International Journal of Plant Breeding and Crop Science IJPBCS

Vol. 7(2), pp. 779-784, July, 2020. © www.premierpublishers.org, ISSN: 2167-0449

Review Article

Role of Seed Priming on Seed Quality: A Review

Mekonnen Gebeyaw
Mekdela Amba University, South wolo Amhara Region, P. O. Box 32, South wolo, Ethiopia
E-mail: mekonnengebeyaw23@gmail.com; Tel: +251937416869

Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared
to high vigor seed lots. The response of chemicals influencing the quality enhancement may vary
upon the initial quality of the seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive influence on seed
quality enhancement. Seed priming has been used to improve germination, reduce seedling
emergence time, improve yield. Seed priming best solution of germination related problems,
especially when crops are grown under unfavorable conditions. Many priming techniques have
been evolved, which are being utilized in many crops now days. It can enhance rates and
percentage of germination and seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand establishment
under a wide range of environmental conditions. Farmers and researchers have recognized that
poor crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for crop production. Seed priming has
been offered as a solution to this problem that will maximize the probability of obtaining high
quality seeds and leads obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants. It is rational to
propose that seed priming has low cost and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers,
and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of resource-poor farmers in the marginal
environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the economical benefit of crop growing farmers by
improving seed quality parameters of most crops.

Keywords: Seed priming, seed quality, seedling growth

INTRODUCTION

Background of the review active compounds such as salts, sugars, or polyethylene

Seed priming is the major option for improving the seed
quality of most types of crops. It is performed with the use
of substances that contribute to the expression of the seed
physiological potential. Seed priming may promote more
balanced germination rates and higher germination speed,
in addition to faster seedling growth under adverse
conditions, for case in point, under abiotic stress
conditions (Arif, 2014). Seed priming can increase
emergence rate, early seedling growth and stand
establishment in many crop species· There are a number
of priming methods including hydro priming, solid matrix
priming and osmotic priming that have been used to
improve emergence and seedling growth (Hacisalihoglu et
al.,2018).
Hydro priming involves soaking of seeds in water for a
specified period, often overnight, where the priming
solution does not control water uptake. Osmotic priming
incubates seeds in solutions that contain osmotically
glycol (PEG). The concentrations of the osmolytes in the
priming solution determine the water potential between the
solution and the seed and regulate water uptake. Similarly,
solid matrix priming uses chemically inert solid carriers
with negative water potential to regulate water uptake.
Both solid matrix and osmotic priming slow the rate of
imbibitions as compared to hydro priming and allow for
additional time to repair cellular membranes and cellular
damage and have been shown to improve the emergence
of seeds (Hacisalihoglu et al.,2018).
Seed priming is one of the techniques to obtain higher yield
of cereal crops like rice by producing quality seedlings. It
can improve seed performance under the stress conditions
such as drought on newly harvested or aged seeds, which
might fail to germinate (Binang et al.,2019). Yarnia et
al.(2012) reported that seed priming has been found a
double technology to enhance rapid and uniform
emergence and to achieve high vigor and better yields in
vegetables and floriculture crops. The success of seed

Role of Seed Priming on Seed Quality: A Review

Gebeyaw M. 780
priming depends on a number of factors, including plant
species, water potential of primer, duration, temperature,
seed vigor, dehydration, and storage conditions for primed
seeds (Hussain et al.,2014). Sarika et al. (2013) conducted
an experiment to study various physiological and
biochemical changes of seed though priming in French
bean. They reported that chemo priming with GA and
Ethrel improved the seed quality and showed improved
seedling length, seedling dry weight which in turn
improved higher seedling vigor index, germination speed
and mean germination time. Rehman et al. (2014) also
experimented to study the seed priming influence on early
crop growth, phonological development and yield
performance of Linola. Seeds were treated with 50 mm/L
salicylic acid, 2.2% CaCl and 3.3 % Moringa Leaf extract
,including untreated dry and hydro-priming control and
results showed that osmo-priming with CaCl2reduced
emergence time and produced the highest seedling fresh
and dry weights. It also reduced crop branching and
flowering and maturity time and had the maximum plant
height, number of branches, tillers, pods and seeds per
pod followed by MLE. It also increases in seed weight,
biological and seed yields were 9.30, 34.16 and 39.49 %,
harvest index (4.12%) and oil content (13.39%) with
CaCl2osmopriming. Finally he concludes that seed osmo-
priming with CaCl and MLE can play significant role in
improving early crop growth and seed yield of linola.
Therefore reviewing and gathering information based on
the previous research finding, as well as identifying the
knowledge and research gaps under the role of seed
priming on seed quality, is very important.
Objective of the review
 To review the role of seed priming on seed quality
REVIEW OF LITERATURE AND DISCUSSIONS
Definition of terms
Seed: It is defined as a complex biological structure
consisting of a plant in miniature and food reserves
protected by covering coats. A miniature plant is
possessing a remarkable capacity to ensure that the new
individual starts life in the right place at the right time
(McDonald and Copeland, 1998)
Seed quality: Seed quality is judged by different end users
such as farmers and industries. For instance, farmers
expect to obtain high quality seeds that are able to
germinate and produce normal seedlings under field
conditions (Khan et al.,2012)
Seed priming: Seed priming could be defined as
controlling the hydration level within seeds so that the
metabolic activity necessary for germination can occur,but
radical emergence is banned. Different physiological
activities within the seedoccur at different moisture levels
(Taylor et al.,1998).
Role of Seed Priming on Seed Quality: A Review
The magic behind seed priming improves seed
germination and emergence
The last physiological activity in the seed germination
process is radical emergence. The initiation of radical
emergence requires high seed water content. Once sown,
seeds spend significant amounts of time just for absorbing
water from the soil. By reducing this time to a minimum,
seeds can be made to germinate and seedlings emerge
within a shorter time (Mamun and Ali, 2018). Priming also
causes physiological and biochemical changes in seed
during the seed treatments and metabolic activities
increase alpha-amylase activity, thus indicating higher
vigor index and well-developed shoot and root (Lee and
Kim, 2000). Moreover,vigor index of the seedling is related
to germination ability of seeds and nutritional level and
those are affected by factors such as moisture,
temperature, light, nutrition, pathogen etc. In the seeds of
a certain crop type, priming occurs in three stages. Stage
I includes mitochondrial DNA repair and protein synthesis
by using the existing RNA, in which seeds absorb a large
amount of water. Mitochondria and proteins are
synthesized during stage II, when supplies, such as
proteins, fats and lipids, turn into compounds necessary
for germination, and seeds absorb small amounts of water.
Stage III involves the completion of the germination
process and seedling growth, accompanied by a sudden
increase in water absorption (Hussain et al.,2014).
Meena et al.(2013) conducted an experiment with seed
priming treatments i.e. is dry seed, hydro-priming, and pre-
germinated seeds) in subplots. The results of the
experiment showed that priming with plain water and pre-
germinated seeds improved germination indices, seedling
growth and crop establishment. Furthermore, seed priming
with GA has been demonstrated to be a useful tool for
activating metabolic germination processes and facilitating
increments in physiological processes during seed
germination. This means that seed priming using GA3 at
appropriate concentrations leads to high germination rates
and better seedling growth; however, the beneficial
concentration differs among plant species. Similarly Brar
et al.(2019) follow that exogenous application of GA3 lead
to activation of such genes in seeds, thus improving
germination. Increased vigour characteristics elevated
peroxide scavenging enzymes activities and declined in
lipid per oxidation some of the possible reasons behind
enhanced seed germination. Higher metabolic activity in
primed seeds causes efficient food mobilization during
early hours of germination, which leads to increased shoot
and root lengths.
Hussain et al. (2014), Guan et al.(2009) and Rahimi (2013)
reported that Vitamin C priming can increase growth
parameters of seedlings. According to Mamun and Ali
(2018) finding vitamin C priming and Osmo hardening
were found superior compared to other priming
treatments. Seed germination and seedling growth
parameters ,particularly germination percentages,

germination energy,vigor index, shoot and root lengths
were increased. In addition, seed priming improves
emergence, stand establishment, tillering, allometry, grain
and straw yields, and harvest index (Farooq et
al.,2008).The increase in seed germination percentage
upon priming may be due to increased vigor
characteristics, increased peroxide scavenging enzymatic
activities and decreased lipid per oxidation. Further, an
increase in mean seedling dry weight upon priming may
be due to increased shoot and root lengths because of
higher metabolic activity that leads to the better
mobilization efficiency of stored food during the early hours
of germination that might have contributed for the better
growth of seedlings (Manjunatha.,2018). The effect of
priming on spinach with various sourcesand soaking
durations. Four priming sources i.e. is Distilled water, DAP,
SSP, SSP+Na2CO) and soaking durations of 4 hour
interval 4 hour to 24 hour along with control were studied.
Number of days to emergence, germination percentage,
survival percentage, leaf area (cm3), leaf yield (tons/ha)
and 100 number seeds weight (g) were significantly
affected by priming sources and durations. SSP+Na2 CO
solution proved the best in most of the parameters while
distilled water (control) showed comparatively poor
performance (Sharma.,et al.,2017).
Role of seed priming on seed quality parameters
Yalew et al.(2012) reported that, seed priming can improve
vigor, speed of germination and germination percentage of
sesame. Primed seeds with water alone improve the
percentage and speed of germination. The root length,
shoot length and vigor index of bread wheat was higher
due to priming. Primed seed with water was found to be
promising for early emergence. For this reason, It is
recommended that seed priming in water because it
performed better than all treatments and enhancing
emergence and better seedling growth. Hacisalihoglu et
al.,(2018) conducted two laboratory and green house
experiments to evaluate effect of seed priming with
potassium nitrate on germination and emergence traits of
two soybean cultivars cv. Gorgan 3 and cv. Sahar. They
reported that seed priming with KNO caused a significant
increase in germination and emergence percentage,
radical and plumule length, seedling dry weight, plant
height, plant leaf area and plant dry weight.Seed priming
led to significant increase of leaf area per plant and leaf
area of non-primed seeds was decreased by 78%.
Seed priming has been successfully demonstrated to
improve germination and emergence in seeds of many
crops,particularly vegetables and small seeded grasses.
Sharma et al.(2017) Due to priming treatments,
germination percentage at 3rd and 7 and 7 day, speed of
germination (%) and germination energy (%) varied widely.
The highest germination percentage on 3 and 7 day, speed
of germination (%) and germination energy (%) was found
in Vitamin C priming and it was 91.9%, 97.7% 98.2% and
96.0% respectively and followed by Osmo priming
Role of Seed Priming on Seed Quality: A Review
Int. J. Plant Breed. Crop Sci. 781
(NaCl).Other priming treatments performed similarly to the
control. Yarnia et al.(2012) Concluded that suitable
priming of wheat seeds for 12 h in low concentration PEG
6000ml or KH2PO at the temperature of in higher
germination percentage and seed vigor. Similarly, Yarnia
et al.(2012) determined the effect of hormonal treatments
i.e., IAA, GA3 and kinetin on germination and seedling
growth of onion. Of these priming treatments, GA3 and IAA
led to improved attributes such as germination, seedling
length, root length, seedling dry weight etc. Helaly et
al.(2016) also reported highest germination, seed yield
and weight of thousand seeds in GA3 (1000 ppm) primed
onion seeds. In case of shallots also GA3 priming
significantly enhances the germination, speed of
germination, seedling vigour and rate of seedling
emergence Agung et al.(2016).
Hydro-priming plus KNO and osmo priming by PEG4000
could speed up seed germination. Barley seeds were
primed with hydro-priming plus KNO at 5 mg/ml for 12
hours had significantly high seed germination and low
mean germination time (MET). Seed priming enhanced
barley seed quality in terms of malt quality especially
speed of germination. Priming technique can shorten
malting process for 64.81%. Priming of fresh and aged
onion seed with GA3 (50 ppm) resulted in favorable impact
on the germination ability and seed vigour. Also the aged
seed was more responsive to priming as compared to the
fresh seed Muruli et al.(2016).
Sharma et al.(2014) reported that in okra significantly
higher vigor index was observed in the hydro primed
(2044.0) and solid matrix (SM) primed seeds with calcium
aluminum silicate (2121.0) for 24 h in comparison to other
treatment, Osmopriming (1821.0) and Halo priming
(1402.0)] as well as non primed seeds (983.5). Moreover
Brar et al.(2019) reported that the standard germination,
vigour indices and EC tests could be used as reliable
predictors of seed quality because of easiness, quickness
and accuracy in their execution. Further, various seed
priming treatments can be used for enhancing seed quality
of marginal seed lot. GA3 (50 ppm) was found to be best
priming treatment for improving the seed quality followed
by biofertilizer (Azotobacter), hydro priming and dry
dressing with Thiram (2 g/kg), KH 2 PO 4 (0.5%) and KNO
3 (0.5%), respectively.
Overall, the priming technology was found useful and
beneficial for enhancing the physiological, biochemical
and storage potential of crop seeds like onion seed.
Indeed, in the case of these onion seed varieties, we
recommend the priming treatment for getting a plentiful
harvest. Sharma et al. (2017) showed that, osmopriming
with KNO3 for different durations were superior than
unprimed treatments in terms of seed germination,
emergence, plant height, and dry matter accumulation at 3
weeks after sowing. Seeds of cowpea could be primed
(both hydro and osmopriming) for increased performance.
However, osmopriming with KNO salt (soaked in 1%
Gebeyaw M. 782
KNO3 salt solution and dried before sowing) for 6 hours
could result in greater seed germination and seedling
height than hydro priming Yalew et al.(2012).
Correspondingly, Sharma et al.(2017) conducted an
experiment to study the effect of osmo priming duration on
germination, emergence and early growth of cowpea.
Treatment consisted three osmo priming duration (soaking
in 1 % KNO salt for 6, 8 and 10 hrs) and one hydro-primed
control (10hr) and the result showed that osmo-priming
with KNO for different durations were superior to unprimed
treatment in term of seed germination, emergence, plant
height and dry matter accumulation in cowpea. However,
osmo-priming with KNO salt (soaked in 1 % KNO3 salt
solution and dried before sowing) for 6 hours could result
in greater seed germination and seedling height than
hydro-priming.
Manjunatha et al. (2018) treated sunflower seeds with
priming chemicals 12 hours of soaking with C1: Control,
C2: Hydro priming, C3: KH2PO4 (1%), C (400ppm), C5:
NaCl (1 %), C6: KCl (2 %), C7: KNO3(2%), C8:
CaCl2.2H24: GAO (2%), C: PEG (1Mpa), C10: K2HPO4 (1
%). The results of the study showed that among the seed
lots L has recorded higher seed quality parameters viz.,
germination (93.00 %) and seedling length (26.70 cm)
compared to L (70.67 % and 19.30 cm). Among the various
seed priming treatments KH2PO42 (1%) is the suitable
priming chemical to improve the marginal quality sunflower
seed lots viz.,germination (89.67 %), speed of germination
(19.22), days to 50 % germination (2.15), seedling length
(28.83 cm), seedling dry weight (64.44 mg) and seedling
growth ratio (1.44) compared to control (81.83 %, 15.91,
2.74, 23 cm 55.03 mg and 1.20 respectively). Moreover
Ahmad and Lee (2011) showed that the highest
germination percentage of hydro primed sesame seeds for
12 h compared with non-primed seed.Similarly Geraldo et
al.(2017) reported that highest germination percentage in
chickpea with hydro priming for 12 h was recorded. On the
other hand,(8) studied that ascorbic acid priming on
chicory seeds have shown the highest germination
percentages, fastest germination rates and best seedling
development under stress and non-stressed conditions
while potassium chloride (KCl) enhanced germination only
under non- stress condition.
Among the priming methods, seeds primed with KNO
performed well and followed by hydro priming. The
possible effect of KNO3 might be due to its role in
influencing the turgidity of membranes, lead to activation
of enzymes involved in protein synthesis and carbohydrate
metabolism. Besides, the nutrient potassium has a positive
effect on keeping quality Pinpinatt et al.(2015). Guan et
al.(2009) shows that the chitosan priming increased the
chilling tolerance of maize seedlings demonstrated by
improving germination speed and shoot and root growth
and maintaining membrane integrity and higher activities
of ant oxidative enzymes. The 0.50% chitosan seems to
Role of Seed Priming on Seed Quality: A Review
be a suitable concentration for seed priming. Fresh seeds
of cucumber were artificially aged as per ISTA standards
to low vigor seed lots. Both high vigor (unaged) and low
vigor (aged) seeds were subjected to seed priming with
various chemicals (water, KH2, K 2HPO4, oxalic acid,
gibberellic acid, KNO3,calcium chloride, salicylic acid) and
results were compared to PO4.Changes in physiological
(percent germination, total seedling length, total seedling
dry weight, seedling vigor index I and II) and biochemical
parameters (Electric conductivity, total soluble sugars and
proteins, dehydrogenase activity, amylase activity,
catalase activity, protein profiles, isozymeProfiles) in
relation to enhancement in viability and vigor upon priming
were identified. The germination ability of primed seeds
was compared with unprimed seeds under various biotic
stress conditions (Pratima et al.,2017).
Priming with calcium nitrate leads to greater germination
rates under suboptimal temperature conditions, in addition
to better seedling emergence, regardless of the seed lot
used. Seeds undergoing controlled deterioration have
higher germination rates with the use of calcium nitrate
plus phenylalanine in seed priming, regardless of the seed
lot used (Geraldo et al.,2009). Mamun and Ali (2018)
reported that there was a significant effect of seed priming
on different rice varieties. However, the priming effect
differed with rice varieties. The variety Nerica showed poor
performance; whereas the other varieties were found
superior. Vitamin C priming and Osmopriming were found
superior compared to others priming treatments. Seed
germination and seedling growth parameters, particularly
germination percentages, germination energy, vigor index,
shoot and root lengths were increased by the treatments
with Vitamin C priming and Osmo-priming for Nerica. What
is more, seed priming with NaCl (1% solution for 36 hours)
was found superior among all the different durations of
priming treatments. Moreover, priming treatments have
more pronounced effect on variety V2 S 22 maintained
highest seedling parameters followed by Navodya of
tomato seeds. So, we can integrate these treatments in the
priming of tomato seeds. The variety of S 22 can be
beneficial for the farmer as its germination percentage is
good; it may be grown in farmer field so that they can get
more production (Rahimi, 2013).
CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
It is concluded that:
 Seed priming have greater influence in seed quality
enhancement in low vigor seed lots compared to high
vigor seed lots.
 The response of chemicals influencing the quality
enhancement may vary upon the initial quality of the
seed. Nevertheless, seed priming have positive
influence on seed quality enhancement.

 Seed priming has been used to improve germination,
reduce seedling emergence time, improve stand
establishment and yield.
 The beneficial effects of priming have been
demonstrated for many crops. It is the best solution of
germination related problems, especially when crops
are grown under unfavorable conditions.
 Many priming techniques have been evolved, which
are being utilized in many crops nowadays. It can
enhance rates and percentage of germination and
seedling emergence, which ensure proper stand
establishment under a wide range of environmental
conditions.
RECOMMENDATION
It is recommended;
 Farmers and researchers have recognized that poor
crop establishment is one of the major bottlenecks for
crop production. Seed priming has been offered as a
solution to this problem that will maximize the
probability of obtaining high quality seeds and leads
obtain a good stand of healthy and vigorous plants.
 It is rational to propose that seed priming has low cost
and low risk that would be appropriate for all farmers
and it is a key technology to improve the livelihood of
resource-poor farmers in the marginal
environments.Therefore, priming can step-up the
economical benefit of crop growing farmers by
improving seed quality parameters of most crops.
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Role of Seed Priming on Seed Quality: A Review