Answers to Exercises

G D
Chapter One 7(a) z = 1 − i or i (b) z = −3 + 2i or −2i (c) z =

E
4+i or 2−i (d) z = −2+i or 21 (3−i) (e) z = −5+i
Exercise 1A (Page 8) or 3 − 2i (f) z = 3 + i or −1 − 3i

ES
1(a) −1 (b) 1 i
(c) −i (d) 8(a) w = −1 (b) a = −6 and b = 13

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(e) i (f) −1 0(g) 1 (h) (c) k = 8 − i and the other root is 2 + 3i.
2(a) −2i (b) 3 − i (c) 1 + i (d) 5 + 3i (e) −3 − 2i 9 z = ±(2 + i)

E EC
3(a) 12 − 2i (b) −6 + 2i (c) 1 + 5i (d) 7 − 11i
4(a) −5 + 4i (b) 5 + 5i (c) 14 + 5i (d) −26 + 82i
(e) 24 + 10i
(i) 28 − 96i
(f) −5 − 12i (g) 2 + 11i (h) −4
10(a) cos θ + i sin θ or cos θ − i sin θ
√

12(a) z = ω satisfies the equation.

complex conjugates.
√
11(a) z = −1 or 21 ± 23 i (b) z = i or ± 23 − 12 i
(c) They are

5(a) 5 (b) 17 (c) 29 (d) 65 13(a) α

6(a) −i (b) 1 −2i (c) 3 +2i (d) 1 −2i (e) −1 +3i 14(a)(i) y
PL R
1 3
(f) − 5 + 5 i
7(a) −2 − i (b) 4 − 3i (c) 3 + 7i (d) 3 (e) −3 + 4i
8(a) 6 + 2i (b) 18 (c) 19 − 22i (d) 8 − i (e) 1 + 2i -Öa
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9(a) 22 + 19i (b) 6 + 15i (c) 4 − 2i (d) 2 − 3i Öa x

(e) 6
10(a) x = 3 and y = −2 (b) x = 2 and y = −1
O

(c) x = 6 and y = 2 (d) x = 14 5

and y = 53 √ √
(e) x = 35 and y = − 39 15(a) ± √12 (1 − i) (b) ± 2(1 + 2i) (c) ±( 3 + i)
2 2 √
11(a) 10 − 13
9
i (b) 1 (c) − 29 8
(d) −4 − 52 i (d) ± 2(3 − 2i)
q 
10 q
SA C

x−iy x2 −y 2 −2ixy x2 +y 2 −1+2iy √ √

16(a) x2 +y 2 (b) (x2 +y 2 )2
(c) (x+1)2 +y 2 (e) ± 5+1−i 5−1
q q 
√ √
Exercise 1B (Page 16) 16(a) −2 − i ± 2+1+i 2−1
N

1(a) z = ±3i (b) z = 2 ± 4i (c) z = −1 ± 2i q q 

√ √
(d) z = 3 ± i (e) z = 21 ± 14 i (f) z = − 32 ± 2i (b) 1 + i ± 5−1−i 5+1
√ √ √
2(a) (z − 6i)(z + 6i) (b) (z − 2 2 i)(z + 2 2 i) √ √ 
U

(c) −1 + i 3 ± 2−i 6
(c) (z − 1 − 3i)(z − 1 + 3i) (d) (z + 2 − i)(z + 2 + i)  q q 
√ √ √ √
(e) (z − 3 + 5 i)(z − 3 − 5 i) (d) 21 −1 + i ± 13 + 2 − i 13 − 2
√ √
(f) (z + 12 − 23 i)(z + 21 + 23 i)
19 The term b/|b| is the sign of b.
2 2
3(a) z + 2 = 0 (b) z − 2z + 2 = 0
It is 1 when b > 0, and −1 when b < 0.
2 2
(c) z + 2z + 5 = 0 (d) z − 4z + 7 = 0
4(a) ±(1 + i) (b) ±(2 + i) (c) ±(−1 + 3i)
(d) ±(6+i) (e) ±(2+3i) (f) ±(5−i) (g) ±(1−4i)
(h) ±(5 − 4i)
5(a) ±(1 − 2i) (b) z = 2 − i or 1 + i
6(a) ±(1 + 3i) (b) z = 4 + i or 3 − 2i

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 280 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 1C (Page 21) 5(a) y (b) y

1(a) (2, 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) (−3, 5) (d) (2, −2)
(e) (−5, −5) (f) (−1, 2) 2 Im(z) = 2
2(a) −3 + 0i = −3 (b) 0 + 3i = 3i (c) 7 − 5i
(d) a + bi -3 x
Re(z) = -3 x
3(a) y
A
3

G D
B 1 3 (c) y (d) y
-3 -1 x
-1 D 1
-2

E
C -3
x x

ES
A square.
(b) (c) An anticlockwise rotation of

PA T
◦
90 about the origin.
4(a) y (b) y
iz (e) y (f) y
3
E EC
-z
-3 -1
-1
1
1 3 x
z iw

-2 -1
-1
2
1
w

1
2

-iw
x
x
2

1 x
-w -2
-3 -iz Re(z) = Im(z) 2Re(z) = Im(z)
PL R
In (a) and (b) the points form a square.
(g) y (h) y
(c) y (d) y
M R

2 w
z (z + w) 1
1 3
w x x
2 2
O

1 3 x
-1 1 z
z
-2
w 1 3 4 x
SA C

6 y 8 y
Conjugate pairs are re- With O the points form S 2
flections in the real axis. a parallelogram. P
(e) y (f) y 1 -z z
-2 -1
N

T 1 2 x x
2
w
2
w R -1 Q -z z
z (w - z ) z
1 1 -2
U

3 x -2 -1 1 3 x
-1 1
(z - w) 10(c) right-isosceles
11 It is the circle centre (0, −1) with radius 1,
omitting the origin.
Again, in (e) and (f) the points are the vertices of
12 It is the circle centre (3, 0) with radius 3, omit-
a parallelogram.
ting the origin.
14 It is a parabola with focus the origin and di-
rectrix x = 1.

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 Answers to Chapter One 281

15(a) y (b) y Exercise 1E (Page 34)

1(a) 7 + 4i (b) −3 + 2i (c) 3 − 2i
2(a) −3 + 4i (b) 1 + 7i (c) −4 − 3i (d) −7 + i
c c
-c -c c 3 −3 + 6i
c x x 4(a) B represents 1 + 3i, C represents −1 + 2i
-c -c √ √
(b) − 2 + 2 2 i
5(a) 4 + 3i (b) −3 + 4i (c) 2 + 7i
6(a) −5 + 12i (b) −3 − 4i

G D
8 E represents w2 − w1 , F represents i(w2 − w1 ),
Exercise 1D (Page
√
28) C represents w2 + i(w2 − w1 ) and D represents
1(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 5 (f) 17 w1 + i(w2 − w1 ).
π (b) π2 (c) − π4 (d) π3 (e) 3π (f) − 5π

E
2(a)
√ 4 6
9(a) Vectors BA and BC represent z1 − z2 and
3(a) 2 cis π (b) 4 cis π (c) 2 cis π
(d) 2 cis − π6
2
4 z3 − z2 respectively, and BA is the anticlockwise

ES
(e) 2 cis 2π (f) cis − 3π
3 4 rotation of BC through 90◦ about B. So z1 −z2 =

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4(a) 5 cis(0·93) (b) 13 cis(−0·39)
√ √ i(z3 − z2 ). Squaring both sides gives the result.
(c) 5 cis(2·68) (d) 10 cis(−1·89) (b) z1 − z2 + z3
√ √ √
5(a) 3 (b) −5i (c) 2 2 + 2 2 i (d) 3 3 − 3i

6(a)
(d)
E EC
√
√
√ √
(e) − 2 + 2 i (f) −1 − 3 i
2 cis − π4


(b)
2 cis π4 (e) 2 cis − π2
7(a) 10 cis π
√

(b) 9 cis 3θ
√

1
√
2 cis π4 (c) 2 cis 3π
(f) √ cis − 4
2
(c) 2 cis π
π
4

(d) 32 cis α
1
10(a) 2ωi (b) 2 ω(1 + 2i)
11 −2 and 1 − 3 i
√

12(a) w = −4 + 3i or 4 − 3i (b) w = −1 + 7i or
7 + i (c) w = 21 (7 + i) or 21 (−1 + 7i)
3 3 13 −2 + 2i, 12i, 4
2π 6π
(e) 16 cis 5 (f) 8 cis 7
√ √ √ √ 18(a) z1 = 2 cis π , z2 = 2 cis π3 (c)(i) 5π (ii) 11π
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2 12 12
8(a) 2 2 (b) 3 2 (c) 6 (d) 4 3 (e) 5 (f) 5 19(c) The sum of the squares of the diagonals of a
9(a) π 3π π π ◦
4
(b) − 4
(c) − 3
(d) 6
(e) 0·93 (53 ) parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares
◦
(f) −2·03 (−117 )
of its sides.
M R

√ 1
10(a) i (b) −1 (c) 21 (1 + i 3) (d) √ (−1 + i) w π w
20(c) parallelogram (d) arg z = 2 , so z is purely
√ 2
imaginary.
(e) 12 (− 3 + i) (f) −i (g) √1 (1 − i)
√ 2 23 Use the converse of the opposite angles of a
O

(h) − 12 (1 + i 3)
cyclic quadrilateral.
11 y 24 Take the argument of the fraction in the hint.
C    
z3 z3 − z1
SA C

The result is arg − arg . These

A z2 z2 − z1
2r r are the angles at 0 and z1 which, by the angles in
p p D (OD = 1 r)
3 4 2 the same segment theorem, are equal. Finally, use
N

O x the result of Question 24.

r B
Exercise 1F (Page 42)
z1 = 2 cis π6 and z2 = 4 cis π4 (b) z1 z2 =
U

13(a)
1(a) y (b) y
5π π
8 cis 12 and zz21 = 2 cis 12 x=1
5π
√ 3π
14 z1 = 2 cis 6 , z2 = 2 cis(− 4 ), i
√ π
√
z1 z2 = 2 2 cis 12 and zz21 = 22 cis 5π12
√ √  √
1
15(a) 2 ( 3 + 1) + i( 3 − 1) (b) π
2 cis 12 -3 1 5x -1 x
1
√
(c) √
2 √ 2
( 3 + 1)
y = -x
16(a) 2 (b) π4 (c) 1 
+i  
θ−φ θ+φ
24 z + w = 2 cos 2 cis 2
25(a) When Im(z) = 0.

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 282 Answers to Exercises

(c) y (d) y (c) y (d) y

1 4
-2 + 2i
2
-1 2 x 1 3p
4-i 3 4

-2 x y = 2x - 4 -1 x x
-1
y=x+2 -4

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2(a) y (b) y (e) y (f) y

4
p
-2

E
1 6
p
p x x
3p 3 4
4 p p -1

ES
4 4
4 x -1 x

PA T
(c) y (g) y (h) y

E EC Ö3
p
3
2

2 x
-1
-1

-2
1 x

1 x
-3
PL R
3(a) y (b) y (i) y
M R

1
2 4
1 2
x
1 2 -1
O

-3
-1 x 3 x
SA C

(c) y 5(a)(i) y (ii) y

1 1
1 x
N

Ö2 2 4 x 2 4 x
-1 -1
-1
-3 -3
U

4(a) y (b) y (b)(i) y (ii) y

8 1 1
-1 1 3 -1 1 3
2 4 x x
-1 -1
x
-1
x -3 -3
4

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 Answers to Chapter One 283

(c)(i) y (ii) y 6(a) y (b) y

3
1 1
2 1
1 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 3 x

-1 -1

G D
(d)(i) y (ii) y 7(a) y (b) y
1 4 7 1 4 7
x x
-2 -2 d
3 S

E
S
-5 -5
-2 x
-8 -8 d

ES
x

PA T
(e)(i) y (ii) y (c) y (d) y

E EC 3

1
p
4
3

1
p
4
d

-2
2

S x
1 S
-1 1 3 x -1 1 3 x x
-1 -1 -2 d -1
PL R
(f)(i) y (ii) y 8(a) y (b) y
1 1
M R

2
p p
4 4

-1 1 x -1 1 x x 2 4 x
O

-2
-1 -1
SA C

(g)(i) y (ii) y (c) y

5 5
1
N

2 2
p
4
p
4 -1 1 x
-1 -1
-4 2 px -4 2 px -1
U

-1 3 -1 3

(h)(i) y (ii) y 9(a) y (b) y

6 6
1 1
1 1
1 2 x 1 2 x
-2 3 8 x -2 3 8 x
-1
-4 -4

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 284 Answers to Exercises

(c) y (d) y 16(a)The line through 1 and i, omitting i.

(b) The circle with diameter joining 1 and i, omit-
1 -1 1 3 ting these two points.
-1-Ö2
x 17(a) y (b) y
-1 x 1- Ö32 i
-1
1 x 1 x
-1 -1

G D
(e) y (f) y
-4
2 -2 x

E
18(a) y (b) y
-2
x
-2Ö3 -2
-4 3 3

ES
PA T
3
1
-5 x
√ √ √
3 cis = π 3 2 x
10(b) 2 (1 +i 3)
E EC
11(a) arg(z + 3)

12(a)
√
(c) − 94 + 3 4 3 i

y
3
= π3 (b) |z| =

(b) y
√
3 3
2 , arg z = 5π
6

(i)
√
√
√
5 + 1 and 5 − 1
√
(ii) 2 2 + 1 and 2 2 − 1
√ √
26 + 3 and 26 − 3

(2, Ö3 )  
2 2  
(c)(i) |z0 | − r  ≤ |z| ≤ |z0 | + r
Ö7  
PL R
 
(ii) |z0 − z1 | − r  ≤ |z − z1 | ≤ |z0 − z1 | + r
-1 1 3 x 1 3 5 x
19(a) straight line external to z1 and z2 (b) major
-2 -2
arc (c) semi-circle (d) minor arc (e) interval
M R

between z1 and z2
3 and 1 20 It is the circle with the interval joining z1 and
13(a)(i) y z2 as diameter.
O

21(b) The graph is the perpendicular bisector of

p
6 1 the line joining z1 and z2 .
SA C

2 x Exercise 1G (Page√51) √
1(a) (x − 2)(x + 1 − 3 )(x + 1 + 3 )
√ √
(b) (x − 1)(x + 2 − 2 )(x + 2 + 2 )
√ √
N

(c) (x − 1)(x − 1 − 5 )(x − 1 + 5 )

(b) This is simply part (a) shifted left by 2. 2(a) The coefficients of P (x) are real, so complex
14(a) y zeroes occur in conjugate pairs. (b) 6
U

3(a) 1 + 2i; the coefficients of P (x) are real, so

z
complex zeroes occur in conjugate pairs.
2
(c) P (x) = (x + 2)(x − 2x + 5)
4
10 4(a) 3i; the coefficients of P (z) are real, so complex
3 x zeroes occur in conjugate pairs. 2
(b) z + 9
2
(c) P (z) = (2z + 3)(z + 9)
5(b) 0; the coefficients of P (z) are real, so complex
15 (c) 9 + 12i
(b)
zeroes occur in conjugate pairs.
15(b)(i) |z + 2| = 2, centre −2, radius 2
(c)(i) P (z) = (2z − 1)(z − 3 − i)(z − 3 + i)
(ii) |z − (1 + i)| = 1, centre 1 + i, radius 1
2
(ii) P (z) = (2z − 1)(z − 6z + 10)
(iii) |z − 1| = 1, centre 1, radius 1

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 Answers to Chapter One 285

6(a) The coefficients of Q(x) are real, so complex

√
Review Exercise 1H (Page 53)
zeroes occur in conjugate pairs. (b) 3 + 5, 1(a) 1 − 5i (b) 18 − 26i (c) 5 + 2i
√
3− 5 2(a) (z + 10i)(z − 10i) (b) (z + 5 − 3i)(z + 5 + 3i)
√ √
(c)(i) (x − 2i)(x + 2i)(x − 3 − 5 )(x − 3 + 5 ) 3(a) z = 4+3i or 4−3i (b) z = − 12 + 34 i or − 12 − 43 i
2
√ √ √
(ii) (x + 4)(x − 3 − 5 )(x − 3 + 5 ) 4(a) ±(3 − 2i) (b) ±(3 + 2 i)
2 2
(iii) (x + 4)(x − 6x + 4) 5(a) z = 2 + i or 3 − i (b) z = 2 + 3i or 4 − 2i
2
7(a) x = 1 ± 3i, 3 or −2 (b) x = 1 ± i or 2 ± i 6 3i = −3i is also a zero, so (z−3i)(z+3i) = z +9
√ √
1 3 1 3
8(b) x = 3, − 2 + 2 i, − 2 − 2 i is a factor.

G D
9(a) a = 3 (b) b = 1 7(a) The coefficients of P (z) are real. (b) 4
2 2 2
(c) (z − 6z + 10)(z − 6z + 13) (c) P (z) = (z − 4)(z − 4z + 29)
√
10(b) k = 3 8(a) 2 cis(− π4 ) (b) 6 cis 5π
√ √ 6

E
11(b) m = 7, n = −4 9(a) 4i (b) − 3 − 3 i
12(a) −7 − 4i (b)(i) −7 + 4i (ii) 2x − 7 10(a) 6 cis 5π
6
(b) 2 cis 5θ (c) 9 cis 6α

ES
4 4
13(b) P (z) = 21 (z − 2)(2z − 1) 11(a) y (b) y

PA T
√4
so one root is z = 2.
√
4 1
√
4 1 4
(c) 2, √
4 , − 2, − √ 4 ,
2
√ 2 √ 2 2 + 2i

E EC 4
and i 2, √ 1
4
2
i, −i
4
2, −√ 1
4
2
i
14(a) P (x) has minimum value B, when x = 0.
Since B > 0, it follows that P (x) > 0 for all real
values of x. (b) −ic, −id; the coefficients of
-2
2

2 x
1
1 2
y=2-x
x

P (x) are real, so complex zeroes occur in conju-

(c) y (d) y
gate pairs.
PL R
y
15(a) They form a con- (c)
jugate pair, since P (x) -2 x 1
has real coefficients. -2
M R

d
-1 1 x

x
O

12 y
16(a) The minimum stationary point is at x = 1. p
1 3
f(1) = k − 2 > 0. Hence the graph of f(x) has
SA C

only one x-intercept which lies to the left of the

maximum stationary point at x = −1. -1 1 2x
(b) f(x) has real coefficients (d) −14, 7 ± 12i
N

0
-1
17 Hint: consider P (x) − P (x)
18(b) −1 + 2i is a double zero of P (z) (c) The √ √
coefficients of P (z) are real and −1 + 2i counts as 13(a) 12 ( 3 − 1) + 12 ( 3 + 1)i (b) z = 2 cis 2π
3 and
U

√ √
two of the zeroes of P (z), so its conjugate −1 − 2i w= 2 cis π4 (c) 2 cis 5π
12
must also count as two zeroes. 14(a) y (b) y
2 2 2 2
(d) P (z) = (z +1−2i) (z +1+2i) = (z +2z +5)
2 2
22(b) (z −α) (z −α) is a factor. (c) Hint: Begin
1 2

2
by writing: P (z) = z − 2 Re(α) + |α|2 × Q(z)
1 2 x -2 2 x
-1 -2

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 286 Answers to Exercises

(c) y Chapter Two

4 Exercise 2A (Page 64)
1(a) equality (b) implication (c) equivalence
2 6 10 x (d) for all (f) there exists
-4 2(a) If a triangle has two equal angles, then it has
two equal sides. True. (b) If the square of a
number is odd, then the number is odd. True.

G D
15(a) 3 + 5i (b) −5 + 3i (c) −1 + i
(c) If I have four legs, then I am a horse. False.
16(a) 1 − 5i, 7 + 3i (b) 3 + 6i, −3 − 2i
(d) If a number is even, then it ends with the digit
18(a) 7π (b) 19π
24 24 6. False. (e) Every rhombus is a square. False.
√

E
21 Use similar triangles.
√ (f) If n ≥ 0, then n ∈ R. True.
22(b) 5+1
3(a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False (e) True

ES
(f) True

PA T
4(a) Not all cars are red. (Alternatively, some cars
are not red.) (b) a ≤ b or a 6> b (c) Hillary does

E EC not like steak or she does not like pizza. (d) Bill
and Dave are both wrong. (e) I live in Tasmania
and I don’t live in Australia. (f) Nikhil doesn’t
study and he passes.
(g) x < −3 or x > 8 (h) −5 ≤ x < 0
5(a) If my plants do not grow, then I haven’t wa-
PL R
tered them. (b) If you live in Melbourne, then
you live in Australia. (c) If a triangle does
not have three equal angles, then it does not have
M R

three equal sides. (d) If I like motorists, then I

do not like cycling. (e) If a number is even, then
the previous number is odd. (f) If a1 ≥ 1b , then
O

a ≤ b or a and b are not both positive.

6(a) If a number is divisible by both 3 and 5, then
it is divisible by 15. Conversely, if a number is
SA C

divisible by 15, then it is divisible by both 3 and

5. (b) If a triangle has two equal sides, then it has
two equal angles. Conversely, if a triangle has two
N

equal angles, then it has two equal sides. (c) If

the only divisors of the integer n, where n > 1,
are 1 and n, then n is prime. Conversely, if n is
U

prime, then its only divisors are 1 and n. (d) If

a quadrilateral has a pair of opposite sides that
are equal and parallel, then it is a parallelogram.
Conversely, if a quadrilateral is a parallelogram,
then it has a pair of opposite sides that are equal
and parallel.
7(a) true (b) false, 3 × (−1) < −1 (c) true
1


1 2
(d) false, 2 > 2 (e) false, | − (−1)| 6= −1
(f) true

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 Answers to Chapter Two 287

8(a) false, 2 > −3 but 22 < (−3)2 (b) false,
2 2
(−3) > 2 but −3 < 2 (c) true (d) true (e) false,
|2 + (−1)| < |2| + | − 1| (f) true
9(a) ⇒ (b) ⇔ (c) ⇔ (d) ⇒ (e) ⇔ (f) ⇒
10(a) false (b) false (c) true (d) true
11(a) If Jack does Extension 2 Mathematics then
he is crazy. (b) Jack does Extension 2 Math-
ematics and he is not crazy. (c) If Jack does
c ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . . , a} and d ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . ., b}. So
there are a + 1 possible values for c and b + 1
possible values for d. So by the multiplication
principle, there are (a + 1)(b + 1) possible factors
of n. (b) 40
19 [Hint: Consider the expression (a − c)(b − d).]

G D
not do Extension 2 Mathematics then he is crazy. Exercise 2C (Page 72)
(d) If Jack is not crazy then he will do Extension 3(a) If a is even then a2 is even.
2 Mathematics. (e) If Jack does not do Exten- 10(a) An odd number lies between two consecutive

E
sion 2 Mathematics then he is not crazy. (f) If multiples of 4. It is one more than the smaller
Jack does Extension 2 Mathematics then he is not multiple of 4 or one less than the larger multiple

ES
crazy. of 4.

PA T
+
12(a) For each integer there always exists a larger 16(a) If p is not prime then ∃ a, b ∈ Z such that

integer. (b) The sum of any positive real number p|ab ⇒ p6 | a and p6 | b.

E EC
and its reciprocal is greater than or equal to two.
13(a) true (b) false (c) true (d) true
14(a) They are both false.
(b) If 1 < 0 then 1 is a negative number. True
Exercise 2D (Page 78)
6(b)
8(a)
Use part (a) three times.
Use Question 6(b) with p = a2 and so on.
2
(b) In part (a) replace a with ab and so on.
15(a) yes — consider the contrapositive of (1)
(b) unknown — studying hard is a sufficient condi- (c) Use parts (a) and (b).
PL R
tion for passing, but it is not a necessary condition 9(c) Use part (b).
3
(d) Use part (c) with a = x and so on.
16 If either Anna or Bryan passed, then Chris 4 2 2
b4
11(a) ab4 − 4a 4b
b2 + 6 − a2 + a4
passed. So since the statement is negated, Chris
M R

12(a) Use the given AM/GM inequality twice on

failed.
17 Pender is the driver.
the RHS.
13(d)(i) The triangle inequality: the length of any
O

Exercise 2B (Page 68) side is less than (or equal to if the points are
1(a) [Hint: An even number has the form 2n, collinear) the sum of the other two sides.
where n ∈ Z.] (b) [Hint: An odd number has (ii) Use part (i) three times then add.
SA C

the form 2n + 1, where n ∈ Z.] 14(b) Expand the LHS and use part (a).
4(a) [Hint: If b is divisible by a, then b = ka for (c)(i) Begin with LHS − RHS.
some k ∈ Z.] 16(a) Begin with LHS − RHS.
N

6(a) [Hint: Let the consecutive integers be n − 1, 18(c) When z = kw, with k > 0, or when either

n, n + 1 and n + 2.] z = 0 or w = 0.
8 [Hint: Find a pair of simultaneous equations.]
U

10 [Hint: Factorise the expression, then explain

Exercise 2E√(Page 83) √
why it is divisible by both 2 and 3.] 8(a) x > 1 + 2 or x < 1 − 2
13 [Hint: Let the consecutive integers range from 25(a) Ben may pair (n − 1) other players. In each

n − 3 to n + 3.] case there are (n − 2) remaining players. In each

14(b) No. There will always be a remainder of n . case, the number of derangements for those play-
2
15 [Hint: A 4-digit number with digits a, b, c, d ers is Dn−2 . Hence multiply to get (n − 1)Dn−2 .
(d) D1 = 0, D2 = 1
has value
h 1000a + 100b i +h10c + d.] i
16(c) 10x + y = 13m ⇔ x + 4y = 13(4m − 3x)

18(a) A factor of n is of the form pc q d , where

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400
 288 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 2F (Page 88) Review Exercise 2G (Page 93)

1 2 2
1(a) |4OAB| = cm , 3 cm 1(a) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
4 √
(b)(ii)|4OGH| = (2 − 3) cm2 , supplementary, then it is cyclic. True. (b) If
√
dodecagon area = 12(2 − 3) cm2 two numbers have an even sum, then they are
π
√
2(a) 36 (4 + 3) both odd. False. (c) Every parallelogram is a
3 2
3(a) 4 and 3 square units. rhombus. False.
−1 1 −1
4(a) (1 − e ) sq. units (b) 2 (1 + e ) sq. units 2(a) Not all mathematicians are intelligent.
1
−
(c) e 2 sq. units (b) Suzie does not like Physics or she does not like

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6(b) It diverges to infinity. Chemistry. (c) I am on vacation and I am
7(c) ( a+2b
3 ,
ln a+2 ln b
3 ) working.
8(b) y 3(a) If I don’t have two wheels, then I am not a

E
bicycle. (b) If the last digit of a number is 6,
then the number is even. (c) If a quadrilateral

ES
y = xne-x does not have four equal sides, then it is not a

PA T
square.
x 4(a) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is even.
n
E EC
10(a) (0, 1) is a maximum turning point, (10, 0) is
a minimum turning point.
(b) y → ∞ as x → ∞, and y → 0 as x → −∞.
Conversely, if a number is even, then it is divisi-
ble by 2. (b) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral
bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a par-
allelogram. Conversely, the diagonals of a paral-
(c)
lelogram bisect each other. (c) If ∃ c ∈ Z such
y
that a = bc, then a is divisible by b. Conversely, if
PL R
a is divisible by b, then ∃ c ∈ Z such that a = bc.
1
16(b) 2
√
n
1 23(c) From part (b), n is not an integer, so it is
M R

not rational.
10 x
O

11(c) When z = kw, with k < 0, or when either

z = 0 or w = 0.
6 6
12(a)(i) 6 = 46 656, 3 × 5 = 46 875
SA C

6 6
(ii) 5 × 6 = 233 280, 2 × 7 = 235 298
13(f) 0·693
16(c) n = 9
N

−2
18(b) In part (a), put f(x) = x , a = (n − 1) and
b = n.
20(a) Put f(x) = x − 1 − log x.
U

Show that y = f(x) is concave up for all x > 0.

Show that f(x) has a global minimum at x = 1.
X n
xr
(c) Put pr = x +x +...+x so that pr = 1.
1 2 n
r=1
xr x1 +x2 +...+xn
Also npr = µ , where µ = n .

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400
 Answers to Chapter Three 289

Chapter Three (z 2 − 2 cos 4π 7 z + 1) × (z

2
− 2 cos 6π
7 z + 1)


8(a)(i) 1, cis 5 , cis − 5 , cis 5 , cis − 4π
2π 2π 4π
5
Exercise 3A (Page 100) 9(a) cis 2kπ9 for k = −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
3 5 6
1(a) cis 5θ (b) cis(−3θ) (c) cis 8θ (d) cis(−θ) 11(b) β = ρ + ρ + ρ (c) a = 1, b = 2
4 2 2 4
(e) cis 7θ (f) cis(−6θ) 12(a)(i) cos 4θ = cos θ − 6 cos θ sin θ + sin θ,
3 3
2(a) cis 7θ (b) cis(−5θ)
√ √
sin 4θ = 4 cos θ sin θ − 4 cos θ sin θ
3 1 1 3 1 1
3(a) −1 (b) −i (c) − 2 + 2 i (d) − 2 + 2 i (b) ± √ (3 + i) , ± √ (1 − 3i)
√ 2 2
1 1 1 3
(e) √ + √ i (f) 2 + 2 i 14(a) 3, when k is a multiple of 3, 0 otherwise.
√2 2 n  

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X n
4(a) 2 cis π4 (b) 256 + 256i (b) (1 + ω) =
n
ωr and
√ r
5(a) 2 cis π 3
(b) 1024 − 1024 3 i r=0
X n  
6(a) 2, 5π n
√ (1 + ω2 )n = ω2r

E
6

7(a) 2 cis − 6
π
(b) 128 cis 6
5π
(c) −64 3 + 64i r=0
r
2π

2π
√ (2k−1)π
8(a) 2 cis − 3 (b) 32 cis 3 (c) −16 + 16 3 i 15(a) The roots are −i cot

ES
π

22
4n
9(a) 2 cis − 4 (b) 2 i for k = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2n.

PA T
12(a)(i) 6 (ii) 3 (b) −64, 8i
13(b) n = 2, 6, 10, . . . Exercise 3D (Page 115)

E EC
15(b) −2

8
5(b) 15
2n

Exercise 3B (Page 102)

1(a)
2(a) e
e3iθ (b) e−6iθ (c) e8iθ (d) e10iθ

3(a) 2e
−iθ
iπ/2
√ −3iπ/4
(e) 3 2 e
(b) e
3iθ

(b)

√
(c) e
√ iπ/4
2e
(f) 4e
2iθ

−iπ/6
(d) e
(c) 6e
20iθ
iπ

√
(d) 2e
2iπ/3

8(c) b = 2, c = −1 1 3
4(a) −5 (b) 2 + 2 i (c) −4i (d) − 3+i (e) 2−2i
π
√
(d) No, since√sin 10 = sin 9π and sin 13π = sin 17π (f) −2 3 − 6i
PL R
10 √ 10 10 √ iπ/12 √ 3iπ/4
π 5−1 3π 5+1
(b) √1 e
(e) sin 10 = , sin = −7iπ/12
4 10 4 5(a) 2 2 e (c) 8 2 e
√ 11iπ/12 2
7 5 3
9(a) 64 cos θ − 112 cos θ + 56 cos θ − 7 cos θ (d) 2 2 e
7 21 √
(c)(i) 4 (ii) 16 6(a) −64 (b) 4 − 4i (c) − 21 + 23 i
M R

√
10(b) θ = 0, π6 ,√5π 7π 11π
6 , π, 6 , 6 (d) −648 − 648 3 i
13(b) z = 12 ± 23 i or 53 ± 45 i 11(a) n is divisible by 4 (b) n = 2, 6, 10, . . .
2 4 6
14(a) 8(1 − 10s + 24s − 16s ) (c) n is divisible by 6 (d) n = 23 , 92 , 15 ,...
O

2
(b) x = 2 sin nπ
8
for n = ±1, ±2, ±3 2
12(b)(i) 2i sin 3θ (ii) 4 cos θ (iii) −8i sin θ
3

(iv) 2 cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) (v) 2 (sin 3θ − sin θ) i

Exercise 3C (Page 108) 1 iθ −iθ


√ 13(a) cos θ = 2 e + e (d) tan θ, cot θ and
SA C

1(a) cis 0 = 1, cis 2π = − 12 + 23 i,

3 cosec θ are odd, sec θ is even

√
2 2 3 4
cis − 2π3 = − 12 −√ 23 i (d)(i)
√
1 (ii) 0 √
14(a) z + 4 (b) z − z + 1 (c) z + 8 (d) z + 4
i(φ−θ)
2(a) z = ±1, 21 + 23 i, 12 − 23 i, − 21 + 3
i, 15(b) e = 1 with −2π < φ − θ < 2π.
N

2
√
This has only one solution, which is φ − θ = 0.
− 12 − 2
3
i (z 2 − z + 1)(z 2 + z + 1)
(e)
(c) If two complex numbers are equal, then they
3(a) √1 + √12
i, √12 − √12 i, − √12 + √12 i, − √12 − √12 i
2 √ √ represent the same point in the Argand diagram.
U

2 2
(b) (z − 2 z + 1)(z + 2 z + 1)
√ √ √ √ Hence the moduli are equal and the principal ar-
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
4(a) i, −i, 2 + 2 i, 2 − 2 i, − 2 + 2 i, − 2 − 2 i


guments are equal.
5(a) cis − 10 , cis − 10 , cis 10 , cis 2 = i, cis 9π
7π 3π π π
10



(b) cis − 5π , cis − π
, cis 3π
, cis 7π
√8 √8 √ 8 √8
(c) 1 + 3 i, −1 − 3 i, 3 − i, − 3 + i




(d) 2 cis − 17π
20
, 2 cis − 9π 20
, 2 cis − 20 π
, 2 cis 7π
20
,
3π
2 cis 4



6(a) −1, cis π , cis − π5 , cis 3π
5
5
, cis − 3π 5
2π 4π

6π


7(a) 1, cis ± 7 , cis ± 7 , cis ± 7
2 2π
(c) (z − 1) × (z − 2 cos 7 z + 1)×

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 290 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 3E (Page 120) Chapter Four

2i = 2eiπ/2 (b) 2i = 2ei( 2 +2kπ) , k ∈ Z
π
1(a)
√ −3iπ/4 √ iπ/4
(d) z = 2e , 2e Exercise 4A (Page 126)
4x
(e) z = −1 − i, 1 + i 1(a) 14 e + C (b)− 15 cos 5x + C (c) 2 tan 21 x + C
√ x
2(a) −1 = e
iπ
(b) −1 = e
i(π+2kπ)
,k∈Z (d) 13 ln |3x − 4| + C (e) 4 x + C (f) ln3 3 + C
1
(d) z = e
−3iπ/4 −iπ/4 iπ/4 3iπ/4
,e ,e ,e 2(a) − 2(2x−1) + C (b) sin−1 x5 + C
(e) z = − √1 − √1 i, √1 − √1 i, √1 + √1 i, − √1 + √1 i (c) 13 e
x3
+ C (d) 13 tan−1 x3 + C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 5
3(a) i=e −iπ/2
(b) −i = e
−i(π/2+2kπ)
,k∈Z (e) 2 ln(x + x + 1) + C (f) 51 (x + 1) + C

G D
√
iπ/2 −iπ/6 −5iπ/6 2 3 π π 8 1
(d) z = e ,e ,√
e 3(a) 2(e −1) (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 4 (e) ln 5 (f) 16
√ 1
1
(e) z = i, 23 − 12 i, − 23 − 12 i 4(a) e x + C (b) 3 ln(1 + sin 3x) + C
√ √
1 2 52x
7(c) cos π = 5+1
, cos 2π
= 5−1
(c) 2 tan x + C (d) 2 ln 5 + C

E
5 4 5 4
6 1 3 15 5 −1 x
9(a) cos θ = 32 cos 6θ + 16 cos 4θ + 32 cos 2θ + 16
(e) ln |x + tan x| + C (f) sin e +C
2
3 1 π
3
10(a) sin θ = 4 sin θ − 4 sin 3θ,1
5(a) −20 (b) 3 ln 2 (c) √ (d) 21 ln e 2+1 (e) π

ES
3 3 18
sin5 θ = 16 1
sin√5θ − 16 5
sin 3θ + 85 sin θ (c) 480
47
(f) ln 2

PA T
1 3 3 4
11(c) z = 2 ± 2 i or 5 ± 5 i 6 ln 2
1
12 a = 2 ln 2, b = − 4
π
7 − 1+ln x
x
+C

E EC
13(a) 2 cos A cos B

14(b) tan θ =
n+1
15(a) z z−1−z
eiθ − e−iθ
i(eiθ + e−iθ )

2kπ
π
9 4 − 3
2

Exercise 4B (Page 128)

1(a) x + ln |x − 1| + C (b) x − 2 ln |x + 1| + C
17(a) z = e 2n+1 i for k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., 2n (c) x + 2 ln |x − 1| + C
1
2(a) 1 − ln 4 (b) 1 − 4 ln 5 (c) π − 1
PL R
Review Exercise 3F (Page 123) 3(a) 3 − 2 (b) 4 + ln 2 (c) 41 (π − ln 4)
π 1 π

1(a) cis 7θ (b) cis 6θ (d) π 1

8 + 2 ln 2
2 −1 1 p
M R

√
4(a) √ (b) log(x + x 2 + a2 ) + C

3(a) 2 cis − π4 (b) −64 + 64i x2+ a2p 
13
4(a) 2 (b)(ii) n is even or a multiple of 3 (c)(i) log x + x2 + 3 + C (ii) 2 log 3
6 4 2 2 4 6
5(a) cos θ−15 cos θ sin θ+15 cos θ sin θ−sin θ, 5(a) 21 x
2
− 21 ln(x2 + 1) + C
O

6 cos5 θ sin θ − 20 cos3 θ sin3 θ + 6 cos θ sin5 θ x3 2

(b) 3 − x2 + x − ln |x + 1| + C
4 2 −2
6(a) z + 4z + 6 + 4z + z −4 , 3 2
(c)(i) x3 + x2 + x + ln |x − 1| + C
z 4 − 4z 2 + 6 − 4z −2 + z −4 3
(ii) x3 − x + tan
−1
x + C (iii) x − ln(1 + ex ) + C
SA C

√ √
7(b) −43 2 2
(iv) 3 (x − 4) 2 + x + C (v) − 3 (2 + x) 1 − x + C
8 z = 2e
−iπ/2
, 2eiπ/6 , 2e5iπ/6 1 2 2
(vi) 2 x − 2 ln(x + 4) + C
√ kπ
9(a) 2 cis 12 for k = −7, 1, 9 −1 1 e2 +1 π
6(a) ln(e + e ) (b) 2 ln 2 (c) 12 + ln 2
N

kπ
(b) cis 12 for k = −11, −7, −3, 1, 5, 9 1 2 1 3
7(a) 2 x + ln |x + 1| + C (b) 3 x + 3 ln |x − 2| + C
iπ/6
10(a) 8e (c) 2e
−11iπ/18
, 2eiπ/18 , 2e13iπ/18 (c)
2
x + ln(1 + x ) + C
11(d) −7 cos 3θ + 57 cos 5θ − 71 cos 7θ + C 1 p
U

π
√ 8(a) √ (b) log(x + x 2 − a2 ) + C
12(b) x = cos 10 , cos 3π 7π
10 , cos 10 , cos 10
9π
(e) 5+1
4 x2− a2p 
14(a) cis kπ7 for k = −5, −3, −1, 1, 3, 5, 7 (c)(i) log x + x2 − 5 + C
kiπ/5  √   √ 
15(a) e for k = −4, −2, 0, 2, 4 (b)(i) −1 and
√ (ii) log 3+√5 = log 1+2 5
5 1+ 5
√
√
1 1+ 5 9 2 ln(1 + x) + C
18(c) − 2 (e) 4

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400
 Answers to Chapter Four 291

Exercise 4C (Page 132) (ii) 3x + 2 ln |x + 4| + ln |x − 5| + C

2 5
1(a) 15 (x + 1) + C (b) 17 (1 + x3 )7 + C 9(a)(i) A = 1, B = −1, C = 2, D = −1
2 1
(c) − 1+x3 + C (d) 2(3−x 2 4 + C (ii) ln 3 + ln 2 − 21 (b) 12 + ln 2
p p)
(e) 1
x2 − 2 + C (f) 2 1 + x4 + C 10(a)(i) A = 3, B = 12, C = 2
2
−1 −1 1 3 (ii) 3x + 12 ln |x − 2| − x−2 +C
2(a) 2 sin 2x + C (b) 1+tan x + C (c) 3 (ln x) + C
√
(d) 2 sin x + C (e) 2 tan1 −1 2
x +C (b)(i) A = 23, B = 10, C = −23, D = 13
x−1 10 13
1
(f) 3 sin
−1 3
x +C (ii) 23 ln | x−2 | − x−1 − x−2 + C
√ √ √
3(a) 74 (b) 2 − 3 (c) 3( 3 − 2) 12(a) A = 0, B = −1, C = 0, D = 2

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1 1
(d) 5 (e) 3 (f) 2 13(a) x + ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + C
1
4(a) − 42 (b) Begin by writing x = (x − 1) + 1. (b) x + 2 ln |x − 1| − ln |x| + C
√
2
5(a) 15 (3x − 2)(1 + x) 1 + x + C (c) x − tan
−1
x + ln |x| − 21 ln(x2 + 1) + C

E
√ √
(d) x + 9 ln |x − 3| − 4 ln |x − 2| + C
(b) 2 1 + x − ln(1 + x) + C 
1 √ 3 1 2
(e) 21 x − x + 5 ln |x| − 4 ln |x + 1| + C
(c) 4 x − 12 x + 13 x 4 − ln(1 + x 4 ) + C

ES
4
1 3 2
p (f) 3 x + 32 x + 7x + 16 ln |x − 2| − ln |x − 1| + C

PA T
−1
(d) tan e2x − 1 + C
1 128 5 π
6(a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 4 + 10 ln 7 (d) 12 Exercise 4E (Page 143)
√
√
7(a) 2 tan
−1
x + C (b) 23 (x − 2) x + 1 + C 1(a) 13
−1 x −1 x

E EC
8(a) √
x
√1+x
(c) − 25−x
2
25x
2 +
2
C (b) 2 sin
−1 x
p 2 −
+ C (d) − x1 1 + x2 + C
3
1
2 x
p

9(a) 3 (b) Begin by writing x = x(x + 1) − x.

2
4 − x2 + C 1


tan


(e) ln x +
−1
p
3 + C (b) sin  3 +
 x−3 


1  3+x 


 C
(c) 6 ln  x+3  + C (d) 6 ln  3−x  + C
p 

9 + x2  + C (f) ln x + x2 − 9 + C
2(a) tan (x + 2) + C (b) 4 tan
1 −1 x−2


+C
10(b) The region is half a segment. 4
−1 x−4 −1 x+4
(c) sin 5 +p C (d) sin
11(b) 4
π  6 + C
 
PL R
2
(e) ln x − 3 + 2
x − 6x + 13 + C
12(b)(ii) π4  
 q 
13(b) by writing x2 = 1 − (1 −p
Begin p x2 ). 1 
(f) 2 ln x + 1 + 2 3
x + 2x + 2  + C
14(a) tan−1 √ x2 − 1 +C1 (b) tan−1 x2 − 1 +C2
M R

π π π
√
(4+)
√ 3(a) 8 (b) π (c) 6 (d) 2 (e) ln 3 (f) ln 3
3 3
15(a) − (b) 8 2 −1
8 4(2+) 4(a) ln(x + 2x + 2) − tan (x + 1) + C
(b) 21 ln(x2 + 2x + 10) − 31 tan−1 x+1
3 +C
Exercise 4D (Page 139) p
O

2 −1 x−3
1 1 1 1 2 2 (c) − 6x − x + 3 sin +C
1(a) x−1 − x+1 (b) 3(x−4) − 3(x−1) (c) x−3 + x+3 p 3
2 −1 x+1
2 1 1 4 1 2−x (d) − 4 − 2x − x + 2 sin √ +C
(d) x−2 − x−1 (e) 5(x−2) + 5(x+3) (f) x−1 + x2 +3 p  5
p 
 
2(a) ln |x − 4| − ln |x − 2| + C (e) x2 + 2x + 10 − ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 10 +
SA C

(b) 2 ln |x + 1| − 2 ln |x + 3| + C C p  p 
 
(c) 4 ln |x − 2| − ln |x − 1| + C (f) x2 − 2x − 4+4 ln x − 1 + x2 − 2x − 4+C
(d) 3 ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 3| + C 5(a) 21 ln 2+ π8 ln 2− π4
(b) 14 (3π −ln 4) (c) (d) 2−
N

√ √ √
(e) ln |x + 1| + ln |2x + 3| + C 3 −π6 (e) 3 ln(3 + 2 2)− 4 2
q  √
(f) 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |2x − 3| + C 2
(f) ln 1 + 3 + 6−1
1 3 14 1
3(a) 4 ln 2 (b) ln 2 (c) ln 3 (d) 2 ln 2 p
U

−1
4(a) ln |x − 2| − 2 tan
−1
x+C 6(a) sin
p x − 1 − x2 + C
5 −1 2x−1
1 2
(b) ln |2x + 1| − 2 ln(x + 3) + C (b) 6 + x − x2 + 2 sin 5 
+C
p  p 
(c) tan
−1
x + 3 ln |x| − ln(x2 + 1) + C (c) x2 − 1 − ln x + x2 − 1 + C
√
5(a) π 4 − ln 2
3
(b) π + ln 2 (c) ln 4 − 23 ln 3 7(a) π + 3 − 2 (b) 3 sin−1 31
√3
√  √ 
6(a) 5 ln |x − 1| + 7 ln |x − 2| − 12 ln |2x − 3| + C 2+ √3
(c) 2 2 − 3 + ln
3+2 2
(b) 23 ln |x| − 5 ln |x − 2| + 27 ln |x − 4| + C x
8(a) √
4x−x2
is undefined at x = 0.
7(a) 35 ln 3 − ln 2 (b) 2 ln 3 − 8 ln 2
8(a)(i) A = 2, B = 1, C = −3
(ii) 2x + ln |x − 1| − 3 ln |x + 2| + C
(b)(i) x + ln |x − 2| − 2 ln |x + 1| + C

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 292 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 4F (Page 148) 10(a) 12 sin2 x√+ C1 (b) − 14 cos 2x + C2

1(a) ex (x − 1) + C (b) −e−x (x + 1) + C 11(a) 21 (b) 4
3
3x
(c) 91 e (3x + 2) + C (d) x sin x + cos x +C 12(a) 12 4
(b) 3
(e) − 12 (x − 1) cos 2x + 41 sin 2x + C 13(a) − 18 cos 4x − 41 cos 2x + C
(f) (2x − 3) tan x + 2 ln(cos x) + C (b) − 81 cos 4x + 41 cos 2x + C
π π 1 1 2 1 1
2(a) π (b) 2 − 1 (c) 4 − 2 ln 2 (d) 4 (e + 1) (c) 16 sin 8x + 8 sin 4x + C
−1 −2 1 1 3
(e) e (f) 1 + e 14(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8
 
3(a) x(ln x − 1) + C (b) 2x(ln x − 1) + C  tan x 
p 15(a) tan x2 + C (b) ln  1+tan2 x  + C

G D
(c) x cos
−1
x − 1 − x2 + C   2
1  1+2 tan x2 
(c) 5 ln  2−tan x  + C
4(a) π 1
4 − 2 ln 2 (b) 1 (c) 2
1 2

1 2
5(a) 4 x (2 ln x − 1) + C
3
(b) 91 x (3 ln x − 1) + C
17 13 sin 3θ + sin3 θ + C

E
1
(c) − x (ln x + 1) + C
2 x Exercise 4H (Page 158)
6(a) (2 − 2x + x )e + C 2
3(b) 12 (e

ES
2 − 1)
(b) x sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C

PA T
8
2 4(c) 15
(c) x(ln x) − 2x ln x + 2x + C
1 4
√ 128 6(b) ( π )6− 30( π2 )4 + 360( π2 )2 − 720
7(a) − 42 (b) 15 (1 + 2 ) (c) 15 2
4 2
7(b) x4 − x2 + 21 ln(1 + x2 ) + C
E EC
1 x
8(a) 2 e (cos x + sin x) + C
(b) − 21 e (cos x + sin x) + C

10(a) √ 1
2 3
−x
π

(π − 3)
π
9(a) 51 (e − 2) (b) 51 (e 4 + 2)
√ √
(b) 23π (c) π − 2
8(b) I0 = 1, I4 = 315
243
9(b) u4 = 1540
p
128

10(b) J2 = − 12 x 1 − x2 + 12 sin
1
√
12(d) 15 (14 2 − 16)
−1
x+C
1 2
12(a) 4 x (2 ln x − 1) + C 

(1 + x2 )4 + 87 (1 + x2 )3 +
1 48
+ x2 )2
2 2
(b) 41 x 2(ln x) − 2 ln x + 1 + C
13(d) 9 35 (1

PL R
 p 
2
14(a) 21 x a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 ( xa ) + C + 192
105
(1 + x ) + 384
105
 p  p
  2n
(b) x ln x + x2 + a2  − x2 + a2 + C 15(d) Jn = Jn−1
 p  2n + 3
 p
M R


(c) x ln x + x2 − a2  − x2 − a2 + C 16(d) 1
I5 = 4√(2 ln 2 − 1)
1 π 3 3
15(a) 32 (sin 4x−4x cos 4x+8x cos 2x−4 sin 2x)+C 17(b) 3 − 4
1
(b) 18 (3x sin 3x + cos 3x + 9x sin x + 9 cos x) + C
O

1 x
(c) 20 e (sin 3x − 3 cos 3x + 5 sin x − 5 cos x) + C Exercise 4I (Page 161) √
√ 1
1 1
16(a) 48 (3 3 − π) (b) 12 (π + 2 ln 2 − 2) 1(a) 36 (b) π (c) ln 12
5 (d) 2 − 2 ln 3 (e) 2 2−1
π
(f) 18
p
SA C

Exercise 4G (Page 154) 2(a) 1 + x2 + C (b) tan −1 1 2

 x + 2 ln(1 + x ) + C
sin x + C (b) − cos x + C (c) − ln | cos x| + C  
1(a) (c) − 15 cos5 x + C (d) ln  2x+1
x+1  + C
(d) ln | sin x| + C 1 4 1 4 1 3 1
(e) 4 x ln x − 16 x +C (f) 6 cos 2x − 2 cos 2x +C
N

1 3 1 3
2(a) 3 sin x + C (b) − 3 cos x + C 1 −1 x+3
(g) 4 tan + C (h) x sin 3x + 31 cos 3x + C
3 3
(c) 13 cos x − cos x + C (d) sin x − 31 sin x + C 2
√4
(i) 3 (x − 8) 4 + x + C
1 5 2 3
(e) 5 sin x − 3 sin x + sin x + C
4(a) A = − 23 , B = 32 , C = − 13
U

4 6
(f) 41 sin x − 16 sin x + C √ √
6(a) 2 3 (b) 245 3
3(a) π π
(b) 12 (c) π
4 8 8(a) A = 0, B = −2, C = 0, D = 2 (b) π 2 −1
4(a) tan x + C (b) tan x − x + C p
1 2 −1 x 1 2 − x2 + C
3 3
10 2 a sin a + 2 x a
1 1
(c) 3 tan x+tan x+C (d) 3 tan x−tan x+x+C 1 27
11(b) 10 (π + ln 16 )
1 11 9 53 4 7√
5(a) 4 (b) 24 (c) 64 (d) 480 (e) 15 (f)
1
60 2 12(a) P = 2, Q = −1
6(a) 32 (sin 4x + 8 sin 2x + 12x) + C
(b) 2x − ln |3 sin x + 2 cos x − 1| + C
1
(b) 32 (sin 4x − 8 sin 2x + 12x) + C
14(b) 6 − 2e
1
(c) 1024 (24x − 8 sin 4x + sin 8x) + C
17(c) If pq ≤ 0, then 0 ∈ [p, q] and u is undefined
(b) 31 (c) 12 (tan 2 + tan−1 21 ) π
−1
8(a) 1 ln 2 =
√ 4 at t = 0.
9(a) π
4
2
(b) 15 (1 + 2) π
(c) 16

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 Answers to Chapter Five 293

Review Exercise 4J (Page 164)

x2
Chapter Five
1(a) 12 e +C (b) 32 ln(x2 +1)+C (c) 12
1
(1+x2 )6 +
1 4
C (d) − 4 cos x +C (e) 3 ln |x −3| +ln |x +1| +C Exercise 5A (Page 171)
(f) − 12 xe − 14 e−2x + C
−2x
1 The xy-plane with equation z = 0, the xz-plane
3 1
2(a) tan x − x + C (b) 23 (3 + x) 2 − 6(3 + x) 2 + C with equation y = 0 and the yz-plane with equa-
1 −1 x+1


(c) 2 tan 2 tion x = 0.
1 1
(d) 3x sin 3 x + 9 cos 3 x + C (e) x + ln |x + 1| + C 2(a) 2nd (b) 5th (c) 4th (d) 6th (e) 8th (f) 3rd
1 2
(f) 2 ln |x| + 2 ln(x + 1) + C 3(a) (3, 2, −1) (b) (−5, 2, 5) (c) (3, 12, 5)
 

G D
√x ex −1
3(a) +C (b) 12 ln +C
ex +1
(d) (8, 2, 12) (e) (3, −1, 1) (f) (3, 2, −5)
4 4−x2
√ √ (g) (−3, 2, 5) (h) (3, −2, 5) (i) (3, −2, −5)
(c) 2 x − 4 ln(2 + x) + C

4(a) A(2, 0, 0), B(2, 2, 0), C(2, 2, 2), D(2, 0, 2),
(d) 23 tan
−1 1
tan 12 x + C

E
3
5 3 7
4(a) 6 (b) ln 6 (c) 24 (d) 2 − 2 ln 3 (e) 105
16 1
(f) 4 O(0, 0, 0), P (0, 2, 0), Q(0, 2, 2), R(0, 0, 2)
√ √
π
5(a) 9 (b) 14 − 2
11π 2 π 4
(c) 15 (d) 12 + ln 3 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,

ES
√
8π 2e+π x = 2, y = 2, z = 2

PA T
(e) 3 − 2 3 (f) 4+π2
√
6(a) 21 ln 53 (b) 18
π
(c) π (d) ln(2 + 3) 5(a) A(2, 0, 0), B(2, 4, 0), D(2, 0, 3),
4 n
8(a) In = 14 x (ln x) − 41 nIn−1 P (0, 4, 0), Q(0, 4, 3), R(0, 0, 3)
√ √

E EC
9(b) 5π
10(b)
32

26
11(b) 15
(2n − 1)Jn = 2n−1 + 2(n − 1)Jn−1 28
(c) 15
(b) 2 5 (c)

6(a) 6 u
29 (d) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
x = 2, y = 4, z = 3
2
(b) 10 u
3
√
7(a) OA = 7, OB = 7 2, AB = 7 3
2 2 2
√
◦
(b) OA + OB = AB , so 6 AOB = 90 .
√ √ 1
8 BC = 2 21, M N = 21 = 2 BC
PL R
9(a) M = (−8, 6, 18)
(b) X = (−7, −1, 16) and Y = (−9, 13, 20)
11 x = −1
M R

√
12(a) AB = AC = 2 14
13(a) 3x + 4y = 12 (b) 3x + 6z = 12 with the
xz-plane, 4y + 6z = 12 with the yz-plane (c) a
O

line (d) They intersect in a line.

15(a) z can take any real (d) z
value.
SA C

2 2
(b) circle x + y = 4
(c) It is the curved sur-
face of a cylinder with
N

radius 2. The diagram

x y
shows the portion from
z = 0 to z = 4.
U

16(a) A sum of squares (d) z

can never be negative.
2 2
(b) circle x + y = k.
2
(c) parabola z = x .

x y

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 294 Answers to Exercises

Exercise

5B (Page 177)
  
Exercise 5D (Page
√
188)
2 −4 1(a) 3 (b) Both 6. (c) π
√ 3
1(a)  −3  , 2i − 3j + 5k (b)  0  , −4i + 13k 2(a) 23 (b) 2
e e e e 3
e
 5  13 ◦
4(a) 44 (b) 87◦  
a 8
3
(c)  −2a  , ai − 2aj − 3ak 2
6(a) 9 i − 9 j
2
− 19 k (b)  3
2 
e e e e e e
−3a − 23
2(a) |a| = 5, ba = 54 i − 35 k 7(a) 8
√ (b) 35
e e e e 3 5
(b) |a| = 3, ba = 13 i + 23 j − 23 k −−→ −−→

G D
e e e e √e  8(a) BA = 3i + 2j − 7k, BC = 5i − 4j + k
√ − 2 √e e e√ e√e e √
1 √ (c) AB = 62, BC = 42, AC = 104 = 2 26
3(a) |v| = 3 2, b v =  −4 2     
e e 6 √ −5 1
−−→ −→

E
2
 √  9(a) AB =  4 , AC =  3  (b) 78
◦

√ 5 2
1  √  1 −2
(b) |v| = 5 2, b v=

ES
3 2 10 117 49
◦ 0
e e 10 √

PA T
  −4 2
  11(b) 23 u
2
5 19      
√ √ −7 −3 −1
4(a)  −10  (b) 654 (c)  28  (d) 2589 −→ −
−→
12(a) AP =  1  , AB =  −6  (b)  −2 

E EC 23

8 −8
6(a)  3  (b)  −3  (c)
 e
√
−38
5(a) 3i − 12j + 4k (b) −3i + 12j − 4k (c) 13
e  e e

77
e e (c) 7 units
−2
√
13(a) 3 units (b) 5 1470 units
15 72 , 37 , 67
0 0

−2 2 2
(c) 220 u
◦
17(a) 90
7 λ1 = 2, λ2 = −4 −−→ −→3 −−→
PL R
1 3
8 λ1 = −1, λ2 = 3, λ3 = −2 18(a) OP = OA + λAB (b) λ = 12 (c) λ = 10
−−→ −
−→ 19 λ = 4 or − 44
9(a) CD = −3AB (b) They are not parallel. 65
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2 4
10 BC = 2AB, so AB and BC are parallel. 20(b) λ = 3 or 3
√ −−→ −
−→
M R

2
12 −i − 14j − 6k 21(a) 12 10 u (b) OD = 7i + j + k , OE = 6i − 2j
e◦ ◦ ◦ e e e e e e
13 58 , 74 e 3
 , 37   (d) 80 u
3 −1
O

14(a)  1  (b)  −7  Exercise 5E (Page 191)

−4 4 −−→ −→
2(a) 0 (b) OB = a + c, AC = c − a
15(a) −5j + 7k (b) −24i + 7j − 5k e e e e
−→e e e √e e √ 3(a) equal radii
SA C

16(a) AG = −i + j + k (b) 3 (c) 26 5(a) equal chords

e e e −−→ −→
18(a) No, since −a + b + c = 0 (b) Yes 6(b) CB k OA
e e e e
19 (−10, −1, 3), (4, 9, −1), (6, 5, 7) 8(a) 60
◦
(b) equilateral (c) regular tetrahedron
N

(all 4 faces are equilateral triangles)

Exercise 5C (Page 183)
.
√ (d) cos
−1
− 31 = ◦ 0
. 109 28
1(a) 12 2 (b) −20 1
9(a) 2 v + w
U

2(a) 5 (b) x1 x2 +y1 y2 +z1 z2 (c) a1 b1 +a2 b2 +a3 b3 e e

4(a) 0 (b) They are perpendicular. Exercise 5F (Page 201)
6(a) 126 (b) 360 (c) −48 (d) 78 1(a) y (b) Using basis vectors:
7(a) −21 ≤ 8 ≤ 21 (b) −20 ≤ −18 ≤ 20 r = (−i +3j )+λ(2i −j ),
√ √ √ √
8(a) 4 ≤ 74 ≤ 10 (b) 10 ≤ 14 ≤ 3 10 e e e e e
3 λ∈R
5
10(a) λ = 8 (b) λ = − 2 or 3 (c) − 21
11 One such vector is i + 7j + 3k . (d) y = − 12 x + 25
√ e e e 2
18 23 -1 x
√ -1
19 2 7 2~i - j
~
2(a) 3i − 2j (b) 3i + 2j
e e e e

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 Answers to Chapter Five 295

(c) r = 3i − 2j + λ(3i + 2j ), λ ∈ R 25(a) The interval or line segment AB. (b) The
e  e e e e
3 ray with endpoint B in the direction of b − a.
3(a)(i) e e
1 (c) The ray with endpoint A in the direction of
   
−12 0 a − b.
(ii) The x- and y-intercepts are and . e ep 2 √
  0  4 26(a) 2λ − 8λ + 10 (b) 2
x 0 3
(iii) Using the y-intercept, = +λ .
      y 4 1
Exercise 5G (Page 210)
x 6 −3 2 2
= +λ
 (x −6) + (y + 9) = 28
(b)(i) 1(a)
 y  0  1  

G D
 6  √
x 0 1 
(ii) = +λ (b) r − =2 7
y 3 0  e −9 
    √ √
x −5 0 (c) x = 6 + 2 7 cos θ, y = −9 + 2 7 sin θ
= +λ

E
(iii)
y 0 1 2 2 2
2(a) (x + 2) + (y − 7) + (z + 4) = 81
4(a) y = 4x + 17 (b) 3x + 2y = 19    
 −2 


ES
5(a) yes (b) yes (c) no  
(b) r −  7   = 9

PA T
6(a) r = 7i − 5k + λ(−4i − 6j + 9k ) e 
e  e  e  e  e  e  −4 
x 3 −6
 
(b) r = y = 4 + λ −7     3(a) (x + 5)2 + (y + 10)2 = 45

E EC
e
z

(b) r = −i − j e
e
8(a) yes
e e
5
7(a) r = 3i − 2j − 4k + λ(5i − 3j − k)
e e e e
−8

+ 2k + λ(i + 2j +e3k )
 (b) yes  
e e e
  
e
e

  


4 r −
e

2

5 
−3 
  
√
2



2
(b)  (x − 3) + (y + 1) + (z − 8) = 121
 
 = 2 2, (x − 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 8
 1  
−2  √
 3  
2 1 x 2 1   
9(a)(i) (ii) (iii) = +λ 5(a) r −  = 5 (b) r −  1   = 230
−1 2 y −3 2 e −4  e 
PL R
       5 
x 1 1 2
(b) = +λ 7 inside
y −2 −1 √
11(a) r = 4i + 3j + λ(2i − 3j ) 8 centre (2, 1, −1), radius 2 5
M R

e e e (x − 1)2 +
(b) r = −7i + 5je + λ(6i + 13j e) 9(a) x = 2 cos t + 1, y = 2 sin t − 1 (b)
e e e e e (y + 1)2 = 4
Note that there are many possible answers.
2 y
12(a) r = −i + 3j + k + λ(3i + j + 4k) 10(a) y = (x + 2) − 2 (c)
O

e e e e e e
(b) r = 7i − 11j e + 14k + λ(10i + 20j − 30k ) (b) [−2, ∞)
e  e  e  e   e e e 2 _
x 1 4
13(a) = +λ , 0≤λ≤1 -2+Ö2
 y  −2  6
SA C

x −1 3 -2 x
(b)  y  =  1  + λ  2 , 0≤λ≤1 -2
z −2 1
√
N

15(a) (1, 2, 0) (b) (3, −2, 6)

11(a) |r| = 10 (b) The radius and tangent are
17(a) −i + k (b) skew e
e e ◦ perpendicular. (c) y = 3x − 10
18(a) (1, 1, 2) (b) 70.5
12(a) x = 3λ + 1, y = 2λ − 1
U

19 a = −3
√ (b) (−2, −3) and (4, 1)
20(d) 115 5 units
√ 14(a) Both spheres have centres on the z-axis.
145
21 5 units
(b) centre (0, 0, 59 ), radius 12
5
22(a) v 1 and v2 have the same direction vector.
e e √ 15 (4, 4, −6) and (11, −8, −3)
(b) i − 2j + k (c) 5
e e 16(a) x = 3λ − 2, y = 4λ + 3, z = 5λ + 4
23(b) Fore 6 BAD: r = (−i − 2j ) + λ(i + j ),
e e e e (b) (7, 15, 19)
for 6 ABC: r = 2i + µ(−i + je) 2 2 2
e e e e    17(a) x − y = 1 (b) y = ± √ x 2
2 −1 4 4−x
−−→
24(a) OM =  21  (b) r =  −1  + λ  2 
3 e
2
0 2
(d) 3 : 1

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 296 Answers to Exercises

     
1 1 2 Chapter Six
18(a) r =  −1  + λ  4  + µ  5  is a possible
e
0 1 −2 Exercise 6A (Page 223)
equation. (b) 13x − 4y + 3z = 17
y 1(a) t = 16 (x − 1), x = 6t + 1
20(a) (b) z
6
1
(b) t = 18 1
(1 − x3 ), x = (1 − 18t) 3
5 3 1 −2 1

t = - 2p3 t = 2p3 (c) t = 12 (x − 1), x = (12t + 1)− 2

1 2x 2 1 2
-3 -3 (d) t = 2 (e − e ), x = 2 ln(2t + e )
2 3 (e) t = tan
−1
x − π4 , x = tan(t + π4 )
3 y

G D
t = p3 1 t = - p3 (f) t = tan x − tan 1, x = tan (t + tan 1)
−1
x -3 2(a) ẍ = 0 (b) ẍ = −72x
−5
(c) ẍ = 108x
5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x −4x 2
(d) ẍ = −2e (e) ẍ = 2x(1 + x )

E
t < 0: blue, t ≥ 0: black 3
(f) ẍ = −2 cos x sin x
2 3 2 −x 2
3(a) v = 4x (b) v = 2(1 − e ) (c) v =
Review Exercise 5H (Page 213)

ES
a = 6i − 3j + 2k ln |2x + 1| (d) v2 = tan−1 21 x

PA T
1 |a| = 7, b
e e 7e 7 e 7 e √ 4(a) t = 6
v3
(b) t = 2 − v
1
2(a) −5i − 4j + 7k (b) 5i + 4j − 7k (c) 3 10  2+v 
e e e e (c) t = ln  3 
5(a) 50 (b) e 44 (c) 8 (d) 110e
E EC
7 λ = −1
8 cos θ = √ 6
9 4429
i − 33
j
102
− 22 k
e 29 e  29e
1

−1
 
−1

5(a) x = 4 ln |v| (b) x = 91 v − 24
(c) x = v + 2 ln  2+v
6(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 9
2

 2 

7 17 m/s at an angle of tan



3

−1 15
8
above the hori-
−→ −
−→ zontal
10(a) AP =  3  , AB =  −1  5 
(b) 11 −1  −→ ◦ ◦
8(a) OA = (20 cos 32 )i + (20 sin 32 )j ,
PL R
3 3 3 e
√ −−→ e
(c) 2 506
11 units OB = (−15 cos 54◦ )i + (15 sin 54◦)j
e
(b) 24 N (c) 70 above the positivee horizontal di-
◦ ◦
11 81    
0 1
M R

13 r = +λ rection or 020◦ T
3 2 √ √
e 9(a) (6 − 2 2)i + (20 − 2 2)j (b) 17·5 N, 79·5
◦
14 x − 3y = 14 e
above the horizontal e
15 (0, 7, −3), (−14, 0, 11), (−3, 11 2 , 0)
O

11(a) 20 metres (b) Upwards is positive, so while

16(a) no (b) yes
17 r = i + j − k + λ(i − 2j + 3k )
the stone is√rising its velocity is positive.
400−20x
e e e e
18(a) (2, 3, −5)
e
(b) (−3, 5,e−1)
e (c) t = 2 − 10
, x = 20t − 5t2 ,
SA C

2 2
19(a) (x − 3) + (y + 4) + (z − 2) = 7
2 2 seconds
    50 ln |v|
 3  12(a) x = 150 − , x = 150 metres

  √  ln 10 
(b) r − −4   = 7
 1000 1 1 1
N

e  (b) t = − , t = 10 11 s
 2  99 v 1000
   2 −x
13 v = 6 − 2e . The acceleration is always
 2 
 √
  positive, and the velocity is initially 2. Hence
21 r −  5   = 2 6
U

e  the velocity is always increasing with minimum 2.

 −6 
The particle continues to accelerate, but with lim-
22 (4, −5, 1) and (6, 8, −10) √
8 2 2 iting velocity 6.
23(a) y = 4+x (b) x + y = 1, where y 6= −1.
p2 14(a) ẍ = −12 (b) x = 3(1 − e
−2t
) (c) As t → ∞,
(c) y = ± 2x 1 − x2
the particle moves to the limiting position x = 3.
15(a) 1·52 s (b) 8·48 m
16(a) m k (b)(i) 2ku (ii) k ln 3
2 2
17(a) v = 2(x − 5)(x + 4). v cannot be negative.
(b) x = 6 m (x = −5 is impossible, because the

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400
 Answers to Chapter Six 297

particle can never pass through the origin). The 7 x (a) v = 6 sin 3t,
particle moves forwards with increasing velocity. 14 ẍ = 18 cos 3t
2 3 2 12 (b) a = 2,
18(a) v = 2x (b) x = √ . The particle
(t + 2 )2 10
T = 2π3
seconds,
starts at x = 1 and moves backwards towards the
centre x = 12
origin, its speed having limit zero, and position
(c) 10 ≤ x ≤ 14,
having limit the origin. p 2p t π
2 3 3 3 3 seconds
19(a) v = 6x − 2x + 16 (b) Yes. (Sketch the
2π 4π
2 (d) t= and t = 3 . At both times, |v| = 0 and
graph of v against x.) 3

G D
2
2 2 2 ẍ = 18 cm/s . (e) t = π6 and t = π2 .
21(b) v = V + 2gR (1/x − 1/R),
At both times, |v| = 6 cm/s and ẍ = 0 cm/s2 .
H = 2gR /(2gR − V 2 ) (c) 11·2 km/s
2
. 8(a) amplitude: 6, period: π, initial phase: π

E
22(b) 12 ln 2 − 3·5 =. 4·82 m 2
π π
(b) ẋ = 12 cos(2t + 2 ), ẍ = −24 sin(2t + 2 ),

Exercise 6B (Page 232) ẍ = −4x, so n = 2.

ES
π 3π
(c) t = 4 when v = −12, t = 4 when v = 12

PA T
1(a) 12 cm, 4 seconds
(b) v = −6π sin π2 t, ẍ = −3π 2 cos π2 t (c) 12 cm, (d) t = 3π 7π
4 and t = 4 , when x = 0

0 cm/s (d) After 1 second (e) 2 seconds (e) t = π and t = 2π, when v = 0 and ẍ = −24

E EC
2(a) 2 m, 21 s
(c) v = 8π cos 4πt,
ẍ = −32π 2 sin 4πt
(d) ẍ = −16π x
2
(b) x

2
1
4
3
4
9(a) x = 120 sin 12
12
(b)(i) π sin
(ii) 12 + 12
and 8 seconds
π
−1 1 .
4
=.
π

sin−1 41 =
t, v = 10π cos 12
0·9652
.
seconds
π
t, 10π m/s

. 12·97 seconds (c) 4 seconds

π π
2
(e) ẍ = −32π at t = 8 1 1
1 t 10(a) x = 4 cos 4t, v = −16 sin 4t (b)(i) 12 s (ii) 6 s
2
π 5π
2 3 (c) 24 seconds and 24 seconds
-2
PL R
and ẍ = 32π at t = 8
(f) 8π m/s 11 x = 2 − 12 cos 2t, x0 = 21 , 12 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, π
1

12(a) x = 2 − cos 4t (b) x0 = 2, 1 cm, 1 ≤ x ≤ 3,

v = 4 cos πt, ẍ = −4π sin πt π π
2 s (c) 4 cm/s when t = 8
3(b)
M R

(c) a = π4 , T = 2 seconds (d) π4 m, 4 m/s 13(b) x = 2 (c) 2π s (d) 6 cos(t − π 3

) (e) 6, − π3
(e) x (f) −4 ≤ x ≤ 8
p
x 14 v = bn cos nt − cn sin nt
O

4 1 4p 1 3π 7π
- p t (a) n = 2 , c = 6, b = 6, 2 s and 2 s
4 2
π 9
(b) n = 3 , c = −2, b = π , about 0·582 s
x and 3·582 s
SA C

t 15 v = an cos(nt + α) (a) n = π 3 , α = 0, a = π
15
4 1 2
2 3π 3π
(b) n = 3 , α = 2 , a = 5 (c) n = 1, α = 4 ,
√
1 2 t a= 2
N

-4
-4p 16(a) a = 3, α = − π 2
(b) a = 2, α = π 3
√
(f) t = 1 (when v = −4 m/s) and t = 2 (when 17 a = 32π 2 , α = π
U

4
v = 4 m/s) (g) t = 21 (when ẍ = −4π m/s2 ) and 18 a = 5, α =
.
. 2·248
t = 23 (when ẍ = 4π m/s2 ) 19(a) x = 4 sin 4t + 3 cos 4t (b) x = 5 cos(4t − ε),
4(a) x = 2 sin 2t
where ε = tan−1 43 (c) 5 m, 20 m/s
(b) x = 6 sin 32 t
(d) t = π 1 −1 3 π 1 −1 4
4 − 4 tan 4 , t = 8 + 4 tan 3
5(a) v = bn cos nt − cn sin nt,
20(a) 10:00 am (b) 7:33 am (c) 12:27 pm
ẍ = −bn2 sin nt − cn2 cos nt = −n2 x 21 11:45 q am to 8:15 pm
(b)(i) c = 3 and b = 0, so x = 3 cos nt. √
23(b) 2 5 + 2 3
(ii) x = 5 cos 2πt, 41 s
1 2
6(b) a = 4 (c) 3 s, 3 s

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 298 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 6C (Page 238) 20(b) ẋ = −16π sin 2πt, ẏ = 16π cos 2πt,
1(a) v = −6 sin 2t, ẍ = −12 cos 2t, ẍ = −4x, ẍ = −32π 2 cos 2πt, ÿ = −32π 2 sin 2πt
√
v2 = 4(9 − x2 ) (b) ±2 5 m/s, −8 m/s2 (c)(i) π 7π
6 or s6 (ii) π 4π
3 or 3 (iii) 3π 7π
4 or 4
2 2
2(a) v = 9(25 − x ) v2 2 x1 2 − v1 2 x2 2
2 21(b) a =
(b) v = ±12 m/s, ẍ = −27 m/s (c) 15 m/s v1 2 − v2 2
2 2 π
3(a) v = 16(36 − x ) (b) 6 cm, 2 seconds (c) 5 cm, π seconds, 10 cm/s
√ 2 √ √
(c) |v| = 16 2 cm/s, ẍ = −32 cm/s 22 v = 21 V 3 or v = − 12 V 3,
2 2 √ √
4(a) v = 4(36 − x ), π seconds, 12 m/s x = 12 a 3 or x = − 12 a 3

G D
(b)(i) x = 6 cos 2t (ii) x = −6 cos 2t 23(b) When α = π, A = 3 and x = 3 sin t.
(iii) x = 6 sin 2t (iv) x = −6 sin 2t When α = 0, A = 1 and x = − sin t.
π
√
5(a) 32 cm/s (b) 8 cm (c) twice (d) When α = 3 , x = 3 cos t.
√

E
6(a) a = 1 metre (b) 4π m/s When α = 5π
3 3 , x = − 3 cos t.
5π 5π2 2
7(a) 2 cm/s, 8 cm/s

ES
2
(b) ±2π cm/s, ± 3π cm/s2 Exercise 6D (Page 245)

PA T
√ √ 8
8 5 2 m/s, 3 2 m/s 1(b) 360 metres
√
9 4, 2 7 m/s 2(c) 80%

E EC
2 5 2 2
10 v = − 3 (x − 16 ), so the amplitude = 16.
11 15 cm/s
13(b)(i) When x = 0, |v| = an.
√
(ii) When x = 21 a, |v| = 12 3 an and ẍ = − 12 an .
2
4(a) The force of the spring is directed towards
the origin.The resistive force is in the opposite
direction to the velocity.
(e) A = −1, B = 1
2 Q2
(b) ÿ + 3ẏ + 2y = 0

14(a) ẍ = −9(x − 1), centre: x = 1, period: 2π 3

, 6(b) v = (1+Q2 )e2t −Q2 (c) lim v = 0. Since
t→∞
amplitude: 2 (b)(i) ẍ = −16(x − 2), centre: x = 2, v 6= 0, it can never change sign. (d) tan−1 Q
PL R
period: π2 , amplitude: 3 (ii) ẍ = −9(x − 6), (e) Yes. Since Q and v have the same sign,
centre: x = 6, period: 2π 3 , amplitude: 4
Q−v
tan−1 Q − tan−1 v = tan−1 1+Qv . In contrast,
√ √ √
(iii) ẍ = −2(x + 2), centre: x = −2, period: π 2, evaluate each side when Q = 3 and v = − 3. 
M R

amplitude: 1 (iv) ẍ = −3(x + 35 ), centre: x = − 35 , 1 m 6+2v

7(a) A = B = 5 (b)(i) 1 (ii) t = 5×104 log 6−3v
√
period: 2π/ 3, amplitude: 2 13 8(c) 878 metres (d) 1190 metres
15(a)(i) ẍ = 50 cos 10t = −100(x − 21 ) v
9(a) F = mP − mkv
O

2
(ii) ẍ = −50(2 sin 5t − 1) = −100(x − 21 ) (b) v = P
1 k
(b) centre: x = 2 , range: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, (d) k1
log 2 Vi > V0
period: π5 minutes, t = π5
SA C

V0
16(a) centre: x = 7. Since the amplitude is 7, the
Vi < V0
extremes of motion are x = 0 and x = 14, and the
particle isstationary there. t

N

2 2 At x = 1 the acceleration is positive.

(b) v = 9 49 − (x − 7) , 21 cm/s 10(a)
(c) Although the particle is stationary for an in- (c) The velocity approaches 1 from above.
√ √
2 V 2 V0
stant, its acceleration at that time is positive (it 11(a)(ii) 0 ≤ x ≤ k 0 , and v = 0 when x = k .
U

√  
is actually 63 m/s2 ), and so the velocity immedi- (b)(i)
2 V0
x= k 1 − 2+kt2√V
0
√
ately changes and the particle moves away. 2 V
(ii) lim x = k 0 , and lim v = 0.
√
17(a) ẍ = −9x (b) period: 2π , amplitude: 2 13, t→∞ t→∞
√ 3 √
maximum speed 6 13, |ẍ| = 9 13
π π
18(a) x = 3, 2 (b) x = 3 + 2 sin(4t + 3 )
π 5π 2π
(c) t = 6 , 12 , 3 , |v| = 8
19(a) ẍ = −4(x − 10), centre: x = 10, period: π,
amplitude: 10
.
(b) 3π 1 −1 3 −1
4 − 2 tan 4 ( = π − tan 2= . 2·034)

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400
 Answers to Chapter Six 299

Exercise 6E (Page 254) 4(a) 101 m/s

√
(b)x = 101t, y = −5t2 (d) 149 m/s,
.
1(b) 1·9 seconds (c) 25 metres tan−1 2010130 =
. 47◦ 190 below the horizontal
dv 400 − v2 √
4(b)(i) v = (ii) 10 2 m/s (e) 1·106 km
dy 40 6(c) V = 36, θ =
. ◦
. 41 49
0
(d) 129 metres
5(d) 40 metres ◦ ◦
0 7(c)(i) α = 15 or 75
9(a)(i) 0 (iii) f (x) > 0 for x > g. That is, f is
  ◦
(ii) It will if α = 75 , but not if α = 15 .
◦
g + kV0
increasing for x > g. (b)(ii) T = k1 ln 8(b) range: 38·4 metres, height: 12·8 metres
g
1 2 . (c)(ii) 33·3 metres
10(b)(i) ẍ = 10 − 10 v (ii) 10 m/s (iv) t = . 1·446
√

G D
. ◦ 0 ◦ 0
11(b) y = 45(2 + 2)(1 − e
−t/3
) − 30t (d) R = . 44 9(d) 60 15 or 72 54
◦
y 10(b) 0·36 s (c) 12 (d) No, it lands 4·72 metres
x = 45Ö2
no resistance in front of him.
22×5

E
◦
11(b)(ii) 16 metres (iii) 112
15×5
12(d) 27 m

ES
◦ 0
13(d) 15 metres (e) 10 m/s, 63 26

PA T
◦
14(c) T = 4, θ = 30
20 40 60 80 x
15(b)(ii) Yes. The vertical components of their ini-

E EC
Here is the trajectory for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4. The dotted
line is the trajectory for no air resistance.

.
.
13(a)(ii) x(t + δt) =
. x(t) + δt u(t)
tial velocities are equal, and they are both subject
to the same force (gravity) acting in the vertical
direction.
◦ ◦
18(c) For 0 < α < 45 , 0 < tan α < 1. Hence if
y(t + δt) = . y(t) + δt v(t) α1 and α2 are both less than 45◦ , then the two

1 
v(t + δt) = . 2
. v(t) 1 − k δt u(t) + v(t)
2 2
− gδt roots of the quadratic both lie between 0 and 1.
PL R
(b)(i) u(0·1) =
. But the product of these roots is greater than 1,
. 20·51
(ii) v(0·1) =
. . . so α1 and α2 cannot both be less than 45◦ .
. 19·51, x(0·1) = . 2·12, y(0·1) =. 2·12
. . . 19(a) (d cos β, d sin β)
M R

(c) u(0·2) = . 19·86, v(0·2) = . 17·89, x(0·2) =. 4·17,

◦
. . 20(b)(iv) 52
y(0·2) = . 4·07 (d) R =
. 54
y
Exercise 6G (Page 269)
O

22×5 no resistance
1(b) 6·05 m
17×2
2(a) 1 53 s, 12 54 m (c) 24 31 m/s
3(a) B − M g = −M d, B − (M − m)g = (M − m)a
SA C

2 2 2gR2
4(a) v = V0 + − 2gR
20 40 60 80 x r
p .
(b) V0 = gR = . 1680 m/s
N

d2 θ g sin θ
5(a) T = mg cos θ, =−
Exercise 6F (Page 259) √ dt2 L
√ 6 5:09 am to 9:36 am
1(a)
2
x = 20t, y = −5t + 20 3t (b) 4 3 seconds,  
√ √ gx2 2 gx2
U

80 3 metres (c) 2 3 seconds, 60 metres 7(b) tan β − x tan β + y + =0

2V 2 2V 2
(d) It is false. The horizontal range would not have V2
(c)(iii) tan β =
changed, although the flight time would have been gh cot α
2 2 2
2
4 seconds and the maximum height would have 8(c) x = − 2Vg (y − V2g ) with focal length V2g and
been 20 metres. 2
vertex (0, V2g )
2
2(a) ẋ = 15, ẏ = −10t+36, x = 15t, y = −5t +36t 1 2
9 centre = (0, − 2 gt ), radius = V t
(b) 52 m (c) 21.9 m/s (d) after 10(b)(iii) 2`
√ 2
3(a) x = 10 3t, y = −5t + 10t 11(a) The acceleration is downwards.
√
(b) 5 s, 50 3 metres (c) 80 metres (b) h = 20R−V
RV0 2
(c) 12 524 m
2
0
1 2
(d) 44 m/s, 67
◦
(e) y = − 60 x + √13 x 12(b) C = 112 (c) B = 4(16 + 14e
−7kt/4
)

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400
 300 Answers to Exercises

√ √
(d) 78◦ C (e) 64◦C 24(a) Initially, ẋ = 5 and ẏ = 2 5 . (b) ẋ =
√ √ √ 2
√
13(b) 2100 2 (c) 30002 (d) 10%
 5 , x = t 5 , ẏ = −10t + 2 5 , y = −5t + 2t 5
V sin 2α V sin2 α 2 2 √ √
14(b)(i) 2g , 2g (ii) V cos
2g
α
(c) 1 metre (d) 2 metres (e) ẋ = 5 , ẏ = −2 5 ,
 
2 2 2 v = 5 m/s, θ = − tan−1 2 (f) y = 2x − x2
(iii) y = V2g , S = V sin2g
2α
, − V cos2g
2α
25(a) ẋ = 200, ẏ = 0 (b) ẋ = 200, x = 200t,
Notice that the directrix is independent of α. 2
ẏ = −10t, y = −5t , y = − 8000 1
x2 (c) 600 metres
√
15(b) 15(2 + 2 ) s, which is about 51·2s. ◦ 0
(d) 8 32
2
16(a) 23 mg (c) ẏ = 3g, and since y is decreasing 1 2
p 26(b) y = x − 90 x

G D
to that point on the curve, ẏ = − 3g . ẋ = 0. ◦ 0
27(b) 62 22 or 37 5
◦ 0
√ √
3
(d) 2√g sin−1 14 + 1 − 415 28(c) 7·5 m  (d) 0·8 ≤ m  ≤ 1·2 or 2·8 ≤ m ≤ 3·2
(e) The integral is improper. 1 ku
29(c) k ln 1 + g sin α (d) u
k cos α

E
Review Exercise 6H (Page 274)

ES
1(a) t = 12 ln |2x − 1|, x = 21 (e2t + 1)

PA T
(b) t = 61 (x
−1
− 1), x = (1 + 6t)−1
3
2(a) ẍ = 2(2x − 1) (b) ẍ = 72x
2
3(a) v = 12x

E EC
2
(b) v = 31 (1 − cos 6x)
1
4 t = 4 ln 2
5 x = v −1
3
v

√
6(a) 8 (b) 2 5 (c) 12 (d) ln 3
2 ◦
7 41·8 m/s , 035·3 T
PL R
2
8(a) ẍ = − 25 m/s, v = 10 000 − 5x
√
(b)(i) v = 50 2 m/s (ii) x = 1500 metres
(c) The plane is still moving forwards while it is
M R

braking. (d) x = 100t − 45 t2 , 40 seconds

−5t


9(a) v = 500 − 5x, x = 100 1 − e
(b) The torpedo moves to a limiting position of
O

x = 100 as the velocity decreases to zero.

2 −x
10(a) v = e (b) v is initially positive, and is
never zero. x = 2 ln 21 (t + 2) (c) As t → ∞,
SA C

x → ∞ (slowly) and v → 0.
√ √

12(b) 2 (c) x = 2 cos 4t + π4


13(b) 2 sin 3t − π 6
(c) the amplitude is 2, the
N

π
centre is x = 5 (d) t = 18
2 2π
14 3 m, 3 s
15(a) 18·8 m/s (b) 3553 N
U

16(c) 0·34 s
18(b) 12 ·1 m/s
19(a) ẍ = 10 − 20v (d) 0·035 s
20(b) Vg ln 2
2
22(a) ẋ = 48, ẏ = −10t + 36, x = 48t, y = −5t +
36t (b) 64·8 m (c) 345·6 m (d) 48i + 20j
e
23(b) R = 21·6 metres, H = 4·05 metres e
−1 3
(c) tan 4 (d) 15 m/s
(e) t = 0·8, when x = 9·6, and t = 1, when x = 12

Uncorrected sample pages • Cambridge University Press © Sadler & Ward, 2019 • 978-1-108-77105-4 • Ph 03 8671 1400