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A Study of Power - System - Security and Contingency PDF
A Study of Power - System - Security and Contingency PDF
760
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
761
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
violations. The former gives the security level of the system operating state.
The third major security function, corrective action analysis, The later determines the appropriate security constrained
permits the operators to change the operation of the power scheduling required to optimally attaining the target security
system if a contingency analysis program predicts a serious level.
problem in the event of the occurrence of a certain outage. The static security level of a power system is characterized by the
Thus this provides preventive and post-contingency control presence or otherwise of emergency operating conditions (limit
.A simple example of corrective action is the shifting of violations) in its actual (pre-contingency) or potential (post-
generation from one station to another. This may result in contingency) operating states. System security assessment is the
change in power flows and causing a change in loading on process by which any such violations are detected.
overloaded lines.
System assessment involves two functions:
II. POWER SYSTEM STATIC A. System monitoring
SECURITY LEVELS B. Contingency analysis
In the diagram given below arrowed lines represent System monitoring provides the operator of the power system
involuntary transitions between levels 1 to 5 due to with pertinent up-to-date information on the current conditions of
contingencies. The removal of violations from level 4 the power system. In its simplest form, this just detects violations
normally requires corrective rescheduling or remedial action in the actual system operating state. Contingency analysis is much
bringing the system to level 3, from where it can return to more demanding and normally performed in three distinct states
either level 1 or 2 by preventive rescheduling depending upon .i.e. contingency definition, selection and evaluation. Contingency
the desired operational security objectives. Levels 1 and 2 definition gives the list of contingencies to be processed whose
represent normal power system operation. Level 1 has the probability of occurrence is high. This list, which is usually
ideal security but is too conservative and costly. Level 2 is large, is in terms of network changes i.e. branch and/or under
more economical, but depends on post contingency corrective injection outages.
rescheduling to alleviate violations without loss of load,
within a specified period of time.
The second major security function, security control, allows
operating personnel to change the power system operation in the
event that a contingency analysis program predicts a serious
problem, should a certain outage occur.
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
762
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
www.ijsret.org
International Journal of Scientific Research Engineering & Technology (IJSRET), ISSN 2278 – 0882
763
Volume 3, Issue 4, July 2014
2 1-3 47.6+j7.3
3 2-1 -120.9 – j19.7
4 2-3 21.8+j1.5
5 2-4 25.6+j1.4
6 2-5 -53.6+j6.8
7 3-1 -45.9 – j7.6
8 3-2 -21.5-j4.8
9 3-4 22.4 – j2.6
10 4-2 -25.2 – j4.4
11 4-3 -22.3 – j0.7
12 4-5 7.5-j1.3
13 5-2 -52.5 – j6.5
14 5-4 -7.5 – j3.5
V. CONCLUSION
The Contingency analysis is performed for the given 5 bus
system and it is noticed that in Case 1, when the line from bus
2 to bus 4 were to open, the flow on the line 2-3 has increased
to 37.5 MW and that most of the other line flows has also
changed. It may also be noted that bus voltage magnitudes
also get affected, particularly at bus 4; change is almost 2%
less. In case 2, due generator outage result in change in line
flows and bus voltages. All the generation lost from bus 2 is
picked up on the generator at bus 1. In case there have been
more there have been more than 2 generators in the system,
say at bus no 3 also. It was possible that the loss of generation
on bus 2is made up by an increase in generation at buses 1 and
3. The difference in line flows and bus voltages would show
how the lost generation is shared by the remaining units.
Again it is important to know which line or unit outages will
render line flows or voltages to cross the limits. To find the
effects of outages contingency analysis techniques are
employed.
REFERENCES
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