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Solutions LABOR PDF
Solutions LABOR PDF
Fall 2014
1. Chapter 9, question 1
Last year, the account ledger for an owner of a small drugstore showed the following
information about her annual receipts and expenditures;
Revenues: $1,000000
Wages for hired labor: $300,000
Utilities: $20,000
Purchases of drugs and other supplies for the store: $500,000
Wages paid to herself: $100,000
She pays a competitive wage to her workers , and the utilities and drugs and other
supplies are all obtained at market prices. She already owns the building, so she
pays no money for its use. If she were to close the business she could avoid all of
her expenses and, of course , would have no revenue. However, she could rent
out her building for $200,000. She could also work elsewhere herself. Her two
employment alternatives include working as a lawyer, earning wages of $100,000,
or working at a local restaurant, earning $20,000. Determine her accounting
profit and her economic profit if she stays working in the drugstore business. If
the two are different explain the difference.
Accounting Profits:
Total Revenues: 1,000,000
Total Accounting Cost: 300,000 + 20,000 + 500,000 + 100, 000
Profits: 80,000
Economic Profits:
Total Revenues: 1,000,000
Total Economic Costs: 300,000 + 20,000 + 500,000 + 100, 000 + 200,000
Profits -120,000
So, if she continues to work at the grocery store, she earns an accounting profit of 80,000
plus the salary she pays herself 100,000. However, she earn negative economic profits if
she continues to work at the grocery store (-120,000). But if she exits the business, her
salary as a lawyer would be $100,000, and she would receive $200,000 rent for the
building. She would therefore be better off by $120,000 if she worked as a lawyer.
2. Earl’s Car Wash is a small business that operates in the perfectly competitive car
washing industry in Louisville, Colorado. The short-run total cost of production
is
STC ( Q ) = 40 + 10 Q + 0.1Q 2 ,
where Q is the number of cars washed per day. The prevailing market price is
$20 per car.
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
∂π
= P − 10 − .2Q = 0
∂Q
MR P = 10 + .2Q
SMC
Q = 50
Therefore, Earl should wash 50 cars to maximize profit.
[
= (20 )(50 ) − 40 + (10 )(50 ) + (0.1)(50 )2 ]
= 210
Therefore, Earl’s maximum daily profit is $210.
The equations for short-run marginal cost and short-run average cost are
∂STC
SMC (Q ) = = 10 + 0.2Q
∂Q
STC 40
SA C (Q ) = = + 10 + 0.1Q
Q Q
The two curves and profit-maximizing quantity ( Q = 50) are depicted in the
diagram below:
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
$
SMC
20
SAC
15.8
14
10
20 50 Q
The shaded area represents the Earl’s profit. It is a rectangle whose height is the
difference between the market price (P = 20) and the average cost of the 50th unit
(SAC (50) = 15.8) and whose width is the 50 units being produced.
d. Assume that all of the $40 per day fixed costs are sunk. Derive an expression
for Earl’s short-run supply curve. Then graph the curve.
The first step is to identify the minimum price needed to induce Earl to wash cars;
that is, we need to identify Pmin . In the short-run, Pmin is the minimum average
nonsunk cost ( ANSC ) . If all fixed costs are sunk, then
ANSC ( Q ) = AVC ( Q )
10 Q + 0.1 Q 2
=
Q
= 10 + 0.1 Q
Since ANSC is increasing in Q , minimum ANSC occurs at Q = 0 and equals 10.
Therefore, Pmin = 10 .
For P ≤ Pmin Earl does not wash any cars, but for P ≥ Pmin Earl operates at a point
where P = SMC :
P = 10 + 0.2Q
Q = 5P − 50
Therefore, Earl’s short-run supply curve is
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
⎧⎪0 if P ≤ 10
s (P ) = ⎨
⎪⎩5P − 50 if P ≥ 10
The graph below depicts this supply curve:
P
s (P )
20
10
50 Q
e. Assume, instead, that if Earl produces zero output, he can rent or sell his
fixed assets thereby avoiding all his fixed costs. Derive an expression for
Earl’s short-run supply curve. Then graph the curve.
Q 2 = 400
Q = 20
Since ANSC (20) = 14 , Pmin = 14 .
For P ≤ Pmin Earl does not wash any cars, but for P ≥ Pmin Earl operates at a point
where P = SMC . Therefore, Earl’s short-run supply curve is
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
⎧⎪0 if P ≤ 14
s (P ) = ⎨
⎪⎩5P − 50 if P ≥ 14
The graph below depicts this supply curve:
P
s (P )
20
14
20 50 Q
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
3. Ch 9, Problem 9.12
The coal industry consists of 60 producers, all of whom have an identical short-
run total cost curve,
STC ( Q ) = 64 + 2 Q 2 ,
where Q is the monthly output of a firm and $64 is the monthly fixed cost.
Assume that $32 of the firm’s monthly $64 fixed cost can be avoided if the firm
produces zero output in a month. The market demand curve for coal production
is
D (P ) = 400 − 5P ,
where D (P ) is monthly demand at price P . Derive an expression for the market
supply curve in this market and determine the short-run equilibrium price.
We will begin by deriving the short-run supply curve for a single firm. The firm’s
average nonsunk cost is given by the following equation:
32 + 2 Q 2
ANSC ( Q ) =
Q
32
= + 2Q
Q
To find the shut-down price (Pmin ), we find the minimum level of ANSC . This occurs
at the quantity at which ANSC = SMC :
32
+ 2Q = 4Q
Q
32
= 2Q
Q
Q =4
Since ANSC (4 ) = 32 / 4 + (2 )(4 ) = 16 , Pmin = 16 .
For P ≤ Pmin the firm does not produce any output, but for P ≥ Pmin the firm operates at
a point where P = SMC :
P = 4Q
1
Q= P
4
Therefore, each firm’s short-run supply curve is
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
⎧⎪0 if P ≤ 16
s (P ) = ⎨
⎪⎩ 41 P if P ≥ 16
To find the equilibrium price, we equate market supply and market demand:
S (P ) = D (P )
15P = 400 − 5P
20P = 400
P ∗= 20
Therefore, the equilibrium price is $20.
4. Ch 9, Problem 9.17
If the firm operates at a point where its SAC curve is rising, it must mean that the SMC
curve is above the SAC curve. Since the firm sets P = SMC , it must be the case that
P > SAC . Therefore, the firm earns positive economic profit.
If the firm operates at a point where the SAC curve is falling, it must mean that
SMC < SAC . Since the firm sets P = SMC , it must be the case that P < SAC .
Therefore, the firm earns negative economic profit.
However, the fact that the firm is still operating means that SMC ≥ ANSC ; that is, the
firm’s revenue is covering all of its nonsunk costs but only a portion of its sunk costs.
This is why the firm is better off operating – albeit at a loss – than shutting down.
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
5. Ch 9, Problem 9.20
We know that if the firm produces positive output, it produces where P = SMC . In this
case, when the firm produces positive output,
Q = 3P − 30
P = 31 Q + 10
This means that the equation of the firm’s short-run marginal cost curve is
SMC ( Q ) = 31 Q + 10 .
The screw and bolt market contains many identical firms, each with a short-run
total cost function
STC(Q) = 400-5Q + Q2 ,
where Q is the firm’s annual output (and all of the firm’s $400 fixed cost is sunk).
The market demand curve for this industry is
Where P is the market price. Each firm in the industry is currently earning zero
economic profit. How many firms are in this industry, and what is the market
equilibrium price?
The two equilibrium conditions that must hold in the short run are:
In addition, we have been told that we must satisfy the zero profit condition. P*=AC(Q*)
c. So, we know that the profit max and zero profit condition together mean that:
P=SACmin
From a: P* = -5 + 2Q*
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
From b. P* = 400/Q* – 5 + Q*
P* = MC(Q*) = -5 + 2(20) = 35
To determine the number of firms we need to figure out the market output and divide that
by the amount each firm produces.
The Brussels sprouts industry is perfectly competitive, and each producer has the
long-run total cost function
1 3
TC ( Q ) = 40 Q − 6 Q 2 + Q .
3
The market demand curve for Brussels sprouts is
D(P ) = 2200 − 100P .
What is the long-run equilibrium price in this industry? At this price, how much
would an individual firm produce? How many firms are in the Brussels sprouts
market in a long-run competitive equilibrium?
3. D (P ) = n Q (market clearing)
∗ ∗ ∗
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
( ) ( )
The first step is to apply conditions 1 and 2 by setting MC Q ∗ = AC Q ∗ :
40 − 12 Q + Q 2 = 40 − 6 Q + 31 Q 2
2
3 Q 2 = 6Q
2 Q 2 = 18 Q
Q∗ = 9
Therefore, each individual firm produces Q ∗ = 9 units of Brussels sprouts.
( )
To find the equilibrium price, we simply plug Q ∗ = 9 into MC Q ∗ :
MC (9) = 40 − 12(9) + (9)2
= 40 − 108 + 81
= 13
Therefore, the long-run equilibrium price is P ∗ = 13 .
n ∗ Q ∗ = 2200 − 1300
n ∗ (9) = 900
n ∗ = 100
Therefore, the equilibrium number of firms is n ∗ = 100 .
TC = wr (120Q − 20Q 2 + Q 3 ) ,
Where Q is the annual output of a firm, w is the wage rate for skilled assembly
labor, and r is the price of capital services. The demand for labor for an
individual firm is
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
r (120Q − 20Q 2 + Q3 )
L(Q, w, r ) =
2 w
a) To determine long-run output we can use the profit maximizing and zero profit
condition.
MC(Q*) = AC (Q*)
wr (120 − 20Q * +(Q *)2 ) = wr (120 − 40Q * +3(Q *)2 )
20Q * 2(Q*)2
=
Q* Q*
Q* = 10
b.
c.
Economics 3070
Fall 2014
d.
e.
500
D( P*) w = 50
n* = =
Q* 10 w
f.
Demand for skilled labor: Demand for Lobor by each firm * number of firms.
100 50 5000
* =
w w w
g.
DL = S L
5000
= 50 w
w
w2 = 100
w = 10