CIE Guide for Measurement of

Upper Room UVGI Luminaires

CIE TC 6-52
Richard L. Vincent, MS, FIES
Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai
Brickner Research Unit : Community Medicine
and TB UV Studies

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 Outline
• Controlling Airborne Infectious Disease in a
Post Antibiotic Era
• Application of Upper Room UVGI
– Fundamental Factors
• New lighting tool to design UVGI
• Need for Standard method to test UVGI
luminaires

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 Hospitals as Drug Resistant TB Factories
Half of the 500,000 new MDR cases per year are transmitted.

Hospitalized drug susceptible TB patients in Tomsk, Siberia

are more that 6 times more likely to develop MDR-TB
Glemanova, et al, Bull WHO, 2007; 85:703-711.

Drug Susceptible TB Drug Resistant

or or
No TB at all DS TB

Health care workers and patients

at great risk of infection and death
HIV co-infected at greatest risk

Gila .Kaplan, BMGF, “its all about transmission”

 Observed practices due to design constraints
Infection control: Consider Upper Room UVGI
 Why Upper Room UVGI Now?
• Works well with natural and/or mechanical
ventilation combined with ceiling fans
• 73-80% effective in reducing transmission UVGI
• Works against a wide range of airborne
pathogens (regardless of the drug-resistance of
the strain)
• Maintenance of systems is relatively simple
• Human safety can be achieved with proper
design, installation, commissioning, operation
and maintenance.
Fundamental Factors Affecting Upper-Room Ultraviolet
Germicidal Irradiation—Part II. Predicting Effectiveness
Stephen N. Rudnick and Melvin W. First
Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, 2007; 4: 352–362 ISSN: 1545-9624 print

1. UVGI Fluence rate for the entire room volume

(assumes good air mixing)
Room from above

Fixture A

Fixture B

2. Mean UV ray length – effective until it is

absorbed by a wall or ceiling.

3. Room vertical air mixing – assumed to be “good”

with the use of low-velocity paddle fans – direction
and velocity do not appear to be critical.
 UVGI Dosing Criteria:
Riley study 30 W (nominal)
Per 200 sq ft floor area
Does not take lamp or fixture
efficiency
into account

NIOSH study 30 – 50 µW/cm2 avg. UV

fluence rate (measured in a
(primary) horizontal plane at the level
of the lamp)
Hard to predict in advance
No standard measurement
method

NIOSH study 6.3 W total UVGI lamp

wattage per cubic meter
Does not take fixture
efficiency into account
upper room volume

AIR Facility study 5 - 7 µW/cm2 avg. UV fluence Requires gonioradiometry of

rate (for the entire room) fixtures for input into Visual-
(primary) UV CAD program
(incorporates ray length)

AIR Facility study 17 mW total fixture UV

output/m3 room volume
Requires Total Fixture UV
Output measurement
(practical) (supplied by manufacturer)
Must adjust for avg ray length
in a given room
 CAD UVGI TOOL Objectives*
• Develop a standardized protocol allowing UVGI
equipment manufacturers to define and publish
the emission characteristics of their fixtures
• Adapt existing lighting programs for use with
germicidal radiation radiometric data by
modifying existing electronic data files
• Determine average upper room UVGI intensity
and distribution from multiple overlapping
fixtures in a wide variety of existing rooms
• Validate the computer design tool using standard
radiometers equipped with 360 degree UV

*St. Vincent’s Hospital-HSPH-Acuity Lighting NYSERDA Project 9425

UVGI Luminaire Configurations
 Upper-Room UVGI Luminaires
• Open UVGI for High (>9 ft) Research to provide safer
Ceilings (>2.7 m) products
• Louvered UVGI for Low (8-9 ft) (Riley and Nardell)
Ceilings (2.4-2.7 m)
Louvered luminaire designs a
response to low ceilings in
modern buildings
– To reduce direct downward UV
exposure of room occupants
– To reduce reflectance from
ceilings to room occupants
– Design shared with a number of
manufacturers who have
innovated on their approaches
Source: Martin S et al. ASHRAE Journal Aug 2008 p 34
 Fixture Output:
• For any rational room dosing formula fixture
output must be known.
• Manufacturers should provide this data for
every fixture model – performed by a qualified
lighting lab:
– Full gonioradiometry for Visual-UV input
– Total fixture output by Integrating sphere
– Total fixture output by Rudnick method
• for some fixtures (unpublished)
 Current Louvered UVGI Fixtures
• Fixture efficiency varies dramatically
– Approximately 1/3 of electrical
input converted into UV
– Louvers designed to limit
irradiance in the lower room
absorb much of the UV output
– Previously not taken into
consideration for dosing purposes

Fixtures used in the AIR Facility experiments

Total UV Input UV Output UV Efficiency Total Efficiency
Electrical from Fixture (UV Output/UV (UV Output/Total
Input Input) Input)
(measured)

Model A 110 W 36.7 W 0.22 W 0.6% 0.2%

Model B 25.6 W 8.53 W 0.49 W 5.7% 1.9%

A Radiometry Protocol for Spatial distribution of fluence rate
UVGI Fixtures Using from upper-room ultraviolet
a Moving-Mirror Type germicidal irradiation:
Gonioradiometer Experimental validation of a
John Zhang, Robert Levin, Robert Angelo, Richard Vincent,
Philip Brickner, Peter Ngai, and Edward A. Nardell computer-aided design tool
Stephen N. Rudnick, Melvin W. First, Tim Sears, Richard L. Vincent ,
Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene, Philip W. Brickner, Peter Y. Ngai, John Zhang, Robert E. Levin, Kenneth
9: 140–148 2012. Chin, Ronald O. Rahn, Shelly L. Miller and Edward A. Nardell

HVAC&R Research, 18:4, 774-794

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Patient Room—CAD
Patient Safety—CAD
 CIE GUIDE FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF UPPER AIR UVGI
(ULTRAVIOLET GERMICIDAL IRRADIATION) LUMINAIRES
USING LOW PRESSURE GERMICIDAL
[SHORT WAVELENGTH] UV-C LAMPS

TC 6-52

DRAFT NO. 4

DATE: 2016-04 25

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 CIE TC 6-52

The objective is to establish a standard procedure

for the radiometric measurement of upper air
ultraviolet germicidal irradiation luminaire,
(luminaires) that use low-pressure mercury vapor
discharge lamps.

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 CIE 6-52

The UVGI methodology described in this

guide applies to incoherent lamp and
lamp system emissions in the UV-C 220
to 280 nm region [CIE 155 - 2003].

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Types of Goniophotometers

Type B goniophotometer is
a fixed detector system,
where the luminaire is
rotated about the vertical
and horizontal axes.

Type C goniophotometer is
a moving detector or
moving mirror system
rotated around the
luminaire.

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Gonioradiometry of the Upper Room
UVGI Luminaire

Sensor at zero degrees

• UVc detector at 2.5m

• Protocol by Zhang et al – 65
vertical angles, and 23 horizontal
angles
• 0.0174 error

Courtesy Prof. Dr. Wilhelm Leuschner, Emeritus U. Pretoria, S.A.

Radiometry Coordinate System
• The typical radiant intensity distribution for many UVGI luminaires
is narrow in the vertical direction producing large concentrated
intensity gradients and maximum intensities near the horizontal
plane (90°V (vertical) on the goniometer). At the same time the
horizontal intensity distribution is wide with much smaller
gradients. Using a denser sampling over the high gradient regions
and a sparser sampling over the lower gradient regions reduces
the amount of information that must be collected and stored.
Coordinate Sampling Plan
• Data measurements for louver UVGI luminaires are to be tested in
Type-C goniophotometer format, which is actually a modified set
of floodlight data angles for general lighting application. Other
incremental steps will be necessary for luminaires with
significantly different radiant intensity distributions.

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 PHILIP W. BRICKNER, MD 1926-2014
Father of Healthcare for the Homeless and Leader in the
Reapplication of UV in High Risk Settings
 Acknowledgements
• Collaborators:
– Philip W. Brickner, MD, P.I. Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
– Melvin W. First, ScD, Harvard School of Public Health
– Edward A. Nardell, MD, Harvard School of Public Health
– Steven N. Rudnick, ScD, Harvard School of Public Health
– James McDevitt, PhD, Harvard School of Public Health
– Jelena Srebric, PhD, University of Maryland
– Don Milton, MD, University of Maryland
– Shengwei Zhu, PhD, School of Architecture and Urban Planning, Huazchong
University of Science and Technology
– George Pitchurov, PhD, Technical University of Sophia, Bulgaria
– Peter Ngai, Acuity Brands
– John Zhang,Acuity Brands
– Tim Sears, Acuity Brands
– Randall King, Acuity Brands
– Shelly Miller, ScD, University of Colorado, Boulder
– Ronald Rahn, ScD, Consultant
– Robert Levin, PhD, Osram-Sylvania
– Robert Angelo, GigaHertz-Optik
– William T. Chaisson, PE, Chaisson Associates
– Paul Minor, AIA, Chaisson Associates
– Hilary Boehm, Atlantic Ultraviolet
– Charlie and Chuck Dunn, Lumalier
– Sarah Mohr, MASS Design Group
 Questions?

Richard L. Vincent
Richard.Vincent@MountSinai.org
Mphaphlele, Dharmadhikari, Jensen, et al.: American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Volume 192 Number 4 | August 15 2015
 Example: Simple (practical) method
Required:
𝐸𝐸 Total UV output of luminaires
𝑉𝑉
= 20mW/m3 Vol: 150 m3 1. Integrating sphere
E (UV room watts) = V * 20 Mw/m3/1000 = 3 W needed 2. Rudnick direct method
3 W /0.5 W output/luminaire = 6 fixtures
Luminaire Emitted UV = 0.49 W

Estimate location for maximum

average ray length (Opposite Short
walls)

3m

10 m

5m

Example: Visual CAD method
• Estimate using simple
(practical) method: 6 luminaires
• Enter room and luminaires into
Visual-UV
• Refine and use 5 luminaires
• Target: 5 – 7 uW/m3 avg room
UV fluence rate
• Advantage: incorporates
ray length
• Visual calculated value: 8.3
uW/cm2

3m
Required:
full gonioradiometry
of luminaires

10 m

5m