Jaeven B.

Bañaga DATE PERFORMED: June 29, 2018

Earth Science, Grade 11 DATE SUBMITTED: July 6, 2018
Ms. Marie Fe Sangalang

LABORATORY REPORT NO. 2

MODELS and MAPS

I. INTRODUCTION

A model is anything that is used to represent something else. A photograph helps you
remember your loved ones when they cannot be near. A photograph is an example of a
physical model. There are also mathematical models. Memories and dreams are models of
real or imagined human events. You can develop a mental model of the size and shape of
planet Earth. Such models can be useful as you try to understand this planet. One of the
three ways of models and maps are Isolines, Topographic Maps, and Ocean Bottom Profile.

Isolines are lines that connect places that have the same field quantity value within a
field region. The field value can be land elevation, temperature, strength of gravity, or any
other measurement that can be made continuously over a defined area.

A topographic, or contour, map is a two-dimensional model of the three-dimensional

shape of the land surface. On a topographic map, isolines connect points of equal elevation.
Contour maps also include a wide variety of geographic information.

A profile is a cutaway view, a cross section, or a silhouette. Topographic profiles show

the shape of the land, with the highest places representing hills and the lowest places valleys.
A profile shows the change in elevation along a particular path. In some profiles, the vertical
scale has been enlarged or exaggerated to show changes in elevation more clearly. This
greatly increases the slope. However, without vertical exaggeration, the changes in elevation
would be difficult to visualize.

OBJECTIVES:

After this activity, the student must be able to:

1) Answer the questions about isolines using a simple isoline map, and draw isolines with
different intervals;
2) Create a topographic profile from a topographic map; and
3) Construct an ocean bottom profile using data given.
II. DISCUSSION

A. DRAWING ISOLINES

What is ISOLINE?

Isolines, also called isarithm, are a type of two-dimensional cartographic symbolization

that is commonly used for depicting a three-dimensional statistical surface on a flat piece of
paper or a computer screen. This three-dimensional surface may be real (e.g., elevation or air
pressure) or conceptual (e.g., crop yields). The location of each isoline depicts all of the
places on the surface that have a particular value (e.g., a particular isoline on an elevation
contour map shows all of the places that have a particular elevation). Over time, we have
come to use specialized names for isolines that are used for representing certain types of
phenomena (e.g., an isotherm is a line of equal temperature, while an isobar is a line of equal
pressure). However, whatever the isolines are called, they are created using a similar
procedure.
B. READING TOPOGRAPHIC MAPS

There are different geographic features that make up the Harriman State Park. On the
southeastern part of the map, the Black Mountain is located; with an elevation of the top
as 1201 ft. to 1219 ft. On the northwestern part of the map, the Lake Nawahunta, with a
length of 0.3 miles, is located at an elevation of 781 ft. It is 66 ft. higher than the Silver
Mine Lake, located in the middle of the map.

On the flat area south of Lewis Brook, the type of landform form is called a depression
which is indicated by the closed circle with little lines (hachures) inside. The elevation in
the middle of the depression is 781 ft. to 799 ft. The Bockey Swamp Brook flows north-
east and its contour lines are bent upstream as they cross a stream.

The most difficult part of walking all the way around the shoreline of Lake Nawahunta
are the train tracks and steep land. The general changes in elevation found if you are
walking on the part of the trail shown between the words “SCENIC” and “TRAIL” on the
map is that it is descending, then ascending, then descending again.

The contour interval of the map is 20 feet. The lowest elevation represented on this
map is at 700 feet, around the Silver Mine Lake. The steepest slope on the map is on the
south-west side of Black Mountain. The map shows two buildings which are located at the
Ski Jump.
C. OCEAN BOTTOM PROFILE

4.5

3.5

2.5

1.5

0.5

0
1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Column3

A profile is also called a silhouette or outline. A profile shows the change in elevation
along a particular path. The profile shows the total thickness of lithosphere. The ocean bottom
is a region where it can be all flat and totally mountainous.

There is a submerged mountain range that runs down the center of the Atlantic Ocean
that is called a mid-ocean ridge. If the ridge is extended above sea level, it is called a rift
valley. This occurs on where Earth's tectonic plates move apart, or rift. Rift valleys are found
both on land and at the bottom of the ocean, where they are created by the process of
seafloor spreading.
D. TOPOGRAPHIC MAP

The interval of the Erinburgh map is 10 meters. The factor that can be observe when
there is a depression the land is that contour that indicates a hole and is represented by a
"hachured" brown line. A depression is a point inside a contour that is lower than the contour;
a point outside the depression contour is higher than the contour.

The vertical exaggeration of the Erinburgh profile is the Newborn Sink because the
vertical scale is larger than your horizontal scale.

III. REFERENCES

AMsco. (n.d.). Chapter 3: Models and Maps. Retrieved at https://www.pittsfordschools.org/site

/handlers/filedownload.ashx?moduleinstanceid=1855&dataid=12395&FileName=

CH%2003%20Models%20and%20Maps.pdf on July 4, 2018.

Dutton, J. A. (2018). Cartography and Visualization. Retrieved at https://www.e-education

.psu.edu/geog486/node/1873 on July 4, 2018.