POWER PLANT ENGINEERING

Chapter 1
Introduction

Power plant
A power plant is an energy conversion factory which may be defined as
assembly of systems that generate electricity. The power plant itself must be
useful economically and environmental friendly to the society. Like water, and
food, electrical energy has become an integral part of daily personal lives.

Source of Electrical
energy Power plant power,I,V

Waste energy

electrical power
Overall efficiency of power plant  energy input per unit time
The operation of the electric system is divided into three areas:
 Electric Generation (Manufacturing)
 Electric Transmission (Wholesale Delivery)
 Electric Distribution (Retailing)

Energy and power:

Energy is the capacity for doing work (force times distance). For example 1 ton
of coal of calorific value 33MJ/kg has a total energy of 33000MJ.
Power is the rate of doing work, or the rate of consumption the energy. For
example a power plant that utilize a coal as a fuel at m f  10 kg / s has a power input
of 330 MW.
Electric power consumption is not constant and varies with time.

Power

energy   power dt Area is the total energy

produced at the time
period
time

For electric energy, we use the unit kWh=3600 kJ

 Energy forms:
1. Kinetic energy (movement)
1
It is equal to 2 m.v 2 , for example the high speed wind can be used as a source of
energy and the wind turbine can be used to generate the electrical power.

2. Potential energy
It represents the energy due to the position in gravity field. It is equal to m.g.z .
For example water at high level can be used as a source of energy to generate
electrical power.
3. Chemical energy:
It represents the energy stored in molecular bonds for example hydrocarbons
fuel.
The most common types of power plant are those which use the chemical energy
as a source of energy, they are called "thermal power plants"
4Thermal energy
it represents the energy due to high temperature like a hot steam used in
geothermal power plants.
5. Nuclear energy:
it represent the mass energy.it is equal to E  m.c 2 where c represent the speed of
light = 3 * 108 m / s

-
e
Nucleus contain
numbers of
protons + and
neutrons

Number of
-
e electrons- is
equal to numer
of protons+

We can have this energy using two methods:

1. Nuclear fission using Uranium as fuel.
2. nuclear fusion using hydrogen as fuel.
 Classification of Power Plants
Power plants may be classified as:
1. Conventional power plants, which includes:
 Steam Turbine power plants.
 Diesel Power Plants.
 Gas Turbine Power Plants.
 Hydro-Electric Power Plants.
 Nuclear Power Plants.
2. Non-conventional power plants, which includes:
 Fuel-cells Power Plants
 Photovoltaic solar cells Power System
 Biogas, Energy Power sy stem
 Geothermal Energy power plant
 Wind Energy Power System
 Ocean Thermal energy conversion (OTEC)
 Wave power plants.
 Tidal power plants.

 Fuel Cell Basics
 What is a fuel cell?
 A fuel cell is a device that generates electricity by a chemical reaction. Every fuel cell
has two electrodes, one positive and one negative, called, respectively, the anode and
cathode. The reactions that produce electricity take place at the electrodes.
 Every fuel cell also has an electrolyte, which carries electrically charged particles
from one electrode to the other, and a catalyst, which speeds the reactions at the
electrodes.
 Hydrogen is the basic fuel, but fuel cells also require oxygen. One great appeal of fuel
cells is that they generate electricity with very little pollution–much of the hydrogen
and oxygen used in generating electricity ultimately combine to form a harmless by
product, namely water.
 One detail of terminology: a single fuel cell generates a tiny amount of direct current
(DC) electricity. In practice, many fuel cells are usually assembled into a stack. Cell
or stack, the principles are the same.
 How do fuel cells work?
 The purpose of a fuel cell is to produce an electrical current that can be directed
outside the cell to do work, such as powering an electric motor or illuminating a light
bulb or a city. Because of the way electricity behaves, this current returns to the fuel
cell, completing an electrical circuit. The chemical reactions that produce this current
are the key to how a fuel cell works.
 There are several kinds of fuel cells, and each operates a bit differently. But in general terms,
hydrogen atoms enter a fuel cell at the anode where a chemical reaction strips them of their
 electrons. The hydrogen atoms are now "ionized," and carry a positive electrical charge. The
negatively charged electrons provide the current through wires to do work. If alternating current
(AC) is needed, the DC output of the fuel cell must be routed through a conversion device called an
inverter.

 Oxygen enters the fuel cell at the cathode and, in some cell types (like the one
illustrated above), it there combines with electrons returning from the electrical circuit
and hydrogen ions that have traveled through the electrolyte from the anode. In other
cell types the oxygen picks up electrons and then travels through the electrolyte to the
anode, where it combines with hydrogen ions.
 The electrolyte plays a key role. It must permit only the appropriate ions to pass
between the anode and cathode. If free electrons or other substances could travel
through the electrolyte, they would disrupt the chemical reaction.
 Whether they combine at anode or cathode, together hydrogen and oxygen form
water, which drains from the cell. As long as a fuel cell is supplied with hydrogen and
oxygen, it will generate electricity.
 Even better, since fuel cells create electricity chemically, rather than by combustion,
they are not subject to the thermodynamic laws that limit a conventional power plant.
Therefore, fuel cells are more efficient in extracting energy from a fuel. Waste heat
from some cells can also be harnessed, boosting system efficiency still further.

Photovoltaic Cells: Converting Photons to Electrons

The solar cells that you see on calculators and satellites are also called photovoltaic (PV)
cells, which as the name implies (photo meaning "light" and voltaic meaning "electricity"),
convert sunlight directly into electricity. A module is a group of cells connected electrically
and packaged into a frame (more commonly known as a solar panel), which can then be
grouped into larger solar arrays.
Photovoltaic cells are made of special materials called semiconductors such as silicon, which
is currently used most commonly. Basically, when light strikes the cell, a certain portion of it
is absorbed within the semiconductor material. This means that the energy of the absorbed
light is transferred to the semiconductor. The energy knocks electrons loose, allowing them
to flow freely.
PV cells also all have one or more electric field that acts to force electrons freed by light
absorption to flow in a certain direction. This flow of electrons is a current, and by placing
metal contacts on the top and bottom of the PV cell, we can draw that current off for external
use, say, to power a calculator. This current, together with the cell's voltage (which is a result
of its built-in electric field or fields), defines the power (or wattage) that the solar cell can
produce.
That's the basic process, but there's really much more to it. On the next page, let's take a
deeper look into one example of a PV cell: the single-crystal silicon cell.
How Silicon Makes a Solar Cell
Silicon has some special chemical properties, especially in its crystalline form. An atom of
silicon has 14 electrons, arranged in three different shells. The first two shells -- which hold
two and eight electrons respectively -- are completely full. The outer shell, however, is only
half full with just four electrons. A silicon atom will always look for ways to fill up its last
shell, and to do this, it will share electrons with four nearby atoms. It's like each atom holds
hands with its neighbors, except that in this case, each atom has four hands joined to four
neighbors. That's what forms the crystalline structure, and that structure turns out to be
important to this type of PV cell.
The only problem is that pure crystalline silicon is a poor conductor of electricity because
none of its electrons are free to move about, unlike the electrons in more optimum
conductors like copper. To address this issue, the silicon in a solar cell has impurities --
other atoms purposefully mixed in with the silicon atoms -- which changes the way things
work a bit. We usually think of impurities as something undesirable, but in this case, our cell
wouldn't work without them. Consider silicon with an atom of phosphorous here and there,
may be one for every million silicon atoms. Phosphorous has five electrons in its outer shell,
not four. It still bonds with its silicon neighbor atoms, but in a sense, the phosphorous has
one electron that doesn't have anyone to hold hands with. It doesn't form part of a bond, but
there is a positive proton in the phosphorous nucleus holding it in place.
When energy is added to pure silicon, in the form of heat for example, it can cause a few
electrons to break free of their bonds and leave their atoms. A hole is left behind in each
case. These electrons, called free carriers, then wander randomly around the crystalline
lattice looking for another hole to fall into and carrying an electrical current. However, there
are so few of them in pure silicon, that they aren't very useful.
But our impure silicon with phosphorous atoms mixed in is a different story. It takes a lot
less energy to knock loose one of our "extra" phosphorous electrons because they aren't tied
up in a bond with any neighboring atoms. As a result, most of these electrons do break free,
and we have a lot more free carriers than we would have in pure silicon. The process of
adding impurities on purpose is called doping, and when doped with phosphorous, the
resulting silicon is called N-type ("n" for negative) because of the prevalence of free
electrons. N-type doped silicon is a much better conductor than pure silicon.
The other part of a typical solar cell is doped with the element boron, which has only three
electrons in its outer shell instead of four, to become P-type silicon. Instead of having free
electrons, P-type ("p" for positive) has free openings and carries the opposite (positive)
charge.

Biogas fuel:

Biogas is a biofuel, and usually means a mixture of methane and hydrogen produced

by using bacteria to break down organic material.

How it works

Waste material is digested in the absence of oxygen (we call it "anaerobic conditions")
by bacteria. We also call this process "fermentation". It works best at around 35~40
degrees Celsius.

The gas produced depends on the material you started with.

 If you start with manure, sewage or "green waste" from your garden, you get
mainly methane and carbon dioxide

 If you start with wood or other biomass, you get "wood gas" which is nitrogen,
hydrogen, carbon monoxide and a little methane

Geothermal energy:

The centre of the Earth is around 6000 degrees Celsius - easily hot enough to melt rock.
Even a few kilometres down, the temperature can be over 250 degrees Celsius if the Earth's
crust is thin. In general, the temperature rises one degree Celsius for every 30 - 50 metres
you go down, but this does vary depending on location

In volcanic areas, molten rock can be very close to the surface. Sometimes we can use that
heat.

Geothermal energy has been used for thousands of years in some countries for cooking and
heating.

The name "geothermal" comes from two Greek words: "geo" means "Earth" and "thermal"
means "heat".
 How it works
Hot rocks underground heat
water to produce steam.

We drill holes down to the

hot region, steam comes up,
is purified and used to drive
turbines, which drive
electric generators.

There may be natural

"groundwater" in the hot
rocks anyway, or we may
need to drill more holes and
pump water down to them.

Wind Turbines:

How Does a Wind Turbine Work?

Wind turbines operate on a simple principle. The energy in the wind turns two or three
propeller-like blades around a rotor. The rotor is connected to the main shaft, which spins a
generator to create electricity.
Wind turbines are mounted on a tower to capture the most energy. At 100 feet (30 meters) or
more above ground, they can take advantage of faster and less turbulent wind.
Wind turbines can be used to produce electricity for a single home or building, or they can
be connected to an electricity grid (shown here) for more widespread electricity distribution.
Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC):
uses the temperature difference between cooler deep and warmer shallow or
surface ocean waters to run a heat engine and produce useful work, usually in the form of
electricity. OTEC is a base load technology that allows for production of electricity on a
constant basis. However, the temperature differential is small and this impacts the economic
feasibility of ocean thermal energy for electricity generation.
The most commonly used heat cycle for OTEC is the Rankine cycle using a low-pressure
turbine. Systems may be either closed-cycle or open-cycle. Closed-cycle engines use
working fluids that are typically thought of as refrigerants such as ammonia or R-134a.
These fluids have low boiling points, and are therefore suitable for powering the system’s
generator to generate electricity. Open-cycle engines use vapour from the seawater itself as
the working fluid.
Demonstration plants were first constructed in the 1880s and continue to be built. Currently
the world's only operating OTEC plant is in Japan, overseen by Saga University.

Ocean thermal energy conversion (OTEC)

:Wave energy
Wave energy is produced when electricity generators are placed on the surface of the ocean.
The energy provided is most often used in desalination plants, power plants and water
pumps. Energy output is determined by wave height, wave speed, wavelength, and water
density. To date there are only a handful of experimental wave generator plants in operation
around the world. The articles on this page explore the world of wave energy and its possible
applications.
There are several methods of getting energy from
waves.

One of them works like a swimming pool wave

machine in reverse.

At a swimming pool, air is blown in and out of a

chamber beside the pool, which makes the water
outside bob up and down, causing waves.

 Tidal energy:

The tide moves a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a
great deal of energy - around 20% of Britain's needs.

Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful, converting it into useful electrical
power is not easy.

Tidal energy is produced through the use of tidal energy generators. These large underwater
turbines are placed in areas with high tidal movements, and are designed to capture the
kinetic motion of the ebbing and surging of ocean tides in order to produce electricity. Tidal
power has great potential for future power and electricity generation because of the massive
size of the oceans. These articles explore the potential energy of tidal power technologies
Energy sources:
Energy sources may be classified to:
1. Renewable (infinite), which includes:
 biomass
 solar
 wind
 hydro
 geothermal
‫‪2. Non-renewable (finite), which is represented by fossil fuels that includes:‬‬
‫‪ coal‬‬
‫‪ oil‬‬
‫‪ natural gas‬‬
‫)‪ nuclear fuel(i.e. ,uranium‬‬
‫تاريخ إنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية في العراق‪:‬‬
‫دخلت الكهرباء إلى العراق عام ‪ 1917‬اذ نصبت اول ماكنة كهرباء في بناية "خان دلة" وقد اقتصر‪  ‬توليد الطاقة‬
‫الكهربائية على محركات ديزل قدرة واطئة بتوتر ‪ 220‬فولت تيار مستمر ( ‪ .) DC‬ولقد تم نصب محركات الديزل بعد‬
‫ذلك في مناطق مختلفة من المدينة منها (منطقة السراي‪:‬لتنوير أبنية السراي والقشلة)‪( ،‬شريعة المجيدية‪ :‬إلنارة‬
‫المستشفيات الموجودة في باب المعظم)‪( ،‬كرادة مريم‪ :‬إلنارة المعسكرات معسكر الهنيدي‪ ،‬معسكر الرشيد الحقاً)‪.‬تمت‬
‫في العام نفسه (‪)1917‬إنارة أول شارع في مدينة بغداد (شارع الرشيد)‪.‬‬
‫وفي عام ‪ 1918‬بوشر بتوزيع مقدار معين على الراغبين في تنوير مبانيهم ومساكنهم بازدياد الطلب إلى الطاقة‬
‫الكهربائية‪ .‬وقامت السلطات المختصة آنذاك بنصب (‪ )3‬وحدات بمحركات بخارية بتوتر ‪ 3.3‬ك‪.‬ف تيار متناوب (‬
‫‪ ) AC‬في محطة القاطر خانه وكانت األسالك تمد تحت األرض‪.‬‬
‫تم نصب معدات تحويل ( ‪ ) Rotary_Convertor‬في كل من العبخانة‪ ،‬مستشفى المجيدية ومنطقة العلوية لتغذية‬
‫شبكة المستهلكين بالتيار المستمر ( ‪ )440 +‬فولت أي استعمال خطوط التيار المتناوب ‪ 3.3‬ك‪.‬ف كخطوط نقل لشبكة‬
‫بغداد وبوشر بعد ذلك في امرار األسالك إلى الجانب الغربي من بغداد (الكرخ) بواسطة قابلوات تحت الماء (بالقرب من‬
‫جسر الشهداء)‪.‬‬
‫في عام ‪1927‬نصبت أعمدة لحمل األسالك الكهربائية إلنارة شارع الجعيفر ومنطقة عالوي الحلة‪.‬‬
‫في عام ‪ 1928‬منح االمتياز لشركة التنوير والقوة الكهربائية المحدودة لمدينة بغداد لتجهيز بغداد بالطاقة الكهربائية‬
‫في عام ‪ 1931‬بوشر بإنشاء محطة الصرافية بنصب محطتين بخاريتين سويسرية الصنع ‪ Brown-Boveri‬قدرة كل‬
‫منها (‪ )2.5‬ميكاواط مع المرجلين األول والثاني وتم افتتاح المحطة يوم االثنين األول من آيار عام ‪ .1933‬في عام‬
‫‪ 1937‬تم نصب وحدة ثالثة إنكليزية الصنع (‪ )Parson‬بقدرة (‪ )5‬ميكاواط مع المرجل الثالث‪ ،‬فالوحدة الرابعة‬
‫سويسرية الصنع (‪ )Brown Boveri‬قدرة(‪ )60‬ميكاواط‪ ،‬ثم الوحدتين الخامسة والسادسة اإلنكليزية الصنع‬
‫(‪ )Parson‬قدرة كل منها (‪ )12.5‬ميكاواط مع المرجلين السادس والسابع خالل األعوام ‪ 1952-1950‬لتصل القدرة‬
‫الكلية للمحطة عام ‪ )41( 1955‬ميكاواط‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1955‬تم تأميم شركة التنوير والقوة الكهربائية المحدودة لمدينة بغداد وسميت في االول من تشرين االول محطة‬
‫كهرباء بغداد وارتبطت بوزارة المواصالت واألشغال‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1958‬تم تأسيس مصلحة الكهرباء الوطنية التي تولت امتالك وتشغيل كل من محطات توليد دبس‪ ،‬جنوب بغداد‬
‫وخطوط النقل والمحطات الفرعية لها المشيدة من قبل مجلس االعمار‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1964‬تم دمج مصلحة كهرباء بغداد مع مصلحة الكهرباء الوطنية وابدالها الى مديرية كهرباء منطقة بغداد على‬
‫غرار المديريات الثالث التي كانت ضمن تشكيالت المصلحة‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1975‬استحدثت المؤسسة العامة للكهرباء لتضم كافة تشكيالت الكهرباء‪.‬‬
 ‫عام ‪ 1987‬ألغيت المؤسسة العامة للكهرباء و أصبحت المنشأة العامة لتوزيع كهرباء بغداد دائرة من دوائر وزارة‬
‫الصناعة و المعادن‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 1999‬استحدثت هيئة الكهرباء‪.‬‬
‫عام ‪ 2003‬استحدثت وزارة الكهرباء‪ .‬تأسست وزارة الكهرباء في عام ‪ 2003‬بعد أن كانت هيئة الكهرباء منذ عام‬
‫‪ 1999‬وقبل ذلك كان قطاع الكهرباء ضمن تشكيالت وزارة الصناعة والمعادن‪ .‬إن وزارة الكهرباء مسؤولة عن توليد‬
‫ونقل وتوزيع الطاقة الكهربائية في العراق‪.‬‬

‫ألتعرفه الكهربائيه‪:‬‬
‫المنزلي ‪,‬التجاري‪,‬الحكومي‪,‬الصناعي‪,‬الزراعي‬
‫‪ kWh‬وحده االستهالك‬ ‫السعر‪ ‬بالدينار‬
‫‪1-1000‬‬ ‫‪10‬‬
‫‪1001-2000‬‬ ‫‪20‬‬
‫‪2001-4000‬‬ ‫‪30‬‬
‫فأكثر‪4001-‬‬ ‫‪50‬‬

‫تطور انتاج الطاقه الكهربائيه‪:‬‬

‫اإلنتاج‪MW‬‬ ‫السنة‬ ‫اإلنتاج‪MW‬‬ ‫ألسنة‬

‫‪8996‬‬ ‫‪1988‬‬ ‫‪53.5‬‬ ‫‪1958‬‬
‫‪9496‬‬ ‫‪1990‬‬ ‫‪561‬‬ ‫‪1968‬‬
‫‪2325‬‬ ‫‪1991‬‬ ‫‪765‬‬ ‫‪1974‬‬
‫‪4000‬‬ ‫‪1997‬‬ ‫‪3528.5‬‬ ‫‪1980‬‬
‫‪4200‬‬ ‫قبل الحرب‪2003‬‬ ‫‪5290.5‬‬ ‫‪1983‬‬
‫‪2325-5000‬‬ ‫‪2003-2006‬‬ ‫‪7446‬‬ ‫‪1986‬‬

‫مديريه إنتاج الطاقة الكهربائيه‪-‬ألبصره‪:‬‬

‫‪ ‬المحطات التابعة للمديرية العامة إلنتاج الطاقة الكهربائية في البصره‪:‬‬
‫‪ o‬محطة كهرباء الهارثة البخارية‬
‫‪ o‬محطة كهرباء النجيبية البخارية‪ ‬‬
‫‪ o‬محطة كهرباء خور الزبير الغازية‬
‫‪ o‬محطة كهرباء الشعبية الغازية‬
 ‫معدل اإلنتاج السنوي للمديريه‪:‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫)‪ (MWh‬سنة ‪2003‬‬ ‫)‪ (MWh‬سنة ‪2002‬‬ ‫)‪ (MWh‬سنة ‪2001‬‬ ‫)‪ (MWh‬سنة ‪2000‬‬
‫‪5779509‬‬ ‫‪8848472‬‬ ‫‪8476137‬‬ ‫‪7640154‬‬

‫اهم محطات الكهرباء في الجمهورية العراقيه‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬المحطات الكهرومائية‪ :‬محطه سد الموصل بقدره اجمالية ‪ 750‬ميكاوات ومحطه سد حديثة بقدرة‬
‫‪660‬ميكاوات‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬المحطات الغازية‪:‬محطة خور الزبير بقدرة ‪252‬ميكاوات ومحطة القدس بقدرة ‪492‬ميكاوات‬
‫ومحطة باجي بقدرة ‪ 636‬ميكاوات ومحطة كركوك بقدرة ‪ 265‬ميكاوات‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬المحطات البخارية‪ :‬محطة الناصرية بقدرة ‪ 840‬ميكاوات ومحطة المسيب بقدرة ‪ 1200‬ميكاوات‬
‫ومحطة الهارثة بقدرة ‪ 800‬ميكاوات ومحطة باجي بقدرة ‪ 1320‬ميكاوات‪.‬‬