Chapter 15 – Complex numbers

Solutions to Exercise 15A

1 a Re (z) = a = 2 a2 − 5a + 6 = 0
Im (z) = b = 3 (a − 2)(a − 3) = 0
When a = 2
b Re (z) = a = 4
b=5−2=3
Im (z) = b = 5
When a = 3
1
c Re (z) = a = b=5−3=2
2
3
Im (z) = b = − c 2a + bi = 10
2
= 10 + 0i
d Re (z) = a = −4
2a = 10
Im (z) = b = 0
a=5
e Re (z) = a = 0 b=0
Im (z) = b = 3
d 3a = 2
√
f Re (z) = a = 2 2
a=
√ 3
Im (z) = b = −2 2
a−b=1
2
2 a 2a − 3bi = 4 + 6i −b=1
3
2a = 4 2 1
b= −1=−
3 3
a=2
−3bi = 6i
3 a (2 − 3i) + (4 − 5i) = 2 + 4 − 3i − 5i
b = −2
= 6 − 8i
b a+b=5
b (4 + i) + (2 − 2i) = 4 + 2 + i − 2i
b=5−a
=6−i
−2ab = −12
c (−3 − i) − (3 + i) = −3 − 3 − i − i
ab = 6
= −6 − 2i
a(5 − a) = 6
5a − a2 = 6

456
 √ √ √ √
d (2 − 2i) + (5 − 8i) c −2 = 2 × −1
√ √ √
= 2 + 5 − 2i − 8i = 2i
√ √
= 7 − 2i − 2 2i
d i3 = i2 × i
√
= 7 − 3 2i = −i

e (1 − i) − (2i + 3) = 1 − 3 − i − 2i e i14 = i4×3+2

= −2 − 3i = −1

f (2 + i) − (−2 − i) = 2 + 2 + i + i f i20 = i4×5

= 4 + 2i =1

g 4(2 − 3i) − (2 − 8i) g −2i × i3 = −2i4

= 8 − 2 − 12i + 8i = −2
= 6 − 4i
h 4i4 × 3i2 = 4 × 3 × i4 × i2
h − (5 − 4i) + (1 + 2i) = 12i6
= −5 + 1 + 4i + 2i = −12
= −4 + 6i √ √ √ √
i 8i5 × −2 = 8i4 × i × 2i
i 5(i + 4) + 3(2i − 7) √
= 16 × 1 × −1
= 20 − 21 + 5i + 6i
= −4
= −1 + 11i

1 3 5 a i(2 − i) = 2i − i2
j (4 − 3i) − (2 − i)
2 2 = 2i − (−1)
3 3
=2−3− i+ i = 1 + 2i
2 2
= −1
b i2 (3 − 4i) = −1(3 − 4i)
√ √ = −3 + 4i
4 a −16 = 16 × −1
√ √ √
= 4i c 2i(i − 2) = 2i2 − 2i
√
√ √ = − 2 − 2i
b 2 −9 = 2 9 × −1
√ √ √ √ √ √
= 6i d − 3( −3 + 2) = − 3( 3i + 2)
√
= −3i − 6
√
= − 6 − 3i

457
Solutions to Exercise 15B
1 a (4 + i)2 = 16 + 8i + i2 3 a z1 = 2 + i
= 15 + 8i
b z2 = −3 − 2i
b (2 − 2i)2 = 4 − 8i + 4i2 c z1 z2 = (2 − i)(−3 + 2i)
= −8i = −6 + 4i + 3i − 2i2
c (3 + 2i)(2 + 4i) = 6 + 12i + 4i + 8i2 = −4 + 7i
= −2 + 16i d z1 z2 = −4 − 7i

d (−1 − i)2 = 1 + 2i + i2 e z1 z2 = (2 + i)(−3 − 2i)

= 2i = −6 − 4i − 3i − 2i2
√ √ √ √ = −4 − 7i
e ( 2 − 3i)( 2 + 3i) = 2 − 3i2
=2+3 f z1 + z2 = (2 − i) + (−3 + 2i)
=5 = −1 + i

f (5 − 2i)(−2 + 3i) g z1 + z2 = −1 − i
= −10 + 15i + 4i − 6i2
h z1 + z2 = (2 + i) + (−3 − 2i)
= −4 + 19i
= −1 − i

2 a z = 2 − 5i 4 z = 2 − 4i
z = 2 + 5i
a z = 2 + 4i
b z = −1 + 3i
b zz = (2 − 4i)(2 + 4i)
z = −1 − 3i
= 4 − 16i2
√
c z= 5 − 2i = 20
√
z = 5 + 2i
c z + z = (2 − 4i) + (2 + 4i)
d z = 0 − 5i =4
z = 0 + 5i = 5i
d z(z + z) = 4z
= 8 − 16i

e z − z = (2 − 4i) − (2 + 4i)
= −8i

458
 f i(z − z) = i × −8i 1 + :
2

= −8i2 = 8 29a = 1
1
1 a=
g z −1
= 29
2 − 4i
2
1 2 + 4i − 5b = 3
= × 29
2 − 4i 2 + 4i
2
2 + 4i 5b = −3
= 29
4 − 16i2
85
2 + 4i =−
= 29
20
17
1 b=−
= (1 + 2i) 29
10
z z i
h = × 2−i 2−i 4−i
i i i 6 a = ×
4+1 4+1 4−i
i(2 − 4i)
= 8 − 2i − 4i + i2
−1 =
16 − i2
= −1 × (2i − 4i2 ) 7 − 6i
=
= −4 − 2i 17
7 6
= − i
17 17
5 (a + bi)(2 + 5i) = 2a + 5ai + 2bi − 5b
3 + 2i 3 + 2i 2 + 3i
=3−i b = ×
2 − 3i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i
2a − 5b = 3 6 + 9i + 4i + 6i2
=
5a + 2b = −1 4 − 9i2
Multiply the first equation by 2 and the 13i
= =i
second equation by 5. 13
4a − 10b = 6
1 4 + 3i 4 + 3i 1 − i
c = ×
25a + 10b = −5
2
1+i 1+i 1−i
4 − 4i + 3i − 3i2
=
1 − i2
7−i
=
2
7 1
= − i
2 2

459
 2 − 2i 2 − 2i i 1 + :

d = × 2
4i 4i i
2 10b = −15
2i − 2i
= 3
−4 b=−
2 + 2i 2
= 3
−4 3a − =6
−1 − i 2
= 3 15
2 3a = 6 + =
1 1 2 2
=− − i 5
2 2 a=
2
1 1 2 + 3i
e = ×
2 − 3i 2 − 3i 2 + 3i
42i
2 + 3i 8 a z=
= 2−i
4 − 9i2
42i 2+i
2 + 3i = ×
= 2+i 2+i
13
84i + 42i2
=
2
+ i
3 =
13 13 4 − i2
−42 + 84i
i i 2 − 6i =
f = × 5
2 + 6i 2 + 6i 2 − 6i 42 84i
2i + 6 =− +
= 5 5
4 − 36i2
2i + 6 −2 − i
= b z=
40 1 + 3i
−2 − i 1 − 3i
=
3 1
+ i = ×
20 20 1 + 3i 1 − 3i
−2 + 6i − i + 3i2
=
1 − 9i2
7 (3 − i)(a + bi) = 3a + 3bi − ai + b −5 + 5i
=
= 6 − 7i 10
1
3a + b = 6
1 = − (1 − i)
2
−a + 3b = −7
−3a + 9b = −21
2

460
 1+i 5 + 2i
c z= d z=
5 + 3i 2(4 − 7i)
1+i 5 − 3i 5 + 2i 4 + 7i
= × = ×
5 + 3i 5 − 3i 2(4 − 7i) 4 + 7i
5 − 3i + 5i − 3i2 20 + 35i + 8i + 14i2
= =
25 − 9i2 2(16 − 49i2 )
8 + 2i
= 6 + 43i
34 =
130
1
= (4 + i) 1
17 = (6 + 43i)
130
4
e z=
1+i
4 1−i
= ×
1+i 1−i
4 − 4i
=
1 − i2
4 − 4i
=
2
= 2 − 2i

461
Solutions to Exercise 15C
1 A=3+i z2 Im(z)
4
B = 2i
C = −3 − 4i
D = 2 − 2i
0
E = −3 −3 6 9 Re(z)

F = −1 − i

−5 z1

2 A = 3 − 4i
B = −4 + i
−9 z1 − z2
C =4+i
D = −3
E = −2i 4 a A : z = 1 + 3i
F = −5 − 2i
b B : z = 1 − 3i
b Im(z)
1 c
d c C : z2 = 1 + 6i + 9i2
−5 −4 −3 −2 −1 0 1 2 3 4 Re(z) = −8 + 6i
−1
f −2 e
d D : −z = −(1 + 3i)
−3
= −1 − 3i
−4 a
1 1
e E: =
z 1 + 3i
3 a z1 + z2 = (6 − 5i) + (−3 + 4i) 1 1 − 3i
= ×
=3−i 1 + 3i 1 − 3i
z2 Im(z) 1 − 3i
=
4 1 + 9i2
1 3
= − i
10 10
c (−8 + 6i) Im(z)
6
−3 −2 −1 0 3 6 Re(z)
−1
z1 + z2 a (1 + 3i)
3
1 3
e − i
10 10

−5 −8 0 1 Re(z)
z1
d (−1 − 3i)
−3 b (1 − 3i)
b z1 − z2 = (6 − 5i) − (−3 + 4i)
= 9 − 9i
5 a A : z = 2 − 5i

462
b B : zi = i(2 − 5i) e E : zi4 = z = 2 − 5i
Im(z)
= 2i − 5i2
c (−2 + 5i) 5
= 5 + 2i
2 b (5 + 2i)
c C : zi2 = −z = −2 + 5i
−2

d D : zi = −iz
3 −5 0 2 5 Re(z)
−2
= −i(2 − 5i) d (−5 − 2i)

= −5 − 2i
−5 a, e (2 − 5i)

463
Solutions to Exercise 15D
1 a z2 + 4 = 0 g Use the quadratic
√ formula.
−3 ± 9 − 12
z2 − 4i2 = 0 z=
2
(z − 2i)(z + 2i) = 0 √
−3 ± −3
=
z = ±2i 2
1 √
b 2x2 + 18 = 0 = (−3 ± 3i)
2
z2 + 9 = 0 h Use the quadratic formula.
√
z2 − 9i2 = 0 z=
−5 ± 25 − 32
4
(z − 3i)(z + 3i) = 0 √
−5 ± −7
z = ±3i =
4
1 √
c 3z2 + 15 = 0 = (−5 ± 7i)
4
z2 + 5 = 0
i Use the quadratic formula.
z2 − 5i2 = 0 3z2 − z + 2 = 0
√ √ √
(z − 5i)(z + 5i) = 0 1 ± 1 − 24
√ z=
z = ± 5i 6
√
1 ± −23
=
d (z − 2)2 = −16 6
1 √
z − 2 = ±4i = (1 ± 23i)
6
z = 2 ± 4i
j Complete the square.
e (z + 1)2 = −49 z2 − 2z + 5 = 0

z + 1 = ±7i z2 − 2z + 1 + 4 = 0

z = −1 ± 7i (z − 1)2 − 4i2 = 0
(z − 1 − 2i)(z − 1 + 2i) = 0
f Complete the square.
z2 − 2z + 1 + 2 = 0 z = 1 ± 2i

(z − 1)2 − 2i2 = 0
√ √
(z − 1 − 2i)(z − 1 + 2i) = 0
√
z = 1 ± 2i

464
k Use the quadratic formula. 2 a (z + 3i)(z − 3i)
2z2 − 6z + 10 = 0 √ √
b (z + 3i)(z − 3i)
z2 − 3z + 5 = 0
√
3± 9 − 20 c 3(z + 2i)(z − 2i)
z=
2
√ d (z + 1 + 2i)(z + 1 − 2i)
3 ± −11
= √  √ 
2  3 15 3 15
1 √ e z− + i z− − i
= (3 ± 11i) 2 2 2 2
2  1 1  1 1
l Complete the square. f 2 z+ + i z+ − i
2 2 2 2
z2 − 6z + 14 = 0
z2 − 6z + 9 + 5 = 0
(z − 3)2 − 5i2 = 0
√ √
(z − 3 − 5i)(z − 3 + 5i) = 0
√
z=3± 5i

465
Solutions to Exercise 15E
1 a The point isqin the first quadrant. π 3π
θ = −π + =−
√ 4 4
r = 12 + ( 3)2 √
!
√ 3π
∴ − 4 − 4i = 4 2 cis −
= 1+3=2 4
1
cos θ = e The point is in the
√ fourth quadrant.
2
π r = 122 + 122 × 3
θ= √
3
π = 4 × 144 = 24
√
∴ 1+ 3i = 2 cis 12
3 cos θ = −
24
b The point
√ is in the fourth quadrant. 1
=−
r = 12 + 12 2
√ π
= 2 θ=−
3
1 √ π
!
cos θ = √ ∴ 12 − 12 3 i = 24 cis −
2 3
π
θ=− f The point is insthe second quadrant.
4
!2 !2
√ π
!
1 1
∴ 1 − i = 2 cis − r= +
4 2 2
r
c The point is in the 1 1
r second quadrant. = = √
 √ 2 2 2
r= 2 3 + 22
1 1
√ cos θ = − ÷ √
= 16 = 4 2 2
√ √ 1 √ 1
−2 3 3 =− × 2=−√
cos θ = =− 2 2
4 2
π 5π π 3π
θ =π− = θ =π− =
6 6 4 4
!
√ 5π
! 1 1 1 3π
∴ − 2 3 + 2i = 4 cis ∴ − + i = √ cis
6 2 2 2 4

d The point
√ is in the third quadrant. π π π
r = 42 + 42 2 a 3 cis = 3 cos + 3i sin
2 2 2
√ √
= 32 = 4 2 = 3i
4 1
cos θ = − √ = −
4 2 2

466
 √ π √ π √ π ! !
b 2 cis = 2 cos + 2i sin h 5 cis −
2π
= 5 cos −
2π
3 3 3 3 3
√ √
2 6
= +
!
i 2π
2 2 + 5i sin −
√ 3
2 √ √
= (1 + 3 i) 5 5 3
2 =− − i
2 2
π π π √
c 2 cis = 2 cos + 2i sin 5
6 6 6 = − (1 + 3i)
√ 2
= 3+i

3π 3π 3π 3 z1 z2 = r1 r2 cis (θ1 + θ2 )
d 5 cis = 5 cos + 5i sin
4 4 4 π
!
π
!
5 5 a 2 cis · 3 cis
=−√ + √ i 6 12
2 2
π π
!
√
5 2 = 6 cis +
=− (1 − i) 6 12
2 π
= 6 cis
5π 5π 5π 4
e 12 cis = 12 cos + 12i sin π π
6 6 6 = 6 cos + 6i sin
√ 4 4
= −6 3 + 6i
√ 6 6
= √ + √ i
= −6( 3 − i) 2 2
√
√ π
!
√ π
! = 3 2(1 + i)
f 3 2 cis − = 3 2 cos −
4 4
π π
! !
√ π
! b 4 cis · 3 cis
+ 3 2i sin − 12 4
4
π π
!
= 12 cis +
= 3 − 3i 12 4
= 3(1 − i) π
= 12 cis
3
4π 4π 4π π π
g 5 cis = 5 cos + 5i sin = 12 cos + 12i sin
3 3 3 3 3
√ √
5 5 3 = 6 + 6 3i
=− − i √
2 2 = 6(1 + 3i)
5 √
= − (1 + 3i)
2

467
 π √ √
! ! ! !!
5π 3π
c cis · 5 cis f 2 cis π · 3 cis −
4 12 4
π 5π √
! !
3π
= 5 cis + = 6 cis π −
4 12 4
2π √ π
= 5 cis = 6 cis
3 4
√ π √ π
= 5 cos
2π
+ 5i sin
2π = 6 cos + 6i sin
3 3 4 4
√ √ √
5 5 3 = 3 + 3i
=− + i √
2 2 = 3(1 + i)
5 √
= − (1 − 3i) π
2 10 cis π π
!
4 10
π
!!
2π
! g π = 5 cis 4 − 12
d 12 cis − · 3 cis 5 cis
3 3 12
π
π 2π
! = 2 cis
= 36 cis − + 6
3 3 π π
= 2 cos + 2i sin
π 6 6
= 36 cis √
3 = 3+i
π π
= 36 cos + 36i sin
3 3 π
!
√ 12 cis −
= 18 + 18 3i π 2π
!
3 12
√ h = cis − −
= 18(1 + 3i) 2π 3 3 3
3 cis
3
π = 4 cis (−π)
! !
5π
e 12 cis · 3 cis
6 2 = 4 cos (−π) + 4i sin(−π)
5π π
!
= 36 cis + = −4 + 0 = −4
6 2
4π √ 3π √
= 36 cis 12 8 cis
4 12 8 3π π
!
π = √ cis 4 − 12
3 i √
4π 4π 3 2 cis 3 2
= 36 cos + 36i sin 12
3 3
√ 2π
= −18 − 18 3i = 8 cis
3
√
= −18(1 + 3i) = 8 cos
2π
+ 8i sin
2π
3 3
√
= −4 + 4 3i
√
= −4(1 − 3i)

468
 π
!
20 cis −
6
j
5π
8 cis
6
π 5π
!
20
= cis − −
8 6 6
5
= cis (−π)
2
5 5
= cos(−π) + i sin (−π)
2 2
5
=− +0
2
5
=−
2

469
Solutions to Exercise 15F
√ π √
1 a 1+i= 2 cis ∴ (1 + 3i)6 = 64 cis 2π
4
π = 64 cis 0 = 64
∴ (1 + i)2 = 2 cis = 2i
2 √ π
f 1 + 3i = 2 cis
√ π √ 3
b 1 + i = 2 cis ∴ (1 + 3i)9 = 29 cis 3π
4
√ 3π
∴ (1 + i) = 2 2 cis
3
= −2 + 2i = 29 cis π = −29 = −512
4
√ π
√ π g 1 + 3i = 2 cis
c 1 + i = 2 cis √ 12 3 12
4 ∴ (1 + 3i) = 2 cis 4π
∴ (1 + i)4 = 4 cis π = −4
= 212| cis 0=2 =4096
12

√ π
d 1 + i = 2 cis
4  5π 2  10π 
√

5π 3 a 2 cis = 4 cis
∴ (1 + i) = 4 2 cis
5
6 6
√  3π  4  π
= 4 2 cis − = −4 − 4i = 4 cis −
4 3
√
√ π = 2 − 2 3i
e 1 + i = 2 cis
4
∴ (1 + i)8 = 16 cis 0 = 16   2π 3
b 3 cis = 27 cis 2π
3
√ π = 27 cis 0
2 a 1+ 3i = 2 cis
3
√ 2 2π √ = 27
∴ (1 + 3i) = 4 cis = −2 + 2 3i
3   2π 4  −8π 
√ π c 3 cis − = 81 cis
b 1 + 3i = 2 cis 3 3
√ 3  2π 
∴ (1 + 3i)3 = 8 cis π = −8 = 81 cis −
3
√ π √
c 1 + 3i = 2 cis 81
3 = − (1 + 3i)
√ 4 4π 2
∴ (1 + 3i) = 16 cis
3   3π 4  
 2π  √ d 2 cis − = 16 cis − 3π
= 16 cis − = −8 − 8 3i 4
3
= 16 cis π
√ π
d 1 + 3i = 2 cis
3 = −16
√ 5 5pi
∴ (1 + 3i) = 32 cis
 π 3
√
= 32 cis − = 16 − 16 3i
3
√ π
e 1 + 3i = 2 cis
3

470
 !!4 !!−5
√ π
!
5π 7π 1
4 a 2cis × 2cis d cis
6 8 2 2
! ! !
5π 7π 5π
= 2cis × 4cis = 32cis − + 2π
6 2 2
π
! !
5π 7π
= 8cis + = 32cis −
6 2 2
π π
! ! !!
13π
= 8cis − 4π = 32 cos − + i sin −
3 2 2
π = −32i
!
= 8cis
3
!!3
π
!
3π
1 e 2cis × 3cis
b !!3 2 2
3 5π !!3
cis 3π π
2 8 = 6cis +
!!−3 2 6
3 5π !!3
= cis 5π
2 8 = 6cis − 2π
! 3
8 15π
= cis − + 2π π
!!3
27 8 = 6cis −
3
π
!
8
= cis = 216cis(−π)
27 8
!!8 !!6 = 216cis(π)
π √ π
c cis × 3cis = 216(cos(π) + i sin(π))
6 4
! ! = −216
4π 3π
= cis × 27cis
3 2 !!−6 !!2
1 π π
4π 3π
! f cis × 4cis
= 27cis + 2 8 3
3 2 ! !
6π 2π
17π
! = 64cis − × 16cis
= 27cis − 2π 8 3
6 !
2π 3π
5π
! = 1024cis −
= 27cis 3 4
6
π
!
= 1024cis −
12

471
 √ π
!!3 !
2π ∴ 3 − i = 2cis −
6cis 6
5
g
π
!!−5 !
1 π and i = cis
cis 2
2 4
√ 7π π
!
2π
!!3
1 π
!!5 ∴ i( 3 − i) = 2 cis − +
7 7
= 6cis × cis − 6 2
5 2 4 !
4π
6π
!
1 5π
! = 128cis −
= 216cis × cis − 6
5 32 4 !
2π
27 6π 5π
! = 128cis −
= cis − 3
4 5 4
√ √ √
π d (−3 + i 3)−3 = ( 3(− 3 + i))−3
!
27
= cis −
4 20 √
!
5π −3
= (2 3cis )
6
√ √ √
5 a |1 + i 3|√= 1 + 3 = 2
!
3 5π
= cis −
3 1 72 2
sin θ = , cos θ = √
2√ 2
π π
!
3
∴ Arg (1 + i 3) = θ = = cis −
3! 72 2
√ 6 6π √
∴ (1 + i 3) = 2 cis6
3
3 =− i
72
= 64cis(2π) (add II to argument in part c)
= 64cis0 = 64 √ π
!
e 1 + i 3 = 2cis
√ 3
b |1 − i| = 2
π
!
1 1
sin θ = − √ , cos θ = √ i = cis
2 2 2
π (see part a and b)
∴ Arg (1 − i) = θ = − √ 3
4 (1 + i 3) 8cis(π)
√ −5 ∴ =
!
5π
(1 − i) = ( 2) cis
−5 5 √ π
!
∴ − 2π i(1 − i) 5π
4 ( 2)5 cis − +
√ ! 4 2
2 3π
= √ 5π π
!
cis −
8 4 = 2cis π + −
4 2
√ √ √
c | 3 − i| = 3 + 1 = √
!
2 7π
= 2cis − 2π
1 3 4
sin θ = − , cos θ =
√ 2 2
π √ π
!
∴ Arg ( 3 − i) = θ = − = 2cis −
6 4

472
 √ π
! !!
2π 1
f −1 + i 3 = 2cis ∴ (−1 + i) cis5
3 2 4
√ 4 √
! !
8π 1 15π 3π
∴ (−1 + i 3) =16cis − 2π = 4 2 × cis +
3 8 4 4
! √ !
2π 2 9π
= 16cis = cis − 4π
3 2 2
√ √
! √
3π π
!
− 2 − i 2 = 2cis − 2
4 = cis
2 2
√ √ 3
! √
9π 2
∴ (− 2 − i 2) = 8cis − + 2π = i
4 2
π
!
= 8cis − √ π
!
4 h 1 − i 3 = 2cis −
3
√ √ π
! !!3
3 − 3i = 2 3cis − 2π
3 cis !
√ 4 √ √ 3 5 1 6π 2π
(−1 + i 3) (− 2 − i 2) ∴ √ = cis +
∴ √ (1 − i 3)2 4 5 3
3 − 3i !
1 28π
2π π = cis − 2π
!
128cis − 4 15
3 4
=
!
1 2π
√ π = cis −
!
2 3cis − 4 15
3
√ √ π
!
2π π π
!
64 3 i 1 − i = 2cis −
= cis − + 4
3 3 4 3
√ π 2π
! !
√ 2π
∴ (1 − i)cis = 2cis − +
!
64 3 3π
= cis 3 4 3
3 4
√
!
5π
= 2cis
√
!
3π 12
g −1 + i = 2cis !!7
4 2π
∴ (1 − i)cis
3
√ 7
!
35π
= ( 2) cis
12
√
!
35π
= 8 2cis − 2π
12
√
!
11π
= 8 2cis
12

473
Solutions to technology-free questions
1 a 2z1 + 3z2 = 2m + 2ni + 3p + 3qi f
= (2m + 3p) + (2n + 3q)i (z1 + z2 )(z1 − z2 )
=z21 − z22
b z2 = p − qi
=m2 + 2mni + n2 i2 − (p2 + 2pqi + q2 i2 )
c z1 z2 = (m + ni)(p − qi) =m2 + 2mni − n2 − (p2 + 2pqi − q2 )
= mp + npi − mqi − nqi2 =(m2 − n2 − p2 + q2 ) + (2mn − 2pq)i
= (mp + nq) + (np − mq)i
1 1
g =
z1 m + ni z1 m + ni
d =
z2 p + qi 1 m − ni
= ×
m + ni p − qi m + ni m − ni
= × m − ni
p + qi p − qi = 2
mp + npi − mqi − nqi2 m + n2
=
p2 + q2 z2 p + qi
h =
(mp + nq) + (np − mq)i z1 m + ni
=
p2 + q2 p + qi m − ni
= ×
m + ni m − ni
e z1 + z1 = (m + ni) + (m − ni) mp + nq + (mq − np)i
=
= 2m m2 + n2
3z1 3(m + ni)
i =
z2 p + qi
3(m + ni) p − qi
= ×
p + qi p − qi
3(mp + npi − mqi − nqi2 )
=
p2 + q2
3[(mp + nq) + (np − mq)i]
=
p2 + q2

√
2 a A:z=1− 3i
√
b B : z2 = (1 − 3i)2
√
= 1 − 2 3i + 3i2
√
= −2 − 2 3i

474
 √
c C : z3 = z2 × z r= 1+3
√ √
= (−2 − 2 3i)(1 − 3i) =2
√ √ 1
= −2 + 2 3i − 2 3i + 6i2 cos θ =
2
= −8 π
θ=−
3
1 1
= √ π
!
d D: √
z 1 − 3i ∴ 1− 3i = 2 cis −
√ 3
1 1+ 3i
= √ × √ c The point is√in the first quadrant.
1− 3i 1+ 3i
√ r = 12 + 1
1 + 3i √
= = 13
4
√ √
e E : z = 1 + 3i 1 3
tan θ = √ × √
2 3 3
1 1 √
f F: = √ 3
z 1 + 3i =
√ 6
1 1 − 3i √ !
= √ × √ √ √ 3
1 + 3i 1 − 3i ∴ 2 3 + i = 13 cis tan−1
√ 6
1 − 3i
= d The point is in the
4 √ first quadrant.
Note: use existing diagram from r = 18 + 18
answers √
= 36 = 6
√
3 2 1
3 a The point cos θ = = √
√ is in the first quadrant. 6 2
r = 12 + 12 π
√ θ=
= 2 4
√ √ π
1 ∴ 3 2 + 3 2i = 6 cis
cos θ = √ 4
2
π e The point is in the third
√ quadrant.
θ=
4 r = 18 + 18
√ π √
∴ 1 + i = 2 cis = 36 = 6
4 √
3 2 1
b The point is in the fourth quadrant. cos θ = − =−√
6 2
π 3π
θ = −π + = −
4 4
√ √
!
3π
∴ − 3 2 − 3 2i = 6 cis −
4

475
 !
f The point √
is in the fourth quadrant. 3π
d x = −3 cos −
r = 3+1 4
√
=2 =
3 2
√ 2
3
cos θ =
!
3π
2 y = −3 sin −
π 4
θ=− √
6 3 2
√  π =
∴ 3 − i = 2 cis − 2
6 √ √
3 2 3 2
∴ z= + i
π 2 2
4 a x = −2 cos 5π
!
3 e x = 3 cos −
= −1 6
√
π 3 3
y = −2 sin =−
3 2
√ 5π
!
=− 3 y = 3 sin −
√ 6
∴ z = −1 − 3i 3
π =−
2
b x = 3 cos √
4 3 3 3
√ ∴ z=− − i
3 2 2 2
=
2 √  π
π f x = 2 cos −
y = 3 sin 4
4 =1
√
3 2 √  π
= y = 2 sin −
2 4
√ √
3 2 3 2 = −1
∴ z= + i
2 2
! ∴ z=1−i
3π
c x = 3 cos
4
√ 5 Im(z)

=−
3 2 z2 = cis ( )
2p
3
2
!
3π
y = 3 sin
4 Re(z)
√ 0
3 2
=
2
√ √
∴ z=−
3 2 3 2
+ i
1
( ) p
z = z = cis – 3
2 2

476
 !  2π 3π 
2π
a z2 = cis a wz = cis +
3 3 4
 17π 
 π = cis
b z = cis − 12
3  7π 
 π = cis −
1 12
c = cis −
z 3  2π 3π 
w
! b = cis −
2π z 3 4
d cis  π
3 = cis −
12
z  3π 2π 
6 Im(z)
c = cis −
w 4 3
( )
iz = cis
3p
4
π
= cis
12
Re(z)
0 w3  3π 
d = cis 2π −
z 4
 3π 
1
( ) p
z = z = iz = cis – 4 = cis −
4
w2  4π 9π 
!
3π
a iz = cis e = cis −
4 z3 3 4
 11π 
 π = cis −
b z = cis − 12
4
 4π 9π 
1  π f w z = cis
2 3
+
c = cis − 3 4
z 4  5π 
 π = cis −
12
d −iz = cis −
4
√ π
8 3 + i = 2 cis
 2π   3π  6
7 Let w = cis and z = cis √ 7π
3 4 ( 3 + i) = 128 cis
7
 5π  6
= 128 cis −
√ 6
= −64( 3 + i)

477
Solutions to multiple-choice questions
1 1 z2 + 6z + 10 = z2 + 6z + 9 + 1
1 C =
2−u 1−i
1 1+i = (z + 3)2 + 1
= ×
1−i 1+i = (z + 3)2 − i2
1+i
= = (z + 3 − i)(z + 3 + i).
2
1 1 6 E Completing the square gives,
= + i 1 1 1+i
2 2 =
π 1−i 1−i1+i
2 D i = cis , so the point will be rotated 1+i
π
2 =
by . 2
2 1 1
= + i
2 2
3 C |z| = 5 Therefore,
 
 1  1
  =
z |z| s
!2 !2
1 1 1 1
= |z| = + = √
5 2 2 2

4 D (x + yi)2 = x2 + 2xyi + y2 i2
= (x2 − y2 ) + 2xyi and
Therefore

x2 − y2 = 0 and 2xy = −32. π

θ= .
4
Therefore
z − 2i
7 D =2
x − y = 0 ⇒ y = ±x
2 2
z − (3 − 2i)
z − 2i = 2(z − (3 − 2i))
If y = x then
z − 2i = 2z − 2(3 − 2i)
2xy = −32
z = 2(3 − 2i) − 2i
has no solution. If y = −x, then = 6 − 6i
2xy = −32
−2x2 = −32 8 D z2 (1 + i) = 2 − 2i

x2 = 16 2 − 2i
z2 =
1+i
x = ±4 (2 − 2i)(1 − i)
Therefore, x = 4, y = −4 or =
2
x = 4, y = −4.
= (1 − i)2
5 D Completing the square gives, = (−1 + i)2

478
 π
9 B ∆ = b2 − 4ac 10 D Arg(1 + ai) =
6
= (8i)2 − 4(2 + 2i)(−4(1 − i)) π
tan a =
−1

= 64i2 + 16(2 + 2i)(1 − i) 6

π
= −64 + 32(1 + i)(1 − i) a = tan
6
= −64 + 32(1 − i )
2 1
= √
= −64 + 32 × 2 3

=0

479
Solutions to extended-response questions
√
1 a z2 − 2 3z + 4 = 0
Completing the
√ square gives
z − 2 3z + 3 + 1 = 0
2

√
∴ (z − 3)2 + 1 = 0
√
∴ (z − 3)2 − i2 = 0
√ √
∴ (z − 3 + i)(z − 3 − i) = 0
√
∴ z= 3±i

b i Im(z)

1 z = √3 + i

0 Re(z)
√3
-1 z = √3 - i

√ √
ii | 3 + i| = | 3 − i| = 2
The circle has centre the origin and radius 2.
The cartesian equation is x2 + y2 = 4.

iii The circle passes through (0, 2) and (0, −2). The corresponding complex
numbers are 2i and −2i. So a = 2

2 |z| = 6

a i |(1 + i)z| = |1 + i||z|

√
= 2×6
√
=6 2

ii |(1 + i)z − z| = |z + iz − z|
= |iz|
= |i| |z|
=6

b A is the point corresponding to z, and |OA| = 6. √

B is the point corresponding to (1 + i)z, and |OB| = 6 2.

480
 From part b, |AB| = |(1 + i)z − z|
=6
Therefore ∆OAB is isosceles.
Note also that
|OA|2 + |AB|2 = 62 + 62 = 72
√
and |OB|2 = (6 2)2
= 72
The converse of Pythagoras’ theorem gives the triangle is right-angled at A.
1 1
3 z= √ + √ i
2 2
1 1
a 1+z=1+ √ + √ i Im(z)
2 2
!
1 1
= 1+ √ + √ i Z P
2 2
√
2 1
= √ + √ i
2 2 O A Re(z)
1 1
and 1 − z = 1 − √ − √ i Q
2 2
!
1 1
= 1− √ − √ i
2 2
√
2−1 1
= √ √ i
2 2

481
 √ !2 !2
2+1 1
b |OP| = 2
√ + √
2 2
1 √
= (2 + 2 2 + 1 + 1)
2
√
=2+ 2
√ !2 !2
2−1 1
|OQ| =
2
√ + √
2 2
1 √
= (2 − 2 2 + 1 + 1)
2
√
=2− 2
|QP| = | − 1 + z + 1 + z|
= |2z|
= 2|z|
=2
and |QP|2 = 4
Therefore |QP|2 = |OP|2 + |OQ|2
π
By the converse of Pythagoras’ theorem ∠POQ is a right angle, i.e. ∠POQ =
2
q √
|OP| 2+ 2
Now = q
|OQ| √
2− 2
q √
√ √ 2+ 2
q q
= 2+ 2 2− 2× q
√
2+ 2
√
2+ 2
= √
2
√
= 2+1

4 For this question we will use the fact that |z|2 = zz. This is easy to prove.

a |z1 + z2 |2 = (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )

= (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
= z1 z1 + z2 z2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2

482
 b |z1 − z2 |2 = (z1 − z2 )(z1 − z2 )
= (z1 − z2 )(z1 − z2 )
= z1 z1 + z2 z2 − z1 z2 − z1 z2
= |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 − (z1 z2 + z1 z2 )

c Since
|z1 + z2 |2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2
and
|z1 − z2 |2 = |z1 |2 + |z2 |2 − (z1 z2 + z1 z2 )
we can add these two
equations to give,
|z1 + z2 |2 + |z1 − z2 |2 = 2|z1 |2 + 2|z2 |2 .

This result has a geometric interpretation. By interpreting complex numbers z1 and

z2 as vectors, we obtain a parallelogram with diagonals whose vectors are z1 + z2
and z1 − z2 . This result then shows that the sum of the squares of the lengths of the
four sides of a parallelogram equals the sum of the squares of the lengths of the two
diagonals

5 a For this question we will use the fact that z1 z2 = z1 z2 . This is easy to prove if you
haven’t already seen it done.

i z1 z2 = z1 z2
= z1 z2

ii First note that z + z = 2Re (z). Now using part (i) we have
z1 z2 + z1 z2 = z1 z2 + z1 z2
= 2Re (z1 z2 ),
which is a real number.

iii First note that z − z = 2i Im (z). Now using part (i) we have

483
 z1 z2 − z1 z2 = z1 z2 − z1 z2
= 2i Im (z1 z2 ),
which is an imaginary number.

iv Adding the results of the two previous questions gives

(z1 z2 + z1 z2 )2 + (z1 z2 − z1 z2 )2 = (2Re (z1 z2 ))2 − (2i Im (z1 z2 ))2
= 4(Re (z1 z2 ))2 + 4(Im (z1 z2 ))2
= 4((Re (z1 z2 ))2 + (Im (z1 z2 ))2 )
= 4|z1 z2 |2
= 4|z1 ||z2 |2
= 4|z1 ||z2 |2
= 4|z1 z2 |2 .

b (|z1 | + |z2 |)2 − |z1 + z2 |2 =|z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2 − (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
=|z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2 − (z1 + z2 )(z1 + z2 )
=|z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2 − (z1 z1 + z2 z2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2 )
=|z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2 − (|z1 |2 + |z2 |2 + z1 z2 + z1 z2 )
=|z1 |2 + 2|z1 ||z2 | + |z2 |2 − |z1 |2 − |z2 |2 − (z1 z2 + z1 z2 )
=2|z1 ||z2 | − (z1 z2 + z1 z2 )
=2|z1 ||z2 | − 2Re (z1 z2 )
=2|z1 ||z2 | − 2Re (z1 z2 )
=2|z1 z2 | − 2Re (z1 z2 )
≥0

c This question simply requires a trick:

|z1 | = |(z1 − z2 ) + z2 | ≤ |z1 − z2 | + |z2 |.
Therefore,
|z1 − z2 | ≥ |z1 | − |z2 |.

484
6 z = cisθ

a z + 1 = cisθ + 1
= cos θ + i sin θ + 1
= (1 + cos θ) + i sin θ
q
|z + 1| = (1 + cos θ)2 + sin2 θ
p
= 1 + 2 cos θ + cos2 θ + sin2 θ
√
= 1 + 2 cos θ + 1
√
= 2 + 2 cos θ
r θ
= 4 cos 2
2
θ θ π
= 2 cos since 0 ≤ ≤ .
2 2 2
To find the argument, we find that
sin θ sin θ
=
1 + cos θ θ
2 cos2
2
θ θ
2 sin cos
= 2 2
θ
2 cos2
2
θ
sin
= 2
θ
2 cos
2
θ
= tan
2
θ
so that Arg(z + 1) = .
2

485
b z − 1 = cis θ − 1
= cos θ + i sin θ − 1
= (cos θ − 1) + i sin θ
q
|z − 1| = (cos θ − 1)2 + sin2 θ
p
= cos2 θ − 2 cos θ + 1 + sin2 θ
√
= 2 − 2 cos θ
r
2 θ
 
= 4 sin
2
θ θ π
= 2 sin since 0 ≤ ≤ .
2 2 2
To find the argument, we evaluate
sin θ sin θ
=−
cos θ − 1 1 − cos θ
sin θ
=−
2 θ
 
2 sin
2
θ θ
2 sin cos
=− 2 2
θ
2 sin2
2
θ
cos
=− 2
θ
sin
2
θ
= − cot
2
θ π
= tan +
2 2
π θ
so that Arg(z − 1) = + .
2 2

486
  
z − 1  |z − 1|
c  =
z + 1  |z + 1|

θ
2 sin
= 2
θ
2 cos
2
θ
= tan
2
!
z−1
Arg = Arg(z − 1) − Arg(z + 1)
z+1
π θ θ
= + −
2 2 2
π
=
2
7 a ∆ = b2 − 4ac

b The equation has no real solutions if and only if

b2 − 4ac < 0.

c If b2 − 4ac then we can assume that

√ √
−b + i 4ac − b2 −b − i 4ac − b2
z1 = and z2 = .
2a 2a
It follows that P1 has coordinates
 √ 
 −b 4ac − b2 
 , 
2a 2a
and P2 has coordinates
 √ 
 −b 4ac − b 2
 , −  .

2a 2a

b
i z1 + z2 = −
a
v
t !2 √ 2
−b  4ac − b2 
|z1 | = |z2 | = +  
2a 2a
s
b2 4ac − b2
= +
4a2 4a2
r
c
=
a
ii To find ∠P1 OP2 it will also help to find

487
 √
i 4ac − b2
z1 − z2 =
a
√
4ac − b2
|z1 − z2 | =
|a|
Therefore, with reference to the diagram below, we use the cosine law to show
that
P1 P2 = OP21 + OP22 − 2 · OP1 · OP2 · cos θ
4ac − b2 c c c
= + − 2 cos θ
a2 a a a
4ac − b2 2c c
= − 2 cos θ
a2 a a
4ac − b2 2c
= (1 − cos θ)
a2 a
4ac − b2
= 2c(1 − cos θ)
a
4ac − b2
1 − cos θ =
2ac
4ac − b2
cos θ = 1 −
2ac
2
b − 2ac
cos θ =
2ac.
Therefore
b2 − 2ac
cos(∠P1 OP2 ) = .
2ac

488
8 a It’s perhaps√ fastest to simply use the quadratic formula here:
−b ± b2 − 4ac
z=
2a
p
−1 ± 12 − 4(1)(1)
=
2
√
−1 ± −3
=
2
√
−1 ± i 3
=
2
so that
√ √
−1 + i 3 −1 − i 3
z1 = and z2 = .
2 2
b We prove the first equality. The proof for the second is similar. We have
 √ 2
 −1 − i 3 
z2 = 
2 
2
1 √
= (1 + i 3)2
4
1 √
= (1 + 2i 3 + 3i2 )
4
1 √
= (−2 + 2i 3)
4
√
−1 + i 3
=
2
= z1 ,
as required.
√
−1 + i 3
c First consider z1 = . The point is in the second quadrant.
2
s !2  √ 
1  3 
r= − +  
2 2
r
1 3
= +
4 4
=1
1
cos θ = −
2
2π
θ=
3
√
−1 + i 3
!
2π
∴ = 1 cis .
2 3

489
 √
−1 − i 3
Now consider z2 = . The point is in the third quadrant.
2
s !2  √ 
1 3 
r= + −

− 
2 2
r
1 3
= +
4 4
=1
1
cos θ = −
2
2π
θ=−
3
√ !
−1 − i 3 2π
∴ = 1 cis − .
2 3

d Plot points O, P1 and P2 . From this, you will see that

bh
A=
2
√ 1
3×
= 2
2
√
3
= .
4

490