DESIGN AND

CONSTRUCTION OF A AN UNDERGRADUATE
FINAL YEAR PROJECT 
TWO-WAY GUEST BY AIKOYE FADERERA

REGISTER WITH AN LCU/UG/19/15375

SUPERVISED BY: MR. FELIX
AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT ERO

CONTROL FEATURE
 OUTLINE
Introduction
Problem Statement
Aim And Objectives
Literature Review OUTLINE
Methodology
Conclusion
References
Introduction

Electronics in the field of Physics

The Physics laboratory as a key space for

researchers and S.T.E.M Students
 Statement of the Problems
• Human counting seems laborious and comes
with high expense. It becomes difficult to count
the number of people arriving and departing at
the same moment (Mohana Prasad, Dhar, and
Naseem 2019).
 Contd.
 Given the intensity and relevance of the
lengthy work hours spent by
researchers, the optimal design of
lighting systems is very vital
(Kozminski, Lewis, and Mathew 2006).
 To develop a two-way guest register system with
Aim Of The automatic room light control specifically
Project designed for Lead City University’s Physics
laboratory.
 • KICAD Design that integrates occupancy
sensors and intelligent control algorithms.

• Implementation of design
Objectives Of
The Project • Evaluation of the performance and
effectiveness

• Analysis of potential in energy savings and

efficiency
 Literature Review
S/N Title of Paper Author Problem Addressed Limitation/Performance

1 ARM based Farooq, The proposed system automatically Accuracy:

Bidirectional Visitor Shakoor, and
Counter and Automatic Siddique (2016)
Room Light Controller
using PIR sensors
keeps track of visitors visiting a room
as well as takes over the control of the
room lights using Passive Infrared
sensors and an ARM microcontroller
• Under controlled conditions: 100 %
accuracy.
• In real time conditions : about 60 %
due to wide angling
• They added an extra view
restricting geometry
• Due to this addition, They were
able to reduce the angle range from
120 degrees to only 40 degrees.
• Testing this new design in real time
improved the accuracy to 96%.The
error of 4 % was found when two
persons passed.

2 Bidirectional Visitor Verma et al. It sanitizes the visitors entering and • Under controlled conditions: 100 %
Counter using (2021) exiting from the hall and check the accuracy.
Microcontroller temperature of each visitor entering in • In real time conditions : about 70 %
with Sanitization and the hall. Using an Arduino nano as the
Thermal Screening master controller, Infrared Temperature
sensor (MLX90614) and DHT11
sensor.
 Literature Review
S/N Title of Paper Author Problem Addressed Limitation/Performance

3 A review on sensing- Wagiman et al. The study analyzes the effectiveness of The study by Wagiman et al. (2019)
based strategies of (2019) different sensing technologies in contributed valuable insights into the
interior lighting control achieving accurate occupancy different sensing technologies used in
system and their detection. these systems and their performance
performance in evaluation. The Ultrasonic sensors
commercial buildings according to the study proved to be a
more accurate sensing technology
compared to the Infrared sensors .
 Design
Process
(KICAD)
 • Block by Block Diagram

Design • Schematic circuit Design

Process
• PCB layout design, and post-layout

verification.
Block By Block Diagram
Schematic
Design
 Circuit Description
Power Stage

• +12V and +5V DC power supply

• +12V voltage level required for the 12-volt relay driver connected to the 220V AC
power supply

• Voltage regulator ensures that output voltage remains at +5V, even if input voltage
fluctuates.
 Circuit Description
Sensing And Processing Stage

• Revolves primarily around the microcontroller, specifically the ATMEGA328.

• Employs ultrasonic sensors to measure the distance of the obstruction.

 ULTRASONIC INFRARED
SENSOR SENSOR

Ultrasonic  Less susceptible to

 Affected by
environmental factors
Vs environmental factors
 Integrated with
Infrared microcontroller system
 Not as versatile
Sensors  Accurate distance
 Less accurate distance
measurement
measurement

This Photo by
Unknown Author is
licensed under This Photo by Unknown Author is
CC BY-SA licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
DISPLAY STAGE

• Once microcontroller has made the decision, it sends the corresponding information to
the display screen, which in this case is an LCD screen.
 CIRCUIT DESCRIPTION
CONTROL STAGE

• Since the microcontroller supplies low DC current at its pins, it cannot directly power
the AC lamps, additional components are employed .

• NPN Transistor (2N2222).

• Relay Driver

This Photo by Unknown Author

is licensed under CC BY-NC-ND
RESOLUTION OF MICRO-CONTROLLER
• The design equation from Kularatna (2000) allows us to determine the
resolution of a microcontroller, which is given by the equation:

Resolution (R) = 2^n – 1

Where n is the number of bits.

RESOLUTION OF MICRO-CONTROLLER
• Similarly, to obtain the high and low thresholds of the output signal from
a microcontroller, the gain equation provided by Steyaert et al. (2009).

- Vin: the input signal of the microcontroller.

- Vout: to the threshold output signal.
- Rin: the binary resolution corresponding to the input signal.
- Rout: the binary resolution corresponding to the threshold output signal.
 PULSE WIDTH MODULATION
(PWM)
Oscillation frequency
(Hz)

Fixed Period

Period (s)

Variable
Duty
Cycle
Pulse width – Modulation in Microcontroller. Crisp, (2004).
PCB LAYOUT
SOFTWARE
DESIGN
(ARDUINO
IDE)
  Building the physical components
CONSTRUCTION  Assembling the circuitry
PROCESS
 Preparing the system for operation
 EXPECTED RESULTS
Parameters Values

Input Voltage Range 4.5V – 5.5 V DC, 220 V AC

Output Voltage Levels:  

Output Voltage Level (ON) 5V

Output Voltage Level (OFF) 0V

Sensing Range 0 - 400cm

Response Time Less than 100 milliseconds

 MEASURED RESULTS
Design Parameters Values

Input Voltage Range 5V DC, 220V AC

Output Voltage Levels:  

Output Voltage Level (ON) 5V

Output Voltage Level (OFF) 0V

Sensing Range 87cm

Response Time 50 milliseconds

 LIMITATIONS AND FUTURE
IMPROVEMENTS

SCALABILTY

INTERGRATION WITH ACCESS CONTROL, RFID, QR CODES

DATABASE

USER INTERFACE DEVELOPMENT

CONCLUSION

• Integrating technology
into physics laboratories
• Highlights the positive
impact
 REFERENCES
Automated Room Light Controller.” International Journal of Innovative Science and Research
Technology. Vol. 2. www.ijisrt.com.
Verma, Khushal, Savita Chauhan, Jay Singh, and Nagendra Kumar. 2021. “Bidirectional Visitor
Counter Using Microcontroller with Sanitization and Thermal Screening.” In Journal of Physics:
Conference Series. Vol. 2007. IOP Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-
6596/2007/1/012040.
Wagiman, Khairul Rijal, Mohd Noor Abdullah, Mohammad Yusri Hassan, and Nur Hanis
Mohammad Radzi. 2019. “A Review on Sensing-Based Strategies of Interior Lighting Control
System and Their Performance in Commercial Buildings.” Indonesian Journal of Electrical
Engineering and Computer Science 16, no. 1 (October): 208–15.
https://doi.org/10.11591/ijeecs.v16.i1.pp208-215.
Wang, Tianhu, Tianyu Chen, Yue Hu, Xiaoyong Zhou, and Naiping Song. 2018. “Design of
Intelligent LED Lighting Systems Based on STC89C52 Microcomputer.” Optik 158, no. April
(April): 1095–1102. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijleo.2017.12.171.
 
 REFERENCES CONTD.
Adjardjah, Winfred, George Essien, and Hilary Ackar-Arthur. 2016. “Design and Construction of a Bidirectional Digital
Visitor Counter.” Computer Engineering and Intelligent Systems 7, no. 2.
Atmel. 2016. “ATmega328 / P.” AVR Microcontrollers.
Farooq, Muhammad Umar, Aamna Shakoor, and Abu Bakar Siddique. 2016. “ARM Based Bidirectional Visitor Counter and
Automatic Room Light Controller Using PIR Sensors.” Advances in Science, Technology and Engineering Systems 1, no. 5.
https://doi.org/10.25046/aj010503.
J, Igbekele O, and Jangfa T Zhimwang. 2018. “A BIDIRECTIONAL AUTOMATIC ROOM LIGHT CONTROLLER USING
VISITOR COUNTER.” Nigerian Journal of Physics. Vol. 27.
Kanagachidambaresan, G. R. 2021. “Introduction to KiCad Design for Breakout and Circuit Designs.” In Internet of Things.
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-72957-8_8.
Kozminski, Kenneth, Stuart Lewis, and Paul Mathew. 2006. “Best Practice Guide: Efficient Electric Lighting in Laboratories.”
Laboratories for the 21st Century.
Kularatna, Nihal. 2000. Modern Component Families and Circuit Block Design. 1st ed. Elsevier Science.
Li, Zhenfeng, Jingtao Li, Xiaofan Li, Yijian Yang, Jie Xiao, and Bowen Xu. 2020. “Design of Office Intelligent Lighting
System Based on Arduino.” In Procedia Computer Science, 166:134–38. Elsevier B.V.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2020.02.035.
Mohana Prasad, K., Pranjal Dhar, and Naseem. 2019. “Industrial Automation with Bidirectional Visitor Counter.” In IOP
Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering. Vol. 590. Institute of Physics Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-
899X/590/1/012012.
Sarkar, Saikat, Satyaki Nan, Pryanikar Ghosh, Moinak Adhya, Sandip Kumar Singh, and Avali Ghosh. 2017. “Bidirectional
Visitor Counter with Security System and
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