CT Requirements

of Distance Relays
Example MiCOM P43x range

Rudolf Simon, Dr.-Ing.

Product Manager
Schneider Electric Energy – Frankfurt / Germany
Agenda

Impact of CT saturation on distance

measurement
easu e e

Determination of relays CT requirements

CT sizing based on application data

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 2

Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement

CT saturation causes measurement errors

Example based on Fourier Filtering:
Fundamental current magnitude measurement value is too small
⇒ impedance gets bigger 300

⇒ Starting
St ti I>> / Z< 250

- may pick up delayed or 200

150
- falsely reset temporarily i'' (t) in A 100 p

is ((t)) in A 50
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-50
-100

Fourier -150
t / [ms]

120

100

80
Ip in A
60
Is in A
40

Impact
p depends
p 20

on methods ! 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
t / [ms]
Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 3
Impact of CT saturation on distance measurement
● CT saturation causes measurement errors
Using Fourier Filtering:
● Fundamental current magnitude measurement value is too small
fault impedance
⇒ impedance gets bigger X during transient
saturation
⇒ Startingg I>>/Z< may
yppick upp delayed
y
or falsely reset temporarily

● Fundamental current is phase-shifted anti-clockwise, steady-state

fault impedance
further lagging to voltage initial load
impedance
p
⇒ impedance gets turned clockwise zone 1

⇒ reactance becomes bigger R

(in extreme situations, directional decision would be endangered ?)

⇒ Impedance
I d may nott gett immediately
i di t l iinto
t iinstantaneous
t t tripping
t i i zone
⇒ Distance protection tends to underreach (= lack of dependability).

● Effect depends on zone characteristic and impedance calculation method(s)

method(s).

● Transient CT saturation causes transient measurement errors,

effective for about 2 x Tp only.
only

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 4

Agenda

Impact of CT saturation on distance

measurement
easu e e

Determination of relays CT requirements

CT sizing based on application data

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 5

Determination of relays CT requirements
CT dimensioning factor
CT dimensioning formulae:
⇒ Secondary accuracy limiting voltage
(≠ Kneepoint voltage)
(= Ealreq per IEC 60044 or 61869)

⇒ or Rated CT accuracy limit factor

To avoid saturation,
dimensioning factor has to be

But saturation is acceptable …

CT dimensioningg factor depends

p on application
pp and device.
Determination by manufacturer!
Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 6
Determination of relays CT requirements
Test system model

A B C

DIST

A B C

DIST

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 7

Determination of relays CT requirements
Impact of CT model
Accurate CT model B

+ CT model simplification
H requires less calculation
b d id h
bandwidth.

Neglecting
g g Hysteresis
y B
- B
Butt model
d l iinaccuracy
results in determination of
H
higher CT requirements

Linearised characteristic
B
BS
ΨS 1
⋅ ⋅ R2 + (ωL2 ) ⋅ 2 ⋅ n ⋅ I1n
N1 2 2
BS = =
N2 ⋅ A N2 ⋅ A ω
HS
H
2
N 1 ⎛ ωL ⎞
HS = 1 ⋅ ⋅ 1 + ⎜⎜ 2 ⎟⎟ ⋅ 2 ⋅ n ⋅ I1n
l ωT2 ⎝ R2 ⎠

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 8

Determination of relays CT requirements
Testsequence

Test series Parameters:

= Variation of all parameters ● Un Nominal voltage (ref.)
● Isc Short-circuit current (ref.)
Test cycle ● α Fault location ((% X1))
= Determination
D t i ti off CT dimensioning
di i i
for a given set of parameters ● SIR Source impedance ratio
● F Type of fault
Test process ● ϕ Point on wave
= Reduction of dimensioning factor, until
incorrect protection operation occurs in at least ● TP Primary system time constant
1 out of 10 repetitions ● rL0, rS0, xL0, xS0
ratio of zero- to positive-sequence
I di id l ttestt
Individual line (source) resistance (reactance)
= shot test and comparison of
actual with ideal operation ● TS CT secondary side time const.
● XS/RS Burden quality

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 9

 Determination of relays CT requirements
Result

30

α = 95%
25

20

K em p 15
α = 90%

10 α = 85%

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160

Xp/R p

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 10

Agenda

Impact of CT saturation on distance

measurement
easu e e

Determination of relays CT requirements

CT sizing based on application data

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 11

CT sizing based on application data
General check points

1: Check correct backward decision (security case)

2: Check correct forward decision (dependability case)
3: Check at Zone 1 reach limit (dependability case)
4: Check Zone 2 operation at line end (security case)

Source: CIGRE B5-02 Co-ordination of Relays and Conventional CTs (draft)

Equivalent to IEC 60255
60255-121
121 (CD) considerations

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 12

CT sizing based on application data
Recommendation
Usually, it is sufficient to determine the
required dimensioning based on the
maximum short-circuit current for faults at
the zone 1 end reach.
The instantaneous zone 1 operation then is
ensured acc. to the permitted tolerances
mentioned on previous slide.

For close up faults in backward direction it is essential to take the correct directional
decision. This is secured even with minimum CT dimensioning factor (per curve (3) on
previous slide), if the short-circuit current is less than twice the maximum short-circuit
current at zone 1 reach end.
Otherwise, with bigger short-circuit currents for faults in backward direction, a second
calculation of the required dimensioning factor needs to be done, using that fault current
and the (possibly different) primary system time constant for that fault scenario.

It is g
generally
y recommended to use CTs of accuracy
y class 5P
(or equivalent).
Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 13
CT sizing based on application data
Consideration of Auto
Auto-Reclosing
Reclosing
Example 1-shot unsuccessful AR

⇒ Additional dimensioning factor to consider

⇒ magnetization of CT core due to current flow during initial fault (duration = t‘)
t)
⇒ de-magnetization of CT core during dead time
(small TS advatangeous ⇒ linearized TPZ core)

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 14

CT sizing based on application data

Yo r e
Your experience
perience …
???

Schneider Electric - AFS/M-F – Rudolf Simon – November 2011 15

Make the most of
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