T h r o u g h p u t ,

N o i s e , T i m e
d i v i s i o n a n d
F r e q u e n c y
d i v i s i o n
m u l t i p l e x i n g
LECTURE #6
Throughput
Throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits transferred between sender/receiver
Instantaneous: rate at given point in time
Average: rate over longer period

server, with link

pipe capacity
that can carry link that
pipe capacity
can carry
file of F bits Rs bits/sec
fluid at rate Rfluid
c bits/sec
at rate
to send to client Rs bits/sec) Rc bits/sec)
 ➢ Interference, usually from a human source (man made)
➢ Naturally occurring random noise
➢ Additional signals inserted between transmitter and receiver
➢ Thermal
• due to thermal agitation of electrons
• uniformly distributed
• white noise
➢ Intermodulation
• signals that are the sum and difference of original
frequencies sharing a medium

Noise •
➢ crosstalk
a signal from one line is picked up by another
➢Impulse
• irregular pulses or spikes eg. external electromagnetic interference
• short duration
• high amplitude
• a minor annoyance for analog signals
• but a major source of error in digital data
• a noise spike could corrupt many bits
Multiplexing
Time Division Multiplexing
TDM System
TDM Link Control
• No headers and trailers
• Data link control protocols not needed
• Flow control
• Data rate of multiplexed line is fixed
• If one channel receiver can not receive data, the others must carry on
• The corresponding source must be quenched
• This leaves empty slots
• Error control
• Errors are detected and handled by individual channel systems
Data Link Control on TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing
• FDM
• Useful bandwidth of medium exceeds required bandwidth of
channel
• Each signal is modulated to a different carrier frequency
• Carrier frequencies separated so signals do not overlap (guard
bands)
• e.g. broadcast radio
• Channel allocated even if no data
Frequency Division Multiplexing
Diagram
FDM System