DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL ,DURGAPUR

CLASS XII
ENGLISH LITERATURE ASSIGNMENT_18
TOPIC- REVISION
a) How and why was M. Hamel dressed differently that day?
b) Why hasn’t Firozabad changed?
c) How does the poem, ‘An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum’, describe the slum children?
d) Why are the trees described as sprinting?
e) "At last I felt released". Describe the efforts made by Douglas to find this moment of release from
fear.
f) What was 'conflict of duties' in which Gandhi was involved?
g) What is the result of not speaking and not moving our arms so much?
h) Why does a thing of beauty not pass into nothingness?
i) “But Sadao searching the spot of black in the twilight sea that night, had his reward”? What was the
reward?
j) What moral issue does the story „Should Wizard Hit Mommy‟ convey?
k) The peddler believed that the whole world is a rattrap. How did he himself get caught in the same ?
l) What a thunderclap these words were to me!‖‖ (Franz). What were those words and what was their
effect on Franz ?
m) M) Why did Douglas fail to come to the surface of the pool as he hoped to ?
n) N) What was Kamala Das’s childhood fear ?
o) O) How is the Earth a source of life when all seems dead on it ? (Keeping Quiet)
p) P) How does Mr. Lamb react when Derry enters his garden ?

NOTE: STUDENTS ARE REQUESTED TO SOLVE THESE QUESTIONS IN THEIR ROUGH

NOTEBOOK , SAME WILL BE DISCUSSED IN THE CLASS
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL ,DURGAPUR
CLASS XII
ENGLISH LANGUAGE ASSIGNMENT_18
TOPIC- JOB APPLICATION & LETTER TO THE EDITOR
A job Application consists of two parts- the covering letter (appeal) and the bio-data/CV.

▪ Cover letter

The format for the covering letter is similar to the format of a Formal letter. It goes on like-
SENDER’s ADDRESS- The sender’s address is usually put on the top left-hand corner.
DATE- The sender’s address is followed by the date just below it. This is the date on which the letter is being
written. It is to be written in expanded form.
RECEIVER’s ADDRESS- Whether to write “To” above the address depends on the writer’s preference. Make
sure you write the official title/name/position etc of the receiver, as the first line of the address.
SUBJECT- Then we sum up the purpose of writing the letter in one line. This helps the receiver focus on the
subject of the letter in one glance. It is important to underline the subject.
SALUTATIONS- This is where you greet the person you are addressing the letter to. Bear in mind that it is a
formal letter, so the greeting must be respectful and not too personal. The general greetings used in formal
letters are “Sir” or “Madam”.
BODY- This is the main content of the letter. It is either divided into three paragraphs or two paragraphs if the
letter is briefer. The tone of the content should be formal. Do not use any flowery language. Another point to
keep in mind is that the letter should be concise and to the point. And always be respectful and considerate in
your language.

▪ PARAGRAPH 1- Begin the body of the letter by mentioning the source (from where you got to know about
the job) of information about the job (e.g., newspaper) along with the day, date and advertisement number.
Also mention the post you wish to apply for.

▪ PARAGRAPH 2- Here, you are supposed to offer your candidature by briefing about your qualifications,
achievements, previous experiences and your strengths. In other words, this paragraph should be an answer to
the question: ‘How are you the perfect candidate for the job?’.

Keep in mind that it should be to the point and clear. You should not sound boastful.

▪ PARAGRAPH 3- In this part of the body, you are supposed to make a reference to the photograph (passport-
sized), Bio-data or curriculum vitae and other detailed documents that you have enclosed. You can also appeal
for a one-on-one interview.

End the body on a promising note, e.g., Looking forward to your positive response.
COMPLIMENTARY CLOSE- At the end of your letter, we write a complimentary closing. The words
“Yours Faithfully” or “Yours Sincerely” are used.
SIGNATURE- Here finally you sign your name. And then write your name in block letters beneath the
signature. This is how the recipient will know who is sending the letter.
(NOTE- Mention the name given in the question paper. Do not mention your personal details.)

▪ Bio-data

After signing, you are supposed to mention the heading “ENCLOSURES” which will include the name of the
documents and testimonials attached along with the cover letter. They may include the following-

▪ Bio-data or CV

▪ Copies of certificates
 The Biodata or CV is generally divided into four parts as follows-

▪ Personal Details

▪ Qualifications

▪ Experience

▪ References

It goes like-
BIO-DATA (HEADING)
NAME
FATHER’s NAME
DATE OF BIRTH – In expanded form
ADDRESS
AGE
CONTACT NO.
EMAIL ID
NATIONALITY-Indian
MARITAL STATUS
QUALIFICATIONS-

NAME OF THE NAME OF THE NAME OF THE YEAR OF PERCENTAGE

EXAMINATION BOARD/ UNIVERSITY INSTITUTION PASSING

▪ Qualifications must be written in tabular form with the above mentioned heads.

WORK EXPERIENCE- It should be written from latest to the oldest along with the duration.
ACHIEVEMENTS
LANGUAGES KNOWN
SKILLS
HOBBIES
REFERENCES
DECLARATION
DATE
PLACE
SIGNATURE
NOTE: The resume can be a part of the letter or as an enclosure
Q. Bal Vidya Public School, Bhilai, urgently requires a post-graduate teacher to teach political science for
which they have placed an advertisement in The Bhilai Express. You are Sanjay/Sanjana Sharma from 21,
Vasant Marg, Bhilai. Draft a letter including a CV, applying for the advertised post.(120 – 150 words)
21, Vasant Marg
Bhilai
 01 March, 20XX
The Principal
Bal Vidya Public School
Bhilai
Subject- Application for the post of a post-graduate teacher
Sir/Madam
In response to your advertisement in The Bhilai Express, dated February 25, 20XX for the post of a
political science teacher in your renowned school, I wish to offer my candidature.
I am enclosing a copy of my bio-data for your perusal and kind consideration.
I am available for the interview on any day of your convenience. If given a chance to serve you, I
assure you that I shall work with utmost sincerity and dedication up to your satisfaction.
Thank you
Yours sincerely
Sanjay/Sanjana Sharma
Encl.:
*Bio-data

▪ * Copies of certificates

BIO- DATA
NAME- Sanjay/Sanjana Sharma
FATHER’s NAME- Mithun Sharma
DATE OF BIRTH- 25 July, 1984
ADDRESS- 21, Vasant Marg, Bhilai
PHONE-98100XXXXX
E-MAIL- sanjsharma@gmail.com
MARITAL STATUS- single
AGE- 28 years
NATIONALITY- Indian
(NOTE: The Qualification and Work Experience has to be written in the prescribed format.)
HOBBIES- Trekking and reading
STRENGTHS- Good communication skills, computer literate, proficient in English, Hindi and German
NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF REFERENCES-
i) Mr. Vijay Mathur, Principal
D.A.V. School, Gurudwara Rd., Delhi
ii) Mr. Satish Ohri
0Head of Commerce Department
Punjab University, Chandigarh
LETTER TO THE EDITOR
The format of a letter to the Editor of a Newspaper is as follows –
1. Sender’s address: The address and contact details of the sender are written here. Include email and phone
number, if required or if mentioned in the question.
2. Date: The date is written below the sender’s address after Leaving one space or line.
3. Receiving Editor’s address: The address of the recipient of the mail i.e. the editor is written here.
4. Subject of the letter: The main purpose of the letter forms the subject. It must be written in one line. It must
convey the matter for which the letter is written.
5. Salutation (Sir / Respected sir / Madam)
6. Body: The matter of the letter is written here. It is divided into 3 paragraphs as follows -
Paragraph 1: Introduce yourself and the purpose of writing the letter in brief.
Paragraph 2: Give a detail of the matter.
Paragraph 3: Conclude by mentioning what you expect from the editor. (For example, you may want him to
highlight the issue in his newspaper / magazine).
7. Complimentary Closing
8. Sender’s name, signature and designation(if any)
Q You are Radha G, member of NGO AWAAZ. Write a letter to the editor of a national daily for a public
movement to clean the Yamuna river. (You must introduce yourself, describe how the people are to be blamed
for polluting the river and suggest the need for installing water treatment plant to clean the river).
33, Jal Vihar
Wazirabad, New Delhi - 33
Dated: 17 July 20xx
The Editor
Hindustan Times
New Delhi.
Subject: Need for people’s movement for a clean Yamuna
Dear Editor
I am Radha G, member of NGO AWAAZ. I am writing to you in order to highlight the deteriorating condition
of river Yamuna.
The city of Delhi is getting contaminated water from river Yamuna. The residents are to be blamed for this.
They pollute the river with garbage, sewage and filth. The river water is full of bacteria, plastic, chemicals and
other waste materials. It is unfit for consumption.
The people have been demanding a Water Treatment plant. The authorities have not yet responded to the
repeated requests.
I request you to highlight the problem in your newspaper and arouse public interest. We all need to get
together in order to get the plant set up in the area.
Thank You
Yours sincerely
H.W
1. You are Amita/Amrit Anand , staying in Sunrise Apartments. The main road leading to this colony has
three manholes causing frequent accidents at night. Write a letter to the Editor of The Times expressing your
concern about the apathy of authorities towards this situation
2. Gandhinagar is a thickly populated locality inhabited mainly by the working class people. Unfortunately,
there is no Amul milk booth in the locality. Write a letter in 100 - 120 words to the editor of a local daily
drawing the attention of the authorities to the problem faced by the people, requesting them to open a milk
booth. You are Sham / Shobha, 4, Gandhinagar, Mumbai.
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
MATHEMATICS ASSIGNMENT NO-18
CLASS – XII
INDEFINITE INTEGRALS(SPECIAL INTEGRALS )

x
1. Evaluate  ( x + 1)( x + 2)dx
x A B
Soln: Let = +
( x + 1)( x + 2) x + 1 x + 2
then x = A(x + 2) + B( x + 1)
Put x = −2,−1 to eliminate A and B respectively.
-2=B(-2+1)  B = 2 also -1=A(-1+2)  A= − 1
x −1 2
So  dx =  dx +  dx = − log x + 1 + 2 log x + 2 + c
( x + 1)( x + 2) x +1 x+2
2x
2.Evaluate  2
(x + 3x + 2) dx
2x 2x A B
= +
Soln : Let
( )=
x + 3 x + 2 (x + 1)( x + 2) ( x + 1) ( x + 2)
2

 2 x = A( x + 2) + B( x + 1) ,Put x=-2,-1 to eliminate A and B respectively.

Then − 4 = B(−2 + 1)  −4 = − B  B = 4 and -2=A(-1+2)  −2 = A
2x −2 4 dx dx
 (x 2 + 3x + 2) dx =  ( x + 1) dx +  ( x + 2)dx = −2 ( x + 1) + 4 ( x + 2) = −2 log x + 1 + 4 log x + 2 + c

xdx
3.Evaluate x 3
+ x2 + x +1
dx
Soln: Put
Ax + B
(x + 1)(x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1)  x = ( Ax + B)(x + 1) + C ( x + 1)  x = Ax + ( A + B) x + B + Cx + C
x C
2
= 2 + 2 2 2

=(A+C) x 2 +(A+B) x + B + C

Comparing the coefficient of x2 ,x and constant on both sides we have

A + C = 0 , A + B = 1, B + C = 0  C = -B, A + C = 0 and A - C = 1, Solving these equations 2A = 1
 A = 1/2 putting the value of A on A + C = 0 we have C = -1/2 Also B= -C so B = 1/2
1 1 −1
x+
x 1 x 1 1
= 22 2− 2 = + −
(x + 1)( x + 1) ( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2(x + 1) 2( x + 1)
2 2 2

xdx 1 2x 1 dx 1 dx 1 1 1
 2 =  2 dx +  2 −  = log x 2 + 1 + tan −1 x − log x + 1 + c
( x + 1)( x + 1) 4 ( x + 1) 2 (x + 1) 2 ( x + 1) 4 2 2

CL---12—: Page 1 of 2
 x2
4.Evaluate (
x2 +1 x2 + 4
dx
)( )
x2 t A B
= = +
=  ( x + 1)( x + 4) (t + 1)(t + 4) (t + 1) (t + 4)
2 2 2
Soln: Put x t

t = A(t + 4) + B(t + 1) = ( A + B)t + 4 A + B

Comparing the coefficient of t and constant on both sides we have
A+B=1, 4A+B=0 Solving these two equations we have 3A= − 1  A = −1 / 3, B = 4 / 3
−1 4 x 2 dx −1 dx 4 dx
2
+
3( x + 1) 3( x + 4)
2
  ( x + 1)( x + 4)
2 2
=  +  2
3 ( x + 1) 3 ( x + 4)
2

=
x 2 dx − 1 −1 4 1 x − 1 −1 2 x
 = tan x +  tan −1 + c = tan x + tan −1 + c
( x + 1)( x + 2)
2 2
3 3 2 2 3 3 2
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 2)
5. Evaluate  x 2 + 3 x 2 + 4 dx
( )( )
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 2) Ax + B Cx + D
Soln: Let
( x +3 x +4
2 2
)( (x + 3) + (x 2 + 4)
=1+ 2
)
( )( )
( x + 1)( x + 2) = x + 3 x 2 + 4 + ( Ax + B ) x 2 + 4 + (Cx + D ) x 2 + 3
2 2 2
( ) ( )
x 4 + 3x 2 + 2 = x 4 + 7 x 2 + 12 + Ax 3 + 4 Ax + Bx 2 + 4 B + Cx 3 + 3Cx + Dx 2 + 3D

Comparing the coefficient of x 3 , x 2 , x and constant on both sides we have

A+C=0, B+D+7=3 ,4A+3C =0 ,4B+3D+12=2  C = − A, B + D = −4,4 A − 3 A = 3,4 B + 3D = −10
A=0,and C= 0 Now solving the equations B+D= -4 and 4B+3D= -10 we have
B= 2 ,D= -6
( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 2) 2 6
− 2
So
(
x +3 x +4
2 2
)( =1+ 2
)
(x + 3) (x + 2)
2
(
( x + 1) x + 2 2
) dx xdx
 (x2
+3 x +4
2
)( dx =  dx + 2  2
) x +3
− 6 2
x +4
−6

1 x 6 x 2 x x
= x + 2 tan −1 − tan −1 + c = x + tan −1 − 3 tan −1 + c
3 3 2 2 3 3 2
cos xdx
6. Evaluate 
(1 − sin x )(2 − sin x)
dt dt
Put sinx=z then cosx dx=dt so the given integral is of form  =
(1 − t )(2 − t ) (t − 1)(t − 2)
 1 1   sin x − 2 
=  − dt = log t − 2 − log t − 1 + c = log  +c
 t − 2 t −1  sin x − 1 

PROBLEMS:
1 .Evaluate the following integrals
3x − 1 2 xdx 1 dx
i)  dx ii)  2  (x  x(x
(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) (x + 1)(x 2 + 2)dx iii) 2
+ 1)(x 2 + 2 )
dx iv) 3
+ 1)
dx

( x 2 + 1)( x 2 + 4) _ sin 2 x 3x − 2 3x + 5
v)  x 2 + 3 x 2 − 5 dx
( )( )
vi) 
(1 + sin x )(2 + sin x )
dx vii)  (x + 3)(x + 1) 2
dx viii) x 3
− x2 − x +1
dx

CL---12—: Page 2 of 2
 x2 + x +1 x2 + x +1 1 2 cos x
ix)  (x + 1) (x + 2)
2
dx x)  ( x 2 + 1)( x + 2)dx xi)  sin x + sin 2 xdx xii) 
( )
(1 − sin x ) 1 + sin 2 x
dx

tan x + tan x
3
1 x 2
xiii)  1 + tan 3 x
dx xiv) x 4
−1
dx xv)  (x − 1)(x 2
+1 )dx

CL---12—: Page 3 of 2
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS – 12
Subject: ACCOUNTANCY
____________________________________________________________________________
CH: DISSOLUTION OF PARTNERSHIP FIRM (SET 1)

Question 1.
What journal entries would you pass in the following cases?
(a) Expenses of realisation ₹ 1,500.
(b) Expenses of realisation ₹ 600 but paid by Mohan, a partner.
(c) Mohan, one of the partners of the firm was asked to look into the dissolution of the firm for
which he was allowed a commission of ₹ 2,000.
(d) Motor car of book value ₹ 50,000 taken over by creditors of the book value of ₹ 40,000 in full
settlement.

Question 2.
Pass journal entries for the following:
(a) Realisation expenses of ₹ 15,000 were to be met by Rahul, a partner but were paid by the firm.
(b) Ramesh, a partner was paid remuneration of ₹ 25,000 and he was to meet all expenses.
(c) Anuj, a partner, was paid remuneration of ₹ 20,000 and he was to meet all expenses. Firm paid
an expense of ₹ 5,000.

Question 3.
Pass journal entries for the following:
(a) Realisation expenses amounted to ₹ 10,000 were paid by the firm on behalf of Alok, a partner,
with whom it was agreed at ₹ 7,500.
(b) Realisation expenses amounted to ₹ 5,000. It was agreed that the firm will pay ₹ 2,000 and
balance by Ravinder, a partner.
(c) Dissolution expenses amounted to ₹ 10,000 were paid by Amit, a partner, on behalf of the firm.

Question 4.
Record necessary journal entries in the following cases:
(a) Creditors worth ₹ 85,000 accepted ₹ 40,000 as cash and Investment worth ₹ 43,000, in full
settlement of their claim.
(b) Creditors were ₹ 16,000. They accepted Machinery valued at ₹ 18,000 in settlement of their
claim.
(c) Creditors were ₹ 90,000. They accepted Building valued at ₹ 1,20,000 and paid cash to the firm
₹ 30,000.

Question 5.
Pass journal entries for the following at the time of dissolution of a firm:
(a) Sale of Assets – ₹ 50,000.
(b) Payment of Liabilities – ₹ 10,000.
(c) A commission of 5% allowed to Mr. X, a partner, on sale of assets.
(d) Realisation expenses amounted to ₹ 15,000. The firm had agreed with Amrit, a partner to
reimburse him up to ₹ 10,000.
(e) Z, an old customer whose account for ₹ 6,000 was writte off as bad in the previous year paid
60% of the amount written off.
(f) Investment (Book Value ₹ 10,000) realised at 150%.

Question 6.
Pass journal entries for the following transactions at the time of dissolution of the firm:
(a) Loan of ₹ 10,000 advanced by a partner to the firm was refunded.
(b) X, a partner, takes over an unrecorded asset (Typewriter) at ₹ 300.
(c) Undistributed balance (Debit) of Profit and Loss Account ₹ 30,000. The firm has three partners
X, Y and Z.
(d) Assets of the firm realised ₹ 1,25,000.
(e) Y who undertakes to carry out the dissolution proceedings is paid ₹ 2,000 for the same Y.
(f) Creditors are paid ₹ 28,000 in full settlement of their account of ₹ 30,000.

Question 7.
Pass necessary journal entries for the following transactions on the dissolution of the firm P and Q
after the various assets (other than cash) and outside liabilities have been transferred to Realisation
Account:
(a) Bank Loan ₹ 12,000 was paid.
(b) Stock worth ₹ 16,000 was taken over by partner Q.
(c) Partner P paid a creditor ₹ 4,000.
(d) An asset not appearing in the books of accounts realised ₹ 1,200.
(e) Expenses of realisation ₹ 2,000 were paid by partner Q.
(f) Profit on realisation ₹ 36,000 was distributed between P and Q in 5 : 4 ratio.

Question 8.
X, Y and Z are partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 2 : 1 respectively. The firm was
dissolved on 1st March, 2013. After transferring assets (other than cash) and third party liabilities
to the Realisation Account you are provided with the following information:
(a) There was a balance of ₹ 18,000 in the firm’s Profit and Loss Account.
(b) There was an unrecorded bike of ₹ 50,000 which was taken over by X.
(c) Creditors of ₹ 5,000 were paid ₹ 4,000 in full settlement of accounts.
Pass necessary journal entries for the above at the time of dissolution of firm.

Question 9.
Lal and Pal were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 7. On 1st April, 2015 their firm
was dissolved. After transferring assets (other than cash and outsider’s liabilities to Realisation
Account, you are given the following information :
(a) A creditor of ₹ 3,60,000 accepted machinery valued at ₹ 5,00,000 and paid to the firm ₹
1,40,000.
(b) A second creditor for ₹ 50,000 accepted stock ₹ 45,000 in full settlement of his claim.
(c) A third creditor amounting to ₹ 90,000 accepted ₹ 45,000 in cash and investments worth ₹
43,000 in full settlement of his claim.
(d) Loss on dissolution was ₹ 15,000.
Pass necessary journal entries for the above transactions in the books of firm assuming that all
payments were made by cheque.

Question 10.
Pass the journal entries for the following transactions on the dissolution of the firm of P and Q after
various assets (other than cash) and outside liabilities have been transferred to Realisation Account:
(a) Stock ₹ 2,00,000. P took over 50% of stock at a discount of 10%. Remaining stock was sold at a
profit of 25% on cost.
(b) Debtors ₹ 2,25,000. Provision for Doubtful Debts ₹ 25,000; ₹ 20,000 of the book debts proved
bad.
(c) Land and Building (Book value ₹ 12,50,000) sold for ₹ 15,00,000 through a broker who
changed 2% commission.
(d) Machinery (Book value ₹ 6,00,000) was handed over to a creditor at a discount of 10%.
(e) Investment (Book value ₹ 60,000) realised at 125%.
(f) Goodwill of ₹ 75,000 and prepaid fire insurance of ₹ 10,000.
(g) There was an old furniture in the firm which had been written off completely in the books. This
was sold for ₹ 10,000.
(h) Z an old customer whose account for ₹ 20,000 was written off as bad in the previous year paid
60%.
(i) P undertook to pay Mrs. P’s loan of ₹ 50,000.
(j) Trade creditors ₹ 1,60,000. Half of the trade creditors accepted Plant and Machinery at an
agreed valuation of ₹ 54,000 and cash in full settlement of their claims after allowing a discount of
₹ 16,000.Remaining trade creditors were paid 90% in final settlement.

Question 11.
Achal and Vichal were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of 3 : 5. On 31st March, 2018
their Balance Sheet was as follows:

The firm was dissolved on 1st April, 2018 and the Assets and Liabilities were settled as follows:
(a) Land and Building b realised ₹ 4,30,000.
(b) Debtors realised ₹ 2,25,000 (with interest) and ₹ 1,000 were recovered for Bad Debts written
off last year.
(c) There was an Unrecorded Investment which was sold for ₹ 25,000.
(d) Vichal took over Machinery at ₹ 2,80,000 for cash.
(e) 50% of the Creditors were paid ₹ 4,000 less in full settlement and the remaining Creditors were
paid full amount.
Pass necessary journal entries for dissolution of the firm.

Question 12.
Balance Sheet of a firm as at 31st March, 2018 , when it was decided to dissolve the same was:
₹19,500 were realised from all assets except Cash at Bank. The cost of winding up came to ₹ 440.
X and Y shared profits in the ratio of 2 : 1 respectively.
Prepare Realisation Account and Capital Accounts of Partners.

Question 13.
Ramesh and Umesh were partners in a firm sharing profits in the ratio of their capitals. On 31st
March, 2013, their Balance Sheet was as follows :

On the above date the firm was dissolved.

(a) Ramesh took over 50% of stock at ₹ 10,000 less then the book value. The remaining stock was
sold at a loss of ₹ 15,000. Debtors were realised at a discount of 5%.
(b) Furniture was taken over by Umesh for ₹ 50,000 and machinery was sold for ₹ 4,50,000.
(c) Creditors were paid in full.
(d) There was an unrecorded bill for repairs for ₹ 1,60,000 which was settled at ₹ 1,40,000.
Prepare Realisation Account.
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
STUDY MATERIAL
CLASS – 12
Subject: BUSINESS STUDIES
____________________________________________________________________________
CHAPTER: MARKETING (case studies)
Q. 1. Zoom Udyog, a car manufacturing Co., has started its business with Zoom 800 and
slowly launched Zoom-1000, Wagon-Z, Swyfy etc. and offered various services like after
sale services, availability of spare parts etc. Identify the element of marketing mix referred
by a reputed company, Zest, Ltd.

Q. 2. Radha found a worm crawling out of newly opened tetra pack of a juice manufactured
by a reputed company, Zest, Ltd. She went back to the shopkeeper from whom the pack
was purchased who directed her to call up the customer care centre. When all her efforts
failed, she went to a consumer activist group to seek help. The group decided to help
Radha and taken measures to impose restrictions on the sale of the firm’s products of the
particular batch and urge customers to refrain from buying the products of the company.
Zest Ltd. lost its image in the market. The CEO gives the responsibility of bringing back the
lost image of the company to a Manager.
1. Identify the concept of Marketing Management which will help the Manager getting
the firm out of the above crisis.
2. Also explain the role of above identified concept by stating any two points.

Q. 3. The manager of Impact Enterprise, dealing in cosmetics, is facing the problem of poor
sales. Suggest the four promotional measures that he can undertake to improve the sales.
Also, name the factors affecting their choice.

Q. 4. A mobile company is launching a new high tech mobile phone in the market. Which
department is going to look into the techniques of promoting it?

Q. 5. Identify the Marketing Management philosophy adopted in the following cases:

1. Mansi, a shoe manufacturer for school students, decided to maximize her profit by
producing and distributing at large scale and thereby reducing the average cost of production.
2. Nisha, a school bag manufacturer decided to improve the product for profit maximization
and thus added a water bottle holder to the existing design.
3. Jasdeep, a dealer in school uniforms, decided to maximize his profit by using different
aggressive promotional efforts.
4. Amar is engaged in manufacturing of refrigerators. He surveyed the market and found that
customers need a refrigerator with a separate provision of water cooler in it. He decided to
launch the same refrigerator in the market.
Q. 6. Identify the method of sales-promotion in the following cases:
1. A mobile company offers a discount of Rs. 1000 to clear off excess inventory.
2. A customer gets Rs. 5 off on return of an empty wrapper while making a new purchase of the
same product.
3. A Company offers a pack of 1/2kg of sugar with the purchase of a 5 kg bag of wheat
flour.
4. A Company offers 40% of extra shaving cream in a pack of 500 gms.
5. Scratch a card and get a gold coin with the purchase of a cold drink.
6. Purchase goods worth Rs. 50,000 and get a holiday package worth Rs. 10,000 free.

Q. 7. ‘Various tools of communication are used by the marketers to promote their products.’
1. Why do companies use all tools at the same time?
2. Name and explain the most commonly used non-personal tool of promotion which is
paid for by the marketer.
3. Which tool of promotion will primarily be used for the following?
1. To promote or protect a company’s image or its individual products.
2. An existing product meant for mass usage by literate people.
3. To introduce a new product to a particular class of people through door-to-door visits.
4. To attract attention of the people by using incentives.

Q. 8. Good Living Ltd. manufactures mosquito repellent tables. These tablets are packed in
strips of 12 tablets each. Each of these strips are packed in a cardboard box, 48 such
boxes are then placed in a big corrugated box and delivered to various retailers for sale.
State the purpose of packaging the tablets in a corrugated box.

Q. 9. Shreemaya Hotel in Indore was facing problem of low demand for its rooms due to off
season. The Managing Director (MD) of the hotel, Mrs. Sakina was very worried. She
called upon the Marketing Manager, Mr. Kapoor for his advice. He suggested, that the hotel
should announce an offer of ‘3 days and 2 Nights hotel stay package with free breakfast and
one day religious visit to Omkarehswar and Mahakaleshwar Temples’. The MD liked the
suggestion very much. Identify the promotional tool, which can be used by the hotel through
which large number of prospective pilgrimage tourists, all over the country and also abroad,
can be reached, informed and persuaded to use the incentive.

Q. 10. ‘Beauty Products Ltd’s is a natural and ethical beauty brand famous for offering
organic beauty products for men and women. The company uses plant based materials for
its products and is the No. 1 beauty brand in the country. It not Identify the marketing
management philosophy being following by ‘Beauty Products Ltd.’

Q. 11. ‘Haryaram’ is a famous chain selling a large variety of products in the Indian market.
Their products include chips, biscuits, sweets and squashes. It charges a comparatively
higher price than its competitors as it sells quality products. Besides, it offers regular
discounts to its customers and easy credit terms to its retailers. It has five of its own retail
shops. It also sells its products through various grocery stores to that the products are
made available to customers at the right place, in the right quantity and at the right time. It
regularly uses different communication tools to increase its sales.
The above para describes the combination of variables used by Hayaram to prepare its
market offering. Identify and explain the variables.

Q. 12. ‘Maruti Vega Ltd.’ entered into the market with coloured television and have now
introduced products like audio systems, air-conditioners, washing machines, etc. the
company is not only offering the products but also handling complaints and offering
after-sales services.
Identify the element of marketing-mix discussed here.

Q. 13. Radhika was a student of Business Studies of Call XII. Her father was a farmer who
grew different varieties of rice and was well-versed about various aspects of rice cultivation.
He was also selected by the government for a pilot-project on rice cultivation. As a
project-work in Business Studies she decided to study the feasibility of marketing good
quality rice at a reasonable price. Her father suggested her to use internet to gather
customers’ views and opinions. She found that there was a huge demand for packaged
organic rice. She knew that there were no pre-determined specifications in case of rice
because of which it would be difficult to achieve uniformity in the output. To differentiate the
product form its competitors, she gave it the name of Malabari Organic Rice’ and classified it
into three different varieties namely – Popular,, Classic and Supreme, based on the quality.
She felt that these names would help her in product differentiation.
Explain the three function of marketing, with reference to the above paragraph.

Q. 14. A Company was marketing water purifiers which were very popular due to their
quality and after sales services provided to the customers. The company was a leading
company in the market and earning huge profits. Because of huge profits, the company
ignored the after sales services. As a result, its relations with customers got spoiled and the
image of the company was damaged in the public. The top management became
concerned when the profits for the current quarter fell steeply. On analysis, it was revealed
that ignoring the after sales services was its reasons. Therefore, the company took all
possible measures to protect and promote its favourable image in the eyes of the public. As
a result, the goodwill of the company improved in the society.
1. Name and state the communication tool used by the marketer in the above case to
improve its image.
2. Also explain role of the tool as identified in part (a)

Q.15. Crackers Ltd., a fire-cracker manufacturing company launched some new products on
eve of Diwali which attracted many buyers. To meet the increased demand, the company
employed children from nearby villages. Although the product was in great demand,
appropriate safety warning for use were not mentioned on the packets that led to many
accidents.
1. Identify and explain the important product-related decision that was not taken into
consideration by the company.
2. Also, identify any two values which were violated by the company.
Q. 16. ABC Crackers Ltd., a fire-cracker manufacturing company, launched some new
products on the eve of Diwali in the market which attracted many buyers. To meet the
increasing demand, the company employed people from nearby villages where there was a
lot of unemployment. Because of the good behavior of the management with the
employees, more and more people wanted to join the company. As the products were in
great demand in the market, a competitor imitated the products. The products of the
competitor were not accepted by the consumers as it was a status symbol to buy the
products of ABC Crackers Ltd. because of their quality.
1. Identify and explain the product-related decision because of which consumers
preferred the products of ABC Crackers Ltd.
2. Also, identify any two values which ACB Crackers Ltd. wanted to communicate to the
society.

Q. 17. Ajay was appointed as the marketing head of Alfa Enterprise, a manufacturer of
toothpastes and toothbrushes. His target sale was 2000 units a month. Apart from thinking
about various channels of distribution to achieve the target, he himself started visiting
schools in backward areas. He found that even after taking various steps and counselling,
some school children had not started brushing their teeth. He investigated and found that
they could not start brushing their teeth. He investigated and found that they could not
afford to buy toothbrush and toothpaste. So with due permission, he started donating 200
toothbrushes and toothpastes every month to the school.
1. Identify the channel of distribution Ajay would adopt for the distribution of toothpaste
and toothbrushes and justify it by giving one reason.
2. State any two values which Ajay ants to communicate to society.

Q. 18. Amar is engaged in the manufacturing of refrigerators. He surveyed the market and
found that customers need a refrigerator with a separate provision of water cooler in it. He
decided and launched the same refrigerator in the market. Identify and explain the
marketing philosophy involved.

Q. 19. Mansi, a shoe manufacturer for school students, decided to maximize profits by
producing and distributing shoes on a large-scale and thus reducing the average cost of
production.
1. Identify the marketing management philosophy adopted by Mansi.
2. Explain this philosophy on the basis of the following:
● Main Focus
● Means and Ends

Q. 20. Unilever has found a new way to make ice creams by using an ingredient called ‘ice
structuring protein’ which is widely found in nature especially, in fishes which allows them to
survive in freezing arctic waters. Combining ISP with stabilizer technology allows to make
ice creams that don’t melt so easily thereby making it more convenient for small children
and consumer in hot countries.
In the context of above case:
1. Identify the component of marketing mix being taken into consideration by the company.
2. Explain briefly the function of marketing highlighted here.
3. List any two values that the company wants to communicate to the society.

Q. 21. As the number of people making online purchases has increase manifolds, there is a
growing concern about the disposal and management of packaging waste. Every item
bought is delivered with excess packaging and sometimes even non-biodegradable
materials are used.
In the context of above case:
1. Name the other two levels of packaging that the marketers may be using besides the
immediate package.
2. Describe briefly any two points highlighting the functions of packaging.
3. State any two factors that should be kept in mind by the marketers while designing
the packaging of its products.

Q. 22. Rastro Inc., is a multinational corporation that creates consumer electronics, personal
computers, servers and computer software. The company also has a chain of retail stores
known as Restro Stores. Despite high competition, Restro has succeeded in creating
demand for its products, giving the company power over prices through product
differentiation, innovation advertising and ensured brand loyalty.
In the context of above case:
1. What is product differentiation?
2. Name any one function of marketing that facilitates product differentiation.
3. Identify the component of promotion mix being used by the company by Quoting lines
form the paragraph.
4. Describe briefly the pricing objective pursued by the company.

Q. 23. Arvind is planning to start a company manufacturing room fresheners. He intends to

use natural fruit extracts for adding fragrance to them. He estimates an investment of Rs.
20 crores to set up the factory. As it is difficult for him to raise the entire capital amount
alone, he gives a partnership offer to his school friend, Sanjay who is an angel investor.
Sanjay, after being convinced about the feasibility of the project, accepts his offer. Sanjay
tells Arvind that they should also focus on other important decisions related to the product
‘room fresheners’ besides deciding about its features, variety and quality. Branding is one
of the important such decision.
In the context of above case:
1. Name any other two important decisions related to a product.
2. Why is branding considered as an important function by the marketers? Give any one reason
in support of your answer.
3. State any four features of a good brand name.

Q. 24. Suraj is a small entrepreneur involved in the manufacturing of hair wax. He finds that
cost of production of 100 gm of hair wax is Rs. 250. He has decided to keep a margin of
15% as profit moreover, he has assessed that there is a free competition in this product
segment.
In the context of above case:
1. Identify the function of marketing being performed by Suraj.
2. State briefly the two factors that he is taking into consideration while performing the
function as identified in part (a)

Q. 25. After doing a diploma in entrepreneurship, Farihad started his own confectionary
business. He started doing a lot of hard work and used the recipes taught by his
grandmother in various preparations. He also learnt many recipes from online sites and
television programmes. He decided to keep the price of the products low initially and also
informed his customers about the goodness of the items sold by them. However, he didn’t
mention on the package of each item weather it contained eggs or not. As a result,
vegetarian people became hesitant in buying things from his shop as they had to verbally
inquire from him about the inclusion of eggs in the preparation of various items.
In the context of above case:
1. Name the important aspect related to the marketing of products which has been
ignored by Farihad.
2. Explain briefly any free functions performed by the aspect as identified in part (a).
3. Mention the right of consumer being violated by Farihad.

Q. 26. ‘Shudh Hava Ltd.’ is engaged in manufacturing of air conditioners and desert coolers.
The company offers a wide range of products to meet the requirements of people from
varied income groups. Recently the company has developed a new product, an air purifier
that improves the quality of air by filtering out all allergens and microbes. The company
introduced the product on two variants namely ‘Nano Tech’ and ‘Nano Tech Premium’. In
order to persuade people to buy the product it is offering easy payment options in equal
monthly installments for different time periods. Moreover, every buyer will be offered
‘scratch a card’ option to win instant gifts like decorative items, T-shirts etc. the company is
also planning to organize competitive events based on skill and luck in various malls in
different cities.
In the context of above case:
1. Name and explain the ‘type of promotion strategy’ adopted by the company to boost
the sales of air purifiers.
2. Also, identify the various techniques of this promotional strategy being used by the
company by quoting liens from the paragraph.
3. “The company offers a wide range of products to meet the requirements of people
from varied income group.” Name the relevant consumer right being promoted by the
company.

Q. 27. In today’s world, through social media, news spread in a flash. Moreover, if it is bad
news, it acquires a speed that is virtually impossible to stop. Hence, all corporate are more
susceptible to a tarnished image today than in any other day and age. The loss of goodwill
may lead to decreased revenue, loss of clients or suppliers and fall in market share. Over
the year, therefore, most of the companies have set up a separate department to manage
the public opinions about them. The department works in close coordination with the
various interest groups like consumers, government, suppliers etc. and strives to handle
effectively if any controversies arise.
In the context of above case:
1. Identify the element of promotion mix being referred to in the above liens.
2. Briefly explain any three points highlighting the role of this element of promotion mix
as identified in part (a)

Q. 28. Mr. Rajiv wants to buy LCD T.V. for his family. Now he has come to Jagota
Electronics, Model Town, after coming to shop he get confused. Write the name of
promotion tool which has brought him to the shop and promotion tool needed now. Also
write the four points of importance of latter tool.

Q. 29. Mr. Rajiv, the sales executive of ABC Ltd. possess good marketing techniques, his
techniques involve oral presentation of message, convincing the customer with face to face
interaction, etc.

Q. 30. ITC started its business with Jobaico Industry later on its entered in Hotel Industry,
Consumer goods industry, stationery, etc. ITC assured quality to customer and kept
company’s name as its identity. This help the customers in product identification and hence
ensured quality. It also built up their confidence and help in increasing their level of
satisfaction.
1. Name the element of marketing mix referred in above para.
2. Name the other elements of marketing mix.
3. Name the concept which assure quality and help in identification of product.
4. Identify the value emphasized by ITC.

Q. 31. Nisha, a school bag manufacturer decided to improve the product for profit
maximization and thus added a water bottle holder to the existing design.
1. Identify the marketing management philosophy adopted by Nisha and
2. Explain this philosophy on the basis of:
1. Main focus and
2. Means and ends.

Q. 33. Ayesha is manufacturing lunch boxes for school-going children. To maximize profit
she decided to improve the quality and added a warmer for the lunch boxes. Due to this
improvement in the product, the sale is increasing day by day. Identify and explain the
marketing philosophy involved.

Q. 34. Radha found a worm crawling out of newly opened tetra pack of a juice manufactured
by a reputed company, Zest, Ltd. She went back to the shopkeeper from whom the pack
was purchased who directed her to call up the customer care centre. When all her efforts
failed, she went to consumer activist group to seek help. The group decided to help Radha
and take measures to impose restrictions on the sale of the firm’s products of the particular
batch and urge customers to refrain from buying the products of the company. Zest Ltd. lost
its image n the market. The CEO gives the responsibility of bringing back the lost image of
the company to a Manager.
1. Identify the concept of Marketing Management which will help the Manager getting
the firm out of the above crisis.
2. Also explain the role of above identified concept by stating any two points.

FILL IN THE BLANKS

1. The main focus of production concept is on................................of product.
2. The main focus of ......................concept is customer needs.
3. Personal selling provides ......................feedback to the company.
4. Standardisation ensures the buyers that goods confirm to the ....................................standards.
5. Advertising is .....................................as the message can't be adjusted according to the needs
of the buyers.
6. Public relations protect company's.......................in the eye of the public.
7. Sales promotion is helpful for them ...............................of a new product.
8. There is a lot of flexibility in ...........................as the sales presentation can be adjusted as per
individual customers.
10. The function of marketing which aims at dividing goods into different groups
is.......................
21. The part of a brand which can be recognised but which is not uttered able is called
_________.
22. The part of a brand which can be spoken is called a ________.
23. A brand or part of a brand which is given a legal protection is called ____________.
24. The name, term, sign, symbol, design used to distinguish one product from the product of
other competitors is called ____________.
25. The product’s immediate container is called ________packaging.
26. The element of product mix that describes the product and specifies its contents is called
__________.
27. The marketer does _______ of product to indicate different features or quantity of products.
28. The act of designing and producing the container or wrapper of a product is called
_________.
29. .The name of the whole class of a product is known as______ name.
30. The most important function of _______ is to provide information required by law.
31. Combination of promotional tools used by an organization to achieve its communication
objective is known as _________mix.
32. The impersonal form of communication which is paid for by the marketers to promote
goods or services is ___________.
33. Social values are undermined and ____________ is promoted by advertisement.
34. Personal selling creates ________ about the ______ and develops product preferences.
35. Personal rapport with the customers increases the --------------strength of a business
organization.
36. ------------- promotion is a promotional tool.
37. Sales promotion is a bundle of short term --------------and promotional efforts other than
advertisement and personal selling.
38. Arrangement of sports and cultural events by a company as a tool of sales promotion is
called-------------.
39. Advertisement is by an ------------sponsor .
40. Advertising is the ---------------form of communication.

TRUE AND FALSE

1. The price set for the product must reflect only the interest of the seller.
2. To maximise profits in short run, XYZ ltd. should charge high price of each unit of note pad
it sells.
3. Government declared petrol as essential product. It has all the rights to fix its price.
4. Production cost is the only important component while fixing up the price.
5. After Sales Service is a part of product mix.
6. The price of I phone 10 do not consider its brand value.
7. The societal marketing concept is focused on the community welfare.
8. Everything can be marketed.
9. Sales promotional techniques plays an important role in sale of industrial goods.
10. Personal selling is best suited for promoting daily use products.
11. The most commonly adopted distribution network for consumer goods like soaps clothes,
rice is three level channels.
12. In case the time required to respond to the additional demand for the products is high there
is need to maintain higher level of inventories.
13. With the higher degree of accuracy of sales forecasts higher inventory levels are to be
maintained.
14. Higher the levels of customer service to be offered the greater will be the need to keep more
inventories.
15. Internet selling is an example of zero-level distribution channel.
16. Promotion is use of communication with twin objective of informing potential customers
and increase the sales volume.
17. Advertising is impersonal non-paid form of communication.
18. Sales promotion includes only those activities that are used to provide short term incentives
to boost sales.
19. Personal selling is more rigid than other tools of promotion.
20. All the advertisements are made keeping preference of the people.
21. There is difference in maximizing profits in the short run and in the long run.
22. The desired level of quality of product will depend on the economic status and preferences
of the target market .
23. The cost of production sets the maximum level or the ceiling price at which the product
may be sold.
24. Advertisement is less forceful than personal selling.
25. Labels help grading and promoting the sale of the product.
26.A brand name should be capable of being registered and protected legally.
27. Transportation packaging refers to additional layers of protection that are kept till the
product is ready for use.
28. Labelling helps in promotion of a product.
29. Branding helps in introduction of new products.
30. A brand or part of a brand that is given a legal protection is called a logo.
31. Grading of products is the important function performed by packaging.
32. The brand name should be appropriate to the product function.
33. In primary packaging the container is kept throughout the entire life of the product.
34. Brand mark is the verbal component of a brand.
35. Packaging aids a firm in its advertising and display programmes.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What can be marketed?

I. Any physical object with a definite shape

II. Any physical object which creates value to customers
III. Any physical object that has a selling price
IV. Any physical object that can be tested.

2. Marketing functions does not include:

I. After sales service
II. Selling
III. Negotiating with government officials
IV. Recruiting sales team

3. The product concept focus on the following:

I. Quantity of a product produced

II. Quality and performance of a product produced
III. Place where the product is produced
IV. Company which produced the product

4. Quality and performance of the product is the main focus of which marketing management
philosophies.
I. Selling Concept
II. Marketing Concept
III. Production Concept
IV. Product Concept

5. Marketing can be best understood as:

I. Pre production activity
II. Post production activity
III. Pre & Post production activity
IV. Selling activity.

6. Price of a product can be referred as:

I. Product Cost
II. Brand Value
III. Value of utility for customer
IV. Promotion Cost

7. Pricing objectives does not include:

I. Market Share Leadership
II. Surviving in a competitive
III. Cover the entire cost of a product
IV. To deliver goods to rural areas.

8. Price of a product can be fixed by considering:

I. Press Relations
II. Mobility of a sales person
III. Marketing Methods used
IV. Consumer Attention

9. Which of the following is the right marketing mix for a Television Set

I. Price, Place, Promotion, Process

II. Product, price, promotion, process
III. Product, price, place, process
IV. Product, promotion, price, place

10. Which element of marketing mix is responsible for making the goods available from the
manufacturer to consumer
(a) Product Mix (b) Price Mix (c) Place Mix (d) Promotion Mix
11. A brand or part of a brand that is given legal protection is called
a Brand name b Trade Mark c Brand mark d Logo

12.A bottle of hair oil is an example of

a Primary packaging b Secondary Packaging c Transportation packaging d Sales promotion

13. The term used to indicate different features or quality of the product is
a Branding b Standardisation c Simplification d Grading

14 Providing information required by law is the main function of

a Branding b Packaging c Labelling d Sales promotion

15 Which element of marketing mix covers customer support services

a Product b Price c Place d Promotion

16 “Ideas for life” is the tagline of-

a Samsung b Google c Panasonic d Sony

17 Which element provides status symbol as the advantage to customer- U

a Branding b Packaging c Labelling d Sales promotion

18 Describes the product and specify its contents is the function of- U
a Branding b Advertising c Labelling d Sales promotion

19 Which element of product mix facilitates the use of the product- U

a Labelling b Packaging c Advertising d Sales promotion

20.Promotion refers to :
(a) Use of various gadgets to move forward
(b) Use of communication to inform the potential customers about the product
(c) Customers use various tools to know about the product
(d) Any reward given to producers

21. Advertisement is
(a) a tool of sales promotion
(b) an element of management
(c) an element of Branding
(d) a technique of sales promotion

22. The basic aim of sales promotion tools is

(a) increase output
(b) increase demand by informing target market
(c) increase price
(d) increase in sales volume

23. It is a merit of Advertising:

(a) enhancing customer satisfaction and confidence
(b) is less flexible
(c) is the paid form
(d) is by an identified sponsor

24. This concept has to face certain objections from the society:
(a) personal selling
(b) sales promotion
(c) public relations
(d) advertisement

25. Advertising similar products with same claim results in :

(a) creating confidence in customers
(b) making the customer materialistic
(c) creating confusion in the minds of the customers
(d) making the customer happy

26. Link with customers is an advantage of this tool of promotion

(a) advertisement
(b) personal selling
(c) public relations
(d) sales promotion

27. Sales promotion refers to

(a) short term incentives to encourage customers to buy products
(b) dealing with customers
(c) promoting producers
(d) promoting deals with intermediaries

28. Sports events and press conferences are part of:

(a) sales promotion
(b) advertising
(c) public relations
(d) personal selling

29. A new product is easy to introduce in the market through

(a) Branding
(b) Labelling
(c) Personal selling
(d) Public relations
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
STUDY MATERIAL XVIII (2020-21)
CLASS- XII
SUBJECT- ECONOMICS
_____________________________________________________________________________________
POVERTY
INTRODUCTION
In previous chapters, you have studied the economic policies that India has taken in the last seven
decades and the outcome of these policies with relation to the various developmental indicators.
Providing minimum basic needs to the people and reduction of poverty have been the major aims of
independent India. The pattern of development that the successive five year plans envisaged laid
emphasis on the upliftment of the poorest of the poor (Antyodaya),
integrating the poor into the mainstream and achieving a minimum standard of living for all.
While addressing the Constituent Assembly in 1947, Jawaharlal Nehru had said, “This
achievement (Independence) is but a step, an opening of opportunity, to the great triumphs and
achievements that await us… the ending of poverty and ignorance and disease and inequality of
opportunity”.
However, we need to know where we stand today. Poverty is not only a challenge for India, as
more than one fifth of the world’s poor live in India alone; but also for the world, where about 300
million people are not able to meet their basic needs. Poverty has many faces, which have been
changing from place to place and across time, and has been described in many ways. Most often,
poverty is a situation that people want to escape. So, poverty is a call to action — for the poor and the
wealthy alike — a call to change the world so that many more may have enough to eat, adequate shelter,
access to education and health, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their
communities.
To know what helps to reduce poverty, what works and what does not, what changes over time,
poverty
has to be defined, measured and studied — and even experienced. As poverty has many dimensions, it
has to be looked at through a variety of indicators — levels of income and consumption, social indicators,
and indicators of vulnerability to risks and of socio-political access.
PROBLEMS: -
D. Answer the following questions: -
1. What do you understand by poverty?
2. What is meant by relative poverty?
3. Define poverty line.
4. What do the persons below poverty line indicate?
5. Mr. X is relatively richer than Mr. Y. Can both be absolutely poor? Comment with
reason.
6. Do you think that urban poor is spillover of rural poverty?
7. Sickness and inefficiency are related to poverty. How?
8. Why is calorie-based norm not adequate to identify the poor?
9. Is there is any relationship between unemployment and poverty?
10. What are the causes of poverty in India?

**************************
 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
Assignment-XVIII (2020-21)
CLASS- XII
SUBJECT- COMPUTER SCIENCE

Data Structure – II (Stack and Queue)

Stack
A stack is a linear data structure in which all the insertion and deletion of data / values are done at one end
only known as top of the stack. It is type of linear data structure. It follows LIFO (Last In First Out)
property. Insertion / Deletion in stack can only be done from top.
Applications of Stack
• Expression Evaluation: It is used to evaluate prefix, postfix and infix expressions.
• Expression Conversion: It can be used to convert one form of expression (prefix, postfix or infix) to one
another.
• Syntax Parsing: Many compilers use a stack for parsing the syntax of expressions.
• Backtracking: It can be used for back traversal of steps in a problem solution.
• Parenthesis Checking: Stack is used to check the proper opening and closing of parenthesis.
• String Reversal: It can be used to reverse a string.
• Function Call: Stack is used to keep information about the active functions or subroutines.
Stack Terminologies
1. PUSH: The PUSH operation adds an item to the top of the stack.
2. POP: The POP operation removes an item from the top of the stack.
3. PEEK: It is also called as inspection, refers to inspecting the value at the top of the stack.
4. OVERFLOW: It’s an Error, when someone tries to push an item in stack that is full.
5. UNDERFLOW: It’s an Error, when someone tries to pop or delete an item from an empty stack.
If stack is empty, top is set to none.
Queue
Queue is a linear data structure which follows First In First out (FIFO) rule in which a new item is added at
the rear end and deletion of item is from the front end of the queue. In a FIFO data structure, the first
element added to the queue will be the first one to be removed.
Queue Terminologies
1. ENQUEUE : The add or append operation in queue, adds an item to the REAR of the queue.
2. DEQUEUE: The deleting or popping operation, removes an item from the front end of queue.
3. PEEK: It is also called as inspection, refers to inspecting the value FRONT points to.
4. OVERFLOW: It’s an Error, when someone tries to insert an item in a queue that is full.
5. UNDERFLOW: It’s an Error, when someone tries to pop or delete an item from an empty queue.
In an empty queue, both rear and front are set to none.
Applications of Queue
1. Serving requests on a single shared resource, like a printer.
2. CPU task scheduling.
3. In real life scenario, Call Centre phone systems uses Queues to hold people calling them in an order,
until a service representative is free.
4. When data is transferred asynchronously between two processes. eg. IO Buffers.
5. When a resource is shared among multiple consumers. Examples include CPU scheduling, Disk
Scheduling.
6. In recognizing palindrome.
7.In shared resources management.
8.Keyboard buffer.
9.Round robin scheduling.
10.Job scheduling.
11.Simulation
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 DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, DURGAPUR
SESSION: 2020-21
ASSIGNMENT - 18
SUB: PHYSICAL EDUCATION CLASS: XII WEEK: 18TH

TOPIC: Unit IX Psychology & Sports

SUB-TOPIC
• Motivation, its type & techniques
• Meaning, Concept & Types of Aggressions in Sports

Motivation and its types

Motivation means to be inspired to do something. It is a kind of inner force which energizes a man to make
constant efforts.

According to Crook and Stein, “Motivation is any condition that might energies and directs our action.]
Motivation energizes an individual to behave in particular way for attaining a specific goal.

Types of Motivation

There are two types of motivation

Intrinsic Motivation is within an individual and guides him/her to perform better. It is based upon needs,
interest, nature, emotions, social need etc. It also depends upon knowledge of result, personal factor,
competition zeal etc. He/she participates in sports for his/her own sake.

(ii) Extrinsic Motivation This motivation depends upon environmental factors. It has a great impact on
an individual’s performance. It is of various types like rewards, punishment, active participation, test
evaluation, teachingmethods,,equipment,surroundings.

(ì) Healthy Sports Environment A healthy sports environment plays a vital role in motivating the
sportsperson. Healthy sport environment consists of proper humidity and temperature, smooth and clean
sports fields, good quality of sports equipment and other facilities. Positive Attitude For proper motivation,
the coaches should try to encourage positive attitudeamong sportspersons. Players must think positively.
(ìì) Cash Prizes, Certificates and Trophies These are good incentives to sportspersons. Governments offer
cash prizes to sportspersons who win.

Types of aggression

Hostile aggression: Hostile aggression is inflicting or causing harm whether it is physical or psychological
on someone else. It is sometimes referred as reactive aggression and can be accompanied by anger. In
hostile aggression, the main aim is to cause injury to another person. The intention is on causing pain and
suffering.

Instrumental aggression: Instrumental aggression is displaying aggressive behavior in pursuit of a non-

aggressive goal. It is also known as channeled aggression is not accompanied by anger. Instrumental
aggression is behavior that has intent to hurt in order to achieve money, praise or victory.
Assertive behavior: Assertive behavior is different type of aggression/aggressive behavior. This is defined
as behavior that involves the use of legitimate physical or verbal force to achieve one’s purpose. In
Assertive behavior, the intention is to establish dominance rather than to harm the opponent.

Q1. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Explain in detail goal setting and
reinforcement

as techniques of motivation.

Q2. Elaborate the types of aggression in sports.

Q3. “Aggression is necessary part of sports.” comment.

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