Dz2. What should be the spacing between adjacent conductors in order to obtain the same inductance as the design? . 9.5246 ft C. 9.5066 ft B. 9.6437 ft D. 9.6198 ft A single-phase transmission line 90 km is made up of hard drawn copper 500 mils in diameter. If the resistivity of the hard drawn copper at 20°C is 1.77 x 10* ohm-meter. ‘the loop resistance at 20°C. 10.1384 ohmv/km C. 0.546 ohmi/krn . 1.348 ohmkm D. 0.434 ohm/km . A three phase transmission line is designed to deliver 190.5 MVA at 220 kV over a distance of 63 km. The total transmission line loss is not to exceed 2.5% of the rated fine MVA. If the resistivity of the conductor material is 2.64x10° ohm meter, determine ‘the required conductor diameter. i A. 1.56 om 1.89 em B. 1.85 cm ). 2.0em . Asingle phase distribution line is installed with two No. 8 copper conductors spaced 15 cm. The line is 4 km long and the GMR with No. 8 is 1.27x10* m. What is the indygtance with the line? 7.6mH Cc. 4.2 mH . 27.5mH D. 6.1mH10. A single phase secondary line has spacing of 12 cm and with a length of 250 meters. ‘The conductor is No. 8 copper with a GMR of 1.27x10* m and.resistance of 2.36 ohm per km. Determine the inductive reactance of the line. ie 0.137 ohm _ ©. 0.274 ohm “ee ohm D. 0.086 ohm 11. Athree-phase 60 Hz transmission line is to deliver 20,000 kW at 66,000 volts at a distance of 30 miles. The load pf is 85 percent lagging, the line conductor are 3/0 AWG with resistance per mile of 0.326 ohms at 20°C and at 72 inch spacing and reactance per mile of 0.742 ohms. Find the GMR of conductor. A, 0.0178 ft 0.5146 ft B. 0.0326 ft 0.01668 ft 412. A three-phase circuit, G0 He 250 WY eneeaead tranemieive hie fs combsneed ot bao 1272 MCM, 54/19 conductors per phase with horizontal configuration. The bundle ‘spacing is 50 om while phase spacing between the centers of the bundle is 10 m. If the GMR of the ACSR conductors is 0.0466 ft, find the inductive reactance in ‘ohm/kmiphase of the transmission line? Ore C. 0.3628 D. 0.3964 * 43. A double circuit 3-phase transmission line has a horizontal spacing of 6.0'ft and a cond com eatcal spac of 3.0 ft. Canetti te GD oe parallel lines, Gee 4.76 ft oft. D.3.78ft 14..A 115 KV double circuit 3-phase transmission line composed of 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft has a horizontal spacing of 18 ft and a conductor vertical ‘ing of 9.0 ft.. Calculate the GMR of the parallel lines. 744 ft C.0.788 ft B. 0.0244 ft D. 0.663 ft 415. A single phase 60Hz power line 5m horizontal spacing and a telephone line with 2m ‘spacing are parallel to each other. The telephone line is symmetrically positioned directly 3m below phase b. The power line carries an mms current of 226 A. Find the magnitude of voltage per km induced in the telephone line. ABV 3V B.6V SV 16. The three phase untransposed 20km transmission line has 4 m horizontal spacing and a telephone line 2 m spacing is 5m below phase c and the line are supported on the same tower. The power line carries a 60 Hz balanced current of la=320cis 0°, Ib=320cis 240°, Ic=320cis120° A. Find the magnitude of the voltage induced in the telephone line. A70 V Quy B. 60'V . 80 V. 17.5 km long, 3- phase 34.5 kV line has a horizontal configuration of 4 ft. spacing . The cong is 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft. What is the line inductance. 1 5.33 mH C. 10.22 mH B. 15.12 mH D. 12.02 mH48. A115 kV line has vertical configuration with @ ft spacing. The diameter of the 336.4 MCM ACSR is 0.721 inch. If the length of the line is 20 km what is the total capacitance? 0.282 uf G.22uf 0.187 uf D. 5.25 uf 19. The capacitive reactanee of a 100 km 34.5 KV line is 200,000 ohms per km, what is the fotal capacitive reactance of the line? : ohms 2000 ¢. 6750 ohms . 1.08 x 10” ohms: D. 3.6.x 10° ohms 20. The capacitive reactance of a 100 km, 23 KV line is 1200 ohms, what is the capacitance per km ? A. 2.2 micro-farad 2.2x10+ farad B. 220 micro-farad . 12 ohms 21. A 115-kV three-phase transposed transmission line is composed of three ACSR 336,400 cmil, 36/7. Oricle conductors per phase with horizontal configuration: Dsz = 7 ft Des =7 ft and Das = 14 ft. The line spacing as measured from the center of the bundled conductors is 6 inches. The conductors have a diamater of 0.741 inch and GMR of 0.02265ft. Find the capacitance per phase for 20 km of the line in micro- farads. ‘A, 0.2880 0.2300 B. 0.2608 0.2828 22. The inductive reactance of the line is 0.25 cis 35 deg. ohm per km. What is the total reactance of the jine at 20 km? A. 0.0125 cis 35 deg. 5 cis 35 deg. B, 0.125 cis 35 deg. }. 0.25 cis 36 deg. 23, A 13.2 KV, 3 miles transmission line is composed of 336,400 Cmil, 26/7 (Linnet) acsr has GMR of 0.0244 ft and a resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile. The conductors are. 0.918 + }-1.385 C. 0.918 +j 1.538 0.918 + j 1.835 D.0.9184j 1.358 24. 5 km long, three phase line has a horizontal configuration of 4 ft spacing. The conductor is 336.4 MCM ACSR with GMR of 0.0244 ft and a resistance of 0.306 ohm per mile. What is its impedance? 2.22 cis 65° C. 6.68 cis 65° |. 1.19 cis 46° D. 3.57 cis 46° 25. A single phase 100 KVA, 14KV/2.4KV distribution transformer, is supplied through a line of 384)140 ohms. The impedance referred to secondary is 0.01+40.04 p.u. A load of 90 KW, 0.9 power factor lagging is connected at the low side. Find the supply when the voltage at the load side is 2.3 kV. 14.6 KV C. 14.2 KV 15.2 KV D, 15.6 KV 26. A 20 miles 3-phase transmission line is to deliver 20,000 KW at 69 kV at 85% power factor, The line is composed of 300 MCM acsr conductor, resistance is 0.342 ohm per mile and GMR of 0.023 ft, and spaced horizontally 8 ft apart. What is the sending end voltage to neutral? A. 72.4 kV C.74.7 KV @2skv D7 7KBask D. 73.7KV 27. 4220 KV three phase transmission line is 40 km long. The resistance per phase is 0.15 ohms per km and the inductance per phase is 1.3263 mH/km, The shunt capacitance is negligible. Determine the voltage regulation when supplying 381 MVA_ at 0,8 power factor leading at 220 kV. )-4.A3% C. -7.44% . 5.88% D. -9.54% 28. A345 kV three phase transmission line is 130 km long. The resistance per phase is 0,036 ohm per km and the inductance per phase'is 0.8 mH per km. The shunt capacitance is 0.0112 jz F per km. The receiving end load is 270 MVA with 0.8 power factor lagging at 325 KV, 60 Hz. Find the sending end voltage. 330 kV C. 338 kV - Oes kV D. 350 kV 29. The ABCD constant of a three phase 345 kV transmission line are: A=D=0.96182+)0.0012447 B=4.035+j 58.947 C=j0.00061137 ‘The line delivers 400 MVA at 0.8 power factor lagging at 345 KV. Determine the ing end voltage. 387.025 kV G. 367.045 kV B. 376.087 KV D. 398.085 kV 30. A three phase, 60 Hz, 500 kV transmission line is 300 km long. The fine inductance is 0.97 mH per km and its capacitance is 0.0115 micro-farad per km per phase. The receiving end rated load is 890MVW, 0.8 power factor lagging at 500 KV. Determine the wavelength in km. Assume a lossless line. A. 5000, . 6240 B. 3880 4990 31. A three phase power of 3600 MW is to be transmitted via four identical 60 Hz transmission lines for a distance of 300 km. From a preliminary line design, the phase constant and the surge impedance are given by 7 =9.46x10~ rad/km and 20=343 ‘ohms respectively. Based on practical line loadability criteria, determine the ‘suitable nominal voltage level in kV for each line. Assume Vs=1.0p.u., Vr=0.9 p.u. and power angle 5 =36.87°. A. 300 Cc. 500 D. 800 32. A 6000 volts line supplying three loads A, B & C. if the loads are located 4, 6 and 10 km respectively away from the supply having a resistance of 0.05 ohm perkm & 1a=50A, Ib=75A and Ic=100A. What is the voltage delivered in load A. volts C. 5970 volts }. 5975 volts D. 5962 volts 33. In transmission lines the cross arms are made of A. copper wood B. RCC. steel 34. Transmission line insulators are made of A. glass @Q porcelain B. iron D.. Pvc35. In a certain circuit analyses, the bases chosen are: 69 kV and 100 MVA, what isthe lance base? 47.6 ohms G. 23.8 ohms . 7.5 ohms D. Sohms 36, The percent impedance of a line is 6% at 34.5 kV and 100 MVA bases. What is the ohmic impedance? A232 ¢.3.0 @o72 0.1.20 37. The impedance of a line is 5% on 115 kV and 100 MVA bases. What shall be at 120 kV and 10,000 kVA bases? 1.2% C. 0.32% Goer D.0.72% 38. Find the ohic value ofthe impedance 3.8% + 16:25, The base values ae 100 VA 15 kV respectively. +) 20 ©, 384/182 O5+j2 D. 0.005 + j 0.2 39. The impedance of a transmission line is 302. What is the per unit impedance of 115 kV and 100 MVA bases? A018 0.03 B. 0.05 0.22 40. Which of the following is the likely value of the transient reactance of a 100 MW generator? A5% Orw% B. 100% }. 20% 41.A 50 MVA, 33 KV/IKV, three phase, wye-delta, connected transformer has a 3% impedance. What is the per cent impedance at 100 MVA and 34.5 kV bases?. 1.638% ©. 5.74% 5.49 % D. 6.56% 42. The available fault duty of a certain point of electrical system is 950 MVA at 230 kV, The Thevenin's equivalent impedance is 2.63%, what is the available fault current? 91 KA C. 65 kA CT2KA D. 80kA 43. In a certain line, the positive and zero. sequence reactance of 3% & 15% respectively, what is negative sequence reactance? A 3% 15% B. 18% 1. 12% 44. At a certain location in an electric system, the available fault MVA is 400 MVA. A 15 MVA, 34.5 KVI6.24kV, 2.5% impedance, wye-wye grounded transformer is installed at that location. Determine the short circuit MVA at the secondary . A. 195 MVA 90 MVA. B. 150 MVA 240 MVA.45. There was a 3-phase fault at a certain point in a 13.8 KV network where the Thevenin’s equivalent impedance is % ohm per phase. What is the magnitude of the fault current? A. 27600 amperes ©15,900 amperes B. 7970 amperes D. 13,800 amperes. 46. There was a phase to phase fault at 13.8 kV system. The system Thevenin's.. © equivalent impedance is 2.63% what is the magnitude of the fauit current. Base MVA is 10 A. 15,900 amperes c. 7970 (8) 13,200 amperes D. 27,600 amperes 47.4.5 MVA, 13.8 KV J 480 Volts, 5% impedance transformer is tapped at 13.8 kV line where the Thevenin's equivalent impedance is 4 ohm. Determine the fault current at ‘the primary for a three-phase fault at the secondary. 10,500 amperes C. 42000 amperes 3300 amperes. D. 6050 amperes 48. The transformer to serve a customer is rated SMVA, 13:8 KV/480 V and its impedance is 5%. The cable connecting the breaker to the transformer has an impedance of ‘0.032 ohm per phase. What is the fault current if a three phase fault occurs at the amperes C. 6200 amperes }. 5000 amperes: D. 1200 amperes 49. The connected electrical load of an office building is 300 KVA. The main circult breaker ‘to be installed is 1,600 Amp,-2 poles, 250 Volts. The Meralco distribution transformer is rated 20,000/230 Volts. It is to serve this load with a rated connected load of 500 KVA, single-phase, 60.Hz, 3% impedance, 230 Volts. What interrupting rating should be required for the main circuit breaker ? A. 50,000 A. 150,000 A B. 100,000 A 5,000 A. 50. A generator having a solidly grounded neutral and rated 50 MVA, 30 KV has X:=25%, X2=15% and Xo=5%. What reactance must be placed in the generator neutral to limit the fault current for a bolted double line to ground fault to that for a bolted 3-phase fault? A. 2.4 ohms .825 ohn B. 1.8 ohms D. 0.765 ohm ‘51. It is @ protective relay which compares the sum of incoming currents against the sum of the out going currents. It operates when there is unbalance. A. Relay balance )Differential relay B. Current relay ). Over current relay §2. The distribution system is 34.5 kV ungrounded, which arrester shall be installed to a distribution transformer. 35 kV C. 27kV . 38kV D. 30kV 53. What is the relay that can detect overload in the Ji A. fuses ‘overcurrent relay B. differential relay . magnetic switch54. In transmission lines, the most effective protection against lightning strikes is one of the following. Which ones this ? - A. Lightning rods . Lightning arresters B, Petersen coils Overhead wires 55. Itis computerized data gathering, monitoring and switching equipment. A. supervising control C, remote control SCADA D. Control and monitoring system 56. A three phase delta-wye connected, 30 MVA, 33/11 KV transformer is protected by @ differential relay. Calculate the relay current setting for faults drawing up to 200% of the rated current. The CT ratio on the primary is 500:5 and that on the secondary is 2000:5 A 3.8184 3.138A B. 4.3184 . 5.316A, 57. The CT ratio and PT ratio are 240 and 2000 respectively. A reactance relay is installed to protect the line. What is the reactance of the transmission line if the reactance as seen by the reactance relay is 1.41 ohms. A. 12.2 ohms 1.41 ohms B. 0.17 ohms 11.75 ohms. 58. Two bus system has: Z1s= 0.11565 pu , Z1= Zo1=j0.04560 and Zz2=j0.13803 pu. If an impedance Zb= j0.4 pu is connected between busses 1 and 2. Find the new value of zy 0.10698 pu C. j0.05735 pu ; ]0.12352 pu D. j0.11565 pu 59, Two port network consist of Zi=Zi2 =j0.16 and Zx2=Z21= j0.06 ohm. Find the newZss when Zb=0.34 ohm is connected from bus 2.to new bus 3. A. j0.16 Qps B.j0.34 j0.08 60. For Y-bus system shown, find Yz2 Line (bus to bus) Rou Xpu 1-2 0.05 045 13 0.10 0.30 23 0.15 0.45 24 0.10 0.30 34 0.05 0.15 A. 349 2436 B.-14)3 3.666-]11 PRACTICE Makes Perfect!!!