Answers to Exercises

Chapter One 7(a) z = 1 − i or i (b) z = −3 + 2i or −2i (c) z =

4+i or 2−i (d) z = −2+i or 21 (3−i) (e) z = −5+i
Exercise 1A (Page 8) or 3 − 2i (f) z = 3 + i or −1 − 3i
1(a) −1 (b) 1 i
(c) −i (d) 8(a) w = −1 (b) a = −6 and b = 13
(e) i (f) −1 0(g) 1 (h) (c) k = 8 − i and the other root is 2 + 3i.
2(a) −2i (b) 3 − i (c) 1 + i (d) 5 + 3i (e) −3 − 2i 9 z = ±(2 + i)
3(a) 12 − 2i (b) −6 + 2i (c) 1 + 5i (d) 7 − 11i 10(a) cos θ + i sin θ or cos θ − i sin θ
√ √
4(a) −5 + 4i (b) 5 + 5i (c) 14 + 5i (d) −26 + 82i 11(a) z = −1 or 21 ± 23 i (b) z = i or ± 23 − 12 i
(e) 24 + 10i (f) −5 − 12i (g) 2 + 11i (h) −4 12(a) z = ω satisfies the equation. (c) They are
(i) 28 − 96i complex conjugates.
5(a) 5 (b) 17 (c) 29 (d) 65 13(a) α
6(a) −i (b) 1 −2i (c) 3 +2i (d) 1 −2i (e) −1 +3i 14(a)(i) y
1 3
(f) − 5 + 5 i
7(a) −2 − i (b) 4 − 3i (c) 3 + 7i (d) 3 (e) −3 + 4i
8(a) 6 + 2i (b) 18 (c) 19 − 22i (d) 8 − i (e) 1 + 2i -Öa
9(a) 22 + 19i (b) 6 + 15i (c) 4 − 2i (d) 2 − 3i Öa x
(e) 6
10(a) x = 3 and y = −2 (b) x = 2 and y = −1
(c) x = 6 and y = 2 (d) x = 14 5
and y = 53 √ √
(e) x = 35 and y = − 39 15(a) ± √12 (1 − i) (b) ± 2(1 + 2i) (c) ±( 3 + i)
2 2 √
9
11(a) 10 − 13 i (b) 1 (c) − 29 8
(d) −4 − 52 i (d) ± 2(3 − 2i)
q 
10 q
x−iy x2 −y 2 −2ixy x2 +y 2 −1+2iy √ √
16(a) x2 +y 2 (b) (x2 +y 2 )2
(c) (x+1)2 +y 2 (e) ± 5+1−i 5−1
q q 
√ √
Exercise 1B (Page 16) 16(a) −2 − i ± 2+1+i 2−1
1(a) z = ±3i (b) z = 2 ± 4i (c) z = −1 ± 2i q q 
√ √
(d) z = 3 ± i (e) z = 21 ± 14 i (f) z = − 32 ± 2i (b) 1 + i ± 5−1−i 5+1
√ √ √
2(a) (z − 6i)(z + 6i) (b) (z − 2 2 i)(z + 2 2 i) √ √ 
(c) −1 + i 3 ± 2−i 6
(c) (z − 1 − 3i)(z − 1 + 3i) (d) (z + 2 − i)(z + 2 + i)  q q 
√ √ √ √
(e) (z − 3 + 5 i)(z − 3 − 5 i) (d) 21 −1 + i ± 13 + 2 − i 13 − 2
√ √
(f) (z + 12 − 23 i)(z + 21 + 23 i)
19 The term b/|b| is the sign of b.
2 2
3(a) z + 2 = 0 (b) z − 2z + 2 = 0
It is 1 when b > 0, and −1 when b < 0.
2 2
(c) z + 2z + 5 = 0 (d) z − 4z + 7 = 0
4(a) ±(1 + i) (b) ±(2 + i) (c) ±(−1 + 3i)
(d) ±(6+i) (e) ±(2+3i) (f) ±(5−i) (g) ±(1−4i)
(h) ±(5 − 4i)
5(a) ±(1 − 2i) (b) z = 2 − i or 1 + i
6(a) ±(1 + 3i) (b) z = 4 + i or 3 − 2i

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 280 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 1C (Page 21) 5(a) y (b) y

1(a) (2, 0) (b) (0, 1) (c) (−3, 5) (d) (2, −2)
(e) (−5, −5) (f) (−1, 2) 2 Im(z) = 2
2(a) −3 + 0i = −3 (b) 0 + 3i = 3i (c) 7 − 5i
(d) a + bi -3 x
Re(z) = -3 x
3(a) y
A
3

B 1 1 3 (c) y (d) y
-3 -1 x
-1 D 1
-2
C -3
x x
A square.
(b) (c) An anticlockwise rotation of
◦
90 about the origin.
4(a) y (b) y
iz (e) y (f) y
3
w
2
1
z iw 1 2
-3 -1 -1 2
-1 1 3 x -2 -1 1 x
-z -iw x 1 x
-w -2
-3 -iz Re(z) = Im(z) 2Re(z) = Im(z)

In (a) and (b) the points form a square.

(g) y (h) y
(c) y (d) y

2 w
z ( z + w) 1
1 3
w x x
2 2
1 3 x
-1 1 z
z
-2
w 1 3 4 x

6 y 8 y
Conjugate pairs are re- With O the points form S 2
flections in the real axis. a parallelogram. P
(e) y (f) y 1 -z z
-2 -1
T 1 2 x x
2
w
2
w R -1 Q -z z
z (w - z) z
1 1 -2
3 x -2 -1 1 3 x
-1 1
(z - w) 10(c) right-isosceles
11 It is the circle centre (0, −1) with radius 1,
omitting the origin.
Again, in (e) and (f) the points are the vertices of
12 It is the circle centre (3, 0) with radius 3, omit-
a parallelogram.
ting the origin.
14 It is a parabola with focus the origin and di-
rectrix x = 1.

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter One 281

15(a) y (b) y Exercise 1E (Page 34)

1(a) 7 + 4i (b) −3 + 2i (c) 3 − 2i
2(a) −3 + 4i (b) 1 + 7i (c) −4 − 3i (d) −7 + i
c c
-c -c c 3 −3 + 6i
c x x 4(a) B represents 1 + 3i, C represents −1 + 2i
-c -c √ √
(b) − 2 + 2 2 i
5(a) 4 + 3i (b) −3 + 4i (c) 2 + 7i
6(a) −5 + 12i (b) −3 − 4i
8 E represents w2 − w1 , F represents i(w2 − w1 ),
Exercise 1D (Page
√
28) C represents w2 + i(w2 − w1 ) and D represents
1(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) 2 (e) 5 (f) 17 w1 + i(w2 − w1 ).
2(a) π (b) π2 (c) − π4 (d) π3 (e) 3π (f) − 5π
9(a) Vectors BA and BC represent z1 − z2 and
√ 4 6

3(a) 2 cis π (b) 4 cis π (c) 2 cis π
(d) 2 cis − π6
2
4 z3 − z2 respectively, and BA is the anticlockwise
(e) 2 cis 2π (f) cis − 3π
3 4 rotation of BC through 90◦ about B. So z1 −z2 =
4(a) 5 cis(0·93) (b) 13 cis(−0·39)
√ √ i(z3 − z2 ). Squaring both sides gives the result.
(c) 5 cis(2·68) (d) 10 cis(−1·89) (b) z1 − z2 + z3
√ √ √
5(a) 3 (b) −5i (c) 2 2 + 2 2 i (d) 3 3 − 3i 1
√ √ √ 10(a) 2ωi (b) 2 ω(1 + 2i)
(e) − 2 + 2 i (f) −1 − 3 i
√
√
√ √ 11 −2 and 1 − 3 i
6(a) 2 cis − π4 (b) 2 cis π4 (c) 2 cis 3π 12(a) w = −4 + 3i or 4 − 3i (b) w = −1 + 7i or
√
4

(d) 2 cis π4 (e) 2 cis − π2 1
(f) √ cis − 4
2
π
7 + i (c) w = 21 (7 + i) or 21 (−1 + 7i)
7(a) 10 cis π (b) 9 cis 3θ (c) 2 cis π (d) 32 cis α
3 3 13 −2 + 2i, 12i, 4
2π 6π
(e) 16 cis 5 (f) 8 cis 7
√ √ √ √ 18(a) z1 = 2 cis π
2
, z2 = 2 cis π3 (c)(i) 5π
12
(ii) 11π
12
8(a) 2 2 (b) 3 2 (c) 6 (d) 4 3 (e) 5 (f) 5 19(c) The sum of the squares of the diagonals of a
9(a) π 3π π π ◦
4
(b) − 4
(c) − 3
(d) 6
(e) 0·93 (53 ) parallelogram is equal to the sum of the squares
◦
(f) −2·03 (−117 )
of its sides.
√ 1
10(a) i (b) −1 (c) 21 (1 + i 3) (d) √ (−1 + i) w π w
20(c) parallelogram (d) arg z = 2 , so z is purely
√ 2
imaginary.
(e) 21 (− 3 + i) (f) −i (g) √1 (1 − i)
√ 2 23 Use the converse of the opposite angles of a
(h) − 21 (1 + i 3)
cyclic quadrilateral.
11 y 24 Take the argument of the fraction in the hint.
C    
z3 z3 − z1
The result is arg − arg . These
A z2 z2 − z1
2r r are the angles at 0 and z1 which, by the angles in
p p D (OD = 1 r)
3 4 2 the same segment theorem, are equal. Finally, use
O x the result of Question 24.
r B
Exercise 1F (Page 42)
13(a) z1 = 2 cis π6 and z2 = 4 cis π4 (b) z1 z2 =
1(a) y (b) y
8 cis 12 and zz12 = 2 cis 12
5π π
x=1
5π
√ 3π
14 z1 = 2 cis 6 , z2 = 2 cis(− 4 ), i
√ π
√
z1 z2 = 2 2 cis 12 and zz12 = 22 cis 5π12
√ √  √
1
15(a) 2 ( 3 + 1) + i( 3 − 1) (b) π
2 cis 12 -3 1 5x -1 x
1
√
(c) √
2 √ 2
( 3 + 1)
y = -x
16(a) 2 (b) π4 (c) 1 
+i  
θ−φ θ+φ
24 z + w = 2 cos 2 cis 2
25(a) When Im(z) = 0.

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 282 Answers to Exercises

(c) y (d) y (c) y (d) y

1 4
-2 + 2i
2
-1 2 x 1 3p
4-i 3 4

-2 x y = 2x - 4 -1 x x
-1
y=x+2 -4

2(a) y (b) y (e) y (f) y

4
p
1 6 -2
p p
3p 3 x 4 x
4 p
4
p
4
-1
4 x -1 x

(c) y (g) y (h) y

-1 1 x
2 -1
p
3
Ö3 2 x
-2
1 x
-3
3(a) y (b) y (i) y

1
2 4
1 2
x
1 2 -1

-3
-1 x 3 x

(c) y 5(a)(i) y (ii) y

1 1
1 x
Ö2 2 4 x 2 4 x
-1 -1
-1
-3 -3

4(a) y (b) y (b)(i) y (ii) y

8 1 1
-1 1 3 -1 1 3
2 4 x x
-1 -1
x
-1
x -3 -3
4

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter One 283

(c)(i) y (ii) y 6(a) y (b) y

3
1 1
2 1
1 2 x 1 2 x 2 x 1 3 x

-1 -1

(d)(i) y (ii) y 7(a) y (b) y

1 4 7 1 4 7
x x
-2 -2 d
3 S
S
-5 -5
-2 x
-8 -8 d
x

(e)(i) y (ii) y (c) y (d) y

d
3 3 2
p p
1 4
1 4
1 S
-2 S x
-1 1 3 x -1 1 3 x x
-1 -1 -2 d -1

(f)(i) y (ii) y 8(a) y (b) y

1 1
2
p p
4 4

-1 1 x -1 1 x x 2 4 x
-2
-1 -1

(g)(i) y (ii) y (c) y

5 5
1

2 2
p
4
p
4 -1 1 x
-1 -1
-4 2 px -4 2 px -1
-1 3 -1 3

(h)(i) y (ii) y 9(a) y (b) y

6 6
1 1
1 1
1 2 x 1 2 x
-2 3 8 x -2 3 8 x
-1
-4 -4

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 284 Answers to Exercises

(c) y (d) y 16(a)The line through 1 and i, omitting i.

(b) The circle with diameter joining 1 and i, omit-
1 -1 1 3 ting these two points.
-1-Ö2
x 17(a) y (b) y
-1 x 1- Ö32 i
-1
1 x 1 x
-1 -1
(e) y (f) y
-4
2 -2 x
18(a) y (b) y
-2
x
-2Ö3 -2
-4 3 3
3
1
-5 x
√ √ √
3 cis = π 3 2 x
10(b) 3 2 (1 +i 3) √
11(a) arg(z + 3)
√
= π3 (b) |z| =
3 3
2 , arg z = 5π
6
(c) − 94 + 3 4 3 i
√ √ √ √
12(a) y (b) y (i) 5 + 1 and 5 − 1 26 + 3 and 26 − 3
√ √
(ii) 2 2 + 1 and 2 2 − 1
(2, Ö3 )
2 2 (c)(i) |z0 | − r ≤ |z| ≤ |z0 | + r
Ö7

x (ii) |z0 − z1 | − r ≤ |z − z1 | ≤ |z0 − z1 | + r

-1 1 3 1 3 5 x
19(a) straight line external to z1 and z2 (b) major
-2 -2
arc (c) semi-circle (d) minor arc (e) interval
between z1 and z2
3 and 1 20 It is the circle with the interval joining z1 and
13(a)(i) y z2 as diameter.
21(b) The graph is the perpendicular bisector of
p
6 1 the line joining z1 and z2 .

2 x Exercise 1G (Page√51) √
1(a) (x − 2)(x + 1 − 3 )(x + 1 + 3 )
√ √
(b) (x − 1)(x + 2 − 2 )(x + 2 + 2 )
√ √
(c) (x − 1)(x − 1 − 5 )(x − 1 + 5 )
(b) This is simply part (a) shifted left by 2. 2(a) The coefficients of P (x) are real, so complex
14(a) y zeroes occur in conjugate pairs. (b) 6
3(a) 1 + 2i; the coefficients of P (x) are real, so
z
complex zeroes occur in conjugate pairs.
2
(c) P (x) = (x + 2)(x − 2x + 5)
4
10 4(a) 3i; the coefficients of P (z) are real, so complex
3 x zeroes occur in conjugate pairs. 2
(b) z + 9
2
(c) P (z) = (2z + 3)(z + 9)
5(b) 0; the coefficients of P (z) are real, so complex
15 (c) 9 + 12i
(b)
zeroes occur in conjugate pairs.
15(b)(i) |z + 2| = 2, centre −2, radius 2
(c)(i) P (z) = (2z − 1)(z − 3 − i)(z − 3 + i)
(ii) |z − (1 + i)| = 1, centre 1 + i, radius 1
2
(ii) P (z) = (2z − 1)(z − 6z + 10)
(iii) |z − 1| = 1, centre 1, radius 1

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter One 285

6(a) The coefficients of Q(x) are real, so complex

√
Review Exercise 1H (Page 53)
zeroes occur in conjugate pairs. (b) 3 + 5, 1(a) 1 − 5i (b) 18 − 26i (c) 5 + 2i
√
3− 5 2(a) (z + 10i)(z − 10i) (b) (z + 5 − 3i)(z + 5 + 3i)
√ √
(c)(i) (x − 2i)(x + 2i)(x − 3 − 5 )(x − 3 + 5 ) 3(a) z = 4+3i or 4−3i (b) z = − 12 + 34 i or − 21 − 43 i
2
√ √ √
(ii) (x + 4)(x − 3 − 5 )(x − 3 + 5 ) 4(a) ±(3 − 2i) (b) ±(3 + 2 i)
2 2
(iii) (x + 4)(x − 6x + 4) 5(a) z = 2 + i or 3 − i (b) z = 2 + 3i or 4 − 2i
2
7(a) x = 1 ± 3i, 3 or −2 (b) x = 1 ± i or 2 ± i 6 3i = −3i is also a zero, so (z−3i)(z+3i) = z +9
√ √
1 3 1 3
8(b) x = 3, − 2 + 2 i, − 2 − 2 i is a factor.
9(a) a = 3 (b) b = 1 7(a) The coefficients of P (z) are real. (b) 4
2 2 2
(c) (z − 6z + 10)(z − 6z + 13) (c) P (z) = (z − 4)(z − 4z + 29)
√
10(b) k = 3 8(a) 2 cis(− π4 ) (b) 6 cis 5π
√ √ 6
11(b) m = 7, n = −4 9(a) 4i (b) − 3 − 3 i
12(a) −7 − 4i (b)(i) −7 + 4i (ii) 2x − 7 10(a) 6 cis 5π
6
(b) 2 cis 5θ (c) 9 cis 6α
4 4
13(b) P (z) = 21 (z − 2)(2z − 1) 11(a) y (b) y
√4
so one root is z = 2.
√
4 1
√
4 1 4
(c) 2, √
4 , − 2, − √ 4 ,
2
√ 2 √ 2 2 + 2i
4 1 4 1
and i 2, √ 4
2
i, −i 2, −√ 4
2
i 2 1
14(a) P (x) has minimum value B, when x = 0.
1 2 x
Since B > 0, it follows that P (x) > 0 for all real x
-2 2
values of x. (b) −ic, −id; the coefficients of y=2-x
P (x) are real, so complex zeroes occur in conju-
(c) y (d) y
gate pairs.
y
15(a) They form a con- (c)
jugate pair, since P (x) -2 x 1
has real coefficients. -2
d
-1 1 x

x
12 y
16(a) The minimum stationary point is at x = 1. p
1 3
f(1) = k − 2 > 0. Hence the graph of f(x) has
only one x-intercept which lies to the left of the
maximum stationary point at x = −1. -1 1 2x
(b) f(x) has real coefficients (d) −14, 7 ± 12i
0
-1
17 Hint: consider P (x) − P (x)
18(b) −1 + 2i is a double zero of P (z) (c) The √ √
coefficients of P (z) are real and −1 + 2i counts as 13(a) 12 ( 3 − 1) + 21 ( 3 + 1)i (b) z = 2 cis 2π
3 and
√ √
two of the zeroes of P (z), so its conjugate −1 − 2i w= 2 cis π4 (c) 2 cis 5π
12
must also count as two zeroes. 14(a) y (b) y
2 2 2 2
(d) P (z) = (z +1−2i) (z +1+2i) = (z +2z +5)
2 2
22(b) (z −α) (z −α) is a factor. (c) Hint: Begin
1 2

2
by writing: P (z) = z − 2 Re(α) + |α|2 × Q(z)
1 2 x -2 2 x
-1 -2

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 286 Answers to Exercises

(c) y Chapter Two

4 Exercise 2A (Page 64)
1(a) equality (b) implication (c) equivalence
2 6 10 x (d) for all (e) there exists
-4 2(a) If a triangle has two equal angles, then it has
two equal sides. True. (b) If the square of a
number is odd, then the number is odd. True.
15(a) 3 + 5i (b) −5 + 3i (c) −1 + i
(c) If I have four legs, then I am a horse. False.
16(a) 1 − 5i, 7 + 3i (b) 3 + 6i, −3 − 2i
(d) If a number is even, then it ends with the digit
18(a) 7π (b) 19π
24 24 6. False. (e) Every rhombus is a square. False.
21 Use similar triangles. √
√ (f) If n ≥ 0, then n ∈ R. True.
22(b) 5+1
3(a) True (b) False (c) False (d) False (e) True
(f) True
4(a) Not all cars are red. (Alternatively, some cars
are not red.) (b) a ≤ b or a 6> b (c) Hillary does
not like steak or she does not like pizza. (d) Bill
and Dave are both wrong. (e) I live in Tasmania
and I don’t live in Australia. (f) Nikhil doesn’t
study and he passes.
(g) x < −3 or x > 8 (h) −5 ≤ x < 0
5(a) If my plants do not grow, then I haven’t wa-
tered them. (b) If you live in Melbourne, then
you live in Australia. (c) If a triangle does
not have three equal angles, then it does not have
three equal sides. (d) If I like motorists, then I
do not like cycling. (e) If a number is even, then
the previous number is odd. (f) If a1 ≥ 1b , then
a ≤ b or a and b are not both positive.
6(a) If a number is divisible by both 3 and 5, then
it is divisible by 15. Conversely, if a number is
divisible by 15, then it is divisible by both 3 and
5. (b) If a triangle has two equal sides, then it has
two equal angles. Conversely, if a triangle has two
equal angles, then it has two equal sides. (c) If
the only divisors of the integer n, where n > 1,
are 1 and n, then n is prime. Conversely, if n is
prime, then its only divisors are 1 and n. (d) If
a quadrilateral has a pair of opposite sides that
are equal and parallel, then it is a parallelogram.
Conversely, if a quadrilateral is a parallelogram,
then it has a pair of opposite sides that are equal
and parallel.
7(a) true (b) false, 3 × (−1) < −1 (c) true
1


1 2
(d) false, 2 > 2 (e) false, | − (−1)| 6= −1
(f) true

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Two 287

8(a) false, 2 > −3 but 22 < (−3)2 (b) false,
2 2
(−3) > 2 but −3 < 2 (c) true (d) true (e) false,
|2 + (−1)| < |2| + | − 1| (f) true
9(a) ⇒ (b) ⇔ (c) ⇔ (d) ⇒ (e) ⇔ (f) ⇒
10(a) false (b) false (c) true (d) true
11(a) If Jack does Extension 2 Mathematics then
he is crazy. (b) Jack does Extension 2 Math-
ematics and he is not crazy. (c) If Jack does
not do Extension 2 Mathematics then he is crazy.
(d) If Jack is not crazy then he will do Extension
2 Mathematics. (e) If Jack does not do Exten-
sion 2 Mathematics then he is not crazy. (f) If
Jack does Extension 2 Mathematics then he is not
crazy.
12(a) For each integer there always exists a larger
c ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . . , a} and d ∈ {0, 1, 2, . . ., b}. So
there are a + 1 possible values for c and b + 1
possible values for d. So by the multiplication
principle, there are (a + 1)(b + 1) possible factors
of n. (b) 40
19 [Hint: Consider the expression (a − c)(b − d).]
Exercise 2C (Page 72)
3(a) If a is even then a2 is even.
10(a) An odd number lies between two consecutive
multiples of 4. It is one more than the smaller
multiple of 4 or one less than the larger multiple
of 4.
+
16(a) If p is not prime then ∃ a, b ∈ Z such that

integer. (b) The sum of any positive real number p|ab ⇒ p6 | a and p6 | b.
and its reciprocal is greater than or equal to two.
13(a) true (b) false (c) true (d) true
Exercise 2D (Page 78)
14(a) They are both false.
6(b) Use part (a) three times.
(b) If 1 < 0 then 1 is a negative number. True 8(a) Use Question 6(b) with p = a2 and so on.
2
15(a) yes — consider the contrapositive of (1) (b) In part (a) replace a with ab and so on.

(b) unknown — studying hard is a sufficient condi- (c) Use parts (a) and (b).

tion for passing, but it is not a necessary condition 9(c) Use part (b).
3
(d) Use part (c) with a = x and so on.
16 If either Anna or Bryan passed, then Chris 4 2 2
b4
11(a) ab4 − 4a 4b
b2 + 6 − a2 + a4
passed. So since the statement is negated, Chris
12(a) Use the given AM/GM inequality twice on
failed.
17 Pender is the driver.
the RHS.
13(d)(i) The triangle inequality: the length of any

Exercise 2B (Page 68) side is less than (or equal to if the points are
1(a) [Hint: An even number has the form 2n, collinear) the sum of the other two sides.
where n ∈ Z.] (b) [Hint: An odd number has (ii) Use part (i) three times then add.
the form 2n + 1, where n ∈ Z.] 14(b) Expand the LHS and use part (a).
4(a) [Hint: If b is divisible by a, then b = ka for (c)(i) Begin with LHS − RHS.
some k ∈ Z.] 16(a) Begin with LHS − RHS.

6(a) [Hint: Let the consecutive integers be n − 1, 18(c) When z = kw, with k > 0, or when either

n, n + 1 and n + 2.] z = 0 or w = 0.
8 [Hint: Find a pair of simultaneous equations.]
10 [Hint: Factorise the expression, then explain
Exercise 2E√(Page 83) √
why it is divisible by both 2 and 3.] 8(a) x > 1 + 2 or x < 1 − 2
13 [Hint: Let the consecutive integers range from 25(a) Ben may pair (n − 1) other players. In each

n − 3 to n + 3.] case there are (n − 2) remaining players. In each

14(b) No. There will always be a remainder of n . case, the number of derangements for those play-
2
15 [Hint: A 4-digit number with digits a, b, c, d ers is Dn−2 . Hence multiply to get (n − 1)Dn−2 .
(d) D1 = 0, D2 = 1
has value
h 1000a + 100b i +h10c + d.] i
16(c) 10x + y = 13m ⇔ x + 4y = 13(4m − 3x)

18(a) A factor of n is of the form pc q d , where

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 288 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 2F (Page 88) Review Exercise 2G (Page 93)

1 2 2
1(a) |4OAB| = cm , 3 cm 1(a) If the opposite angles of a quadrilateral are
4 √
(b)(ii)|4OGH| = (2 − 3) cm2 , supplementary, then it is cyclic. True. (b) If
√
dodecagon area = 12(2 − 3) cm2 two numbers have an even sum, then they are
π
√
2(a) 36 (4 + 3) both odd. False. (c) Every parallelogram is a
3 2
3(a) 4 and 3 square units. rhombus. False.
−1 1 −1
4(a) (1 − e ) sq. units (b) 2 (1 + e ) sq. units 2(a) Not all mathematicians are intelligent.
1
−
(c) e 2 sq. units (b) Suzie does not like Physics or she does not like
6(b) It diverges to infinity. Chemistry. (c) I am on vacation and I am
7(c) ( a+2b
3 ,
ln a+2 ln b
3 ) working.
8(b) y 3(a) If I don’t have two wheels, then I am not a
bicycle. (b) If the last digit of a number is 6,
then the number is even. (c) If a quadrilateral
y = xne-x does not have four equal sides, then it is not a
square.
x 4(a) If a number is divisible by 2, then it is even.
n
Conversely, if a number is even, then it is divisi-
10(a) (0, 1) is a maximum turning point, (10, 0) is ble by 2. (b) If the diagonals of a quadrilateral
a minimum turning point. bisect each other, then the quadrilateral is a par-
(b) y → ∞ as x → ∞, and y → 0 as x → −∞.
allelogram. Conversely, the diagonals of a paral-
(c)
lelogram bisect each other. (c) If ∃ c ∈ Z such
y
that a = bc, then a is divisible by b. Conversely, if
a is divisible by b, then ∃ c ∈ Z such that a = bc.
1
16(b) 2
√
n
1 23(c) From part (b), n is not an integer, so it is
not rational.
10 x

11(c) When z = kw, with k < 0, or when either

z = 0 or w = 0.
6 6
12(a)(i) 6 = 46 656, 3 × 5 = 46 875
6 6
(ii) 5 × 6 = 233 280, 2 × 7 = 235 298
13(f) 0·693
16(c) n = 9
−2
18(b) In part (a), put f(x) = x , a = (n − 1) and
b = n.
20(a) Put f(x) = x − 1 − log x.
Show that y = f(x) is concave up for all x > 0.
Show that f(x) has a global minimum at x = 1.
X n
xr
(c) Put pr = x +x +...+x so that pr = 1.
1 2 n
r=1
xr x1 +x2 +...+xn
Also npr = µ , where µ = n .

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Three 289

Chapter Three (z 2 − 2 cos 4π 7 z + 1) × (z

2
− 2 cos 6π
7 z + 1)


8(a)(i) 1, cis 5 , cis − 5 , cis 5 , cis − 4π
2π 2π 4π
5
Exercise 3A (Page 100) 9(a) cis 2kπ9 for k = −4, −3, −2, −1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4
3 5 6
1(a) cis 5θ (b) cis(−3θ) (c) cis 8θ (d) cis(−θ) 11(b) β = ρ + ρ + ρ (c) a = 1, b = 2
4 2 2 4
(e) cis 7θ (f) cis(−6θ) 12(a)(i) cos 4θ = cos θ − 6 cos θ sin θ + sin θ,
3 3
2(a) cis 7θ (b) cis(−5θ)
√ √
sin 4θ = 4 cos θ sin θ − 4 cos θ sin θ
3 1 1 3 1 1
3(a) −1 (b) −i (c) − 2 + 2 i (d) − 2 + 2 i (b) ± √ (3 + i) , ± √ (1 − 3i)
√ 2 2
1 1 1 3
(e) √ + √ i (f) 2 + 2 i 14(a) 3, when k is a multiple of 3, 0 otherwise.
√2 2
Xn  
n
4(a) 2 cis π4 (b) 256 + 256i (b) (1 + ω) =
n
ωr and
√ r
5(a) 2 cis π 3
(b) 1024 − 1024 3 i r=0
X n  
6(a) 2, 5π n
6
√ (1 + ω2 )n = ω2r
7(a) 2 cis − 6
π
(b) 128 cis 6
5π
(c) −64 3 + 64i r=0
r
2π

2π
√ (2k−1)π
8(a) 2 cis − 3 (b) 32 cis 3 (c) −16 + 16 3 i 15(a) The roots are −i cot
π

22
4n
9(a) 2 cis − 4 (b) 2 i for k = 1, 2, 3, . . . , 2n.
12(a)(i) 6 (ii) 3 (b) −64, 8i
13(b) n = 2, 6, 10, . . . Exercise 3D (Page 115)
15(b) −2
2n 1(a) e3iθ (b) e−6iθ (c) e8iθ (d) e10iθ
−iθ 3iθ 2iθ 20iθ
2(a) e (b) e (c) e (d) e
√ iπ/4
Exercise 3B (Page 102) 3(a) 2e
iπ/2
(b) 2e (c) 6e
iπ
(d) 2e
2iπ/3
8
√ −3iπ/4 −iπ/6
5(b) 15 (e) 3 2 e (f) 4e
1
√
3
√
8(c) b = 2, c = −1 4(a) −5 (b) 2 + 2 i (c) −4i (d) − 3+i (e) 2−2i
π
√
(d) No, since√sin 10 = sin 9π
10 √
and sin 13π
10
= sin 17π
10 (f) −2 3 − 6i
π 5−1 3π 5+1
√ iπ/12 √ 3iπ/4
(b) √1 e
(e) sin 10 = , sin = −7iπ/12
4 10 4 5(a) 2 2 e (c) 8 2 e
√ 11iπ/12 2
7 5 3
9(a) 64 cos θ − 112 cos θ + 56 cos θ − 7 cos θ (d) 2 2 e
7 21 √
(c)(i) 4 (ii) 16 6(a) −64 (b) 4 − 4i (c) − 21 + 23 i
√
10(b) θ = 0, π6 ,√5π 7π 11π
6 , π, 6 , 6 (d) −648 − 648 3 i
13(b) z = 21 ± 23 i or 53 ± 45 i 11(a) n is divisible by 4 (b) n = 2, 6, 10, . . .
2 4 6
14(a) 8(1 − 10s + 24s − 16s ) (c) n is divisible by 6 (d) n = 23 , 92 , 15 ,...
2
(b) x = 2 sin nπ
8
for n = ±1, ±2, ±3 2
12(b)(i) 2i sin 3θ (ii) 4 cos θ (iii) −8i sin θ
3

(iv) 2 cos θ (2 cos θ + 1) (v) 2 (sin 3θ − sin θ) i

Exercise 3C (Page 108) 1 iθ −iθ


√ 13(a) cos θ = 2 e + e (d) tan θ, cot θ and
1(a) cis 0 = 1, cis 2π = − 12 + 23 i,
3 cosec θ are odd, sec θ is even

√
2 2 3 4
cis − 2π3 = − 12 −√ 23 i (d)(i)
√
1 (ii) 0 √
14(a) z + 4 (b) z − z + 1 (c) z + 8 (d) z + 4
i(φ−θ)
2(a) z = ±1, 21 + 23 i, 12 − 23 i, − 21 + 2
3
i, 15(b) e = 1 with −2π < φ − θ < 2π.
√
This has only one solution, which is φ − θ = 0.
− 12 − 2
3
i (z 2 − z + 1)(z 2 + z + 1)
(e)
(c) If two complex numbers are equal, then they
3(a) √1 + √12
i, √12 − √12 i, − √12 + √12 i, − √12 − √12 i
2 √ √
2 2 represent the same point in the Argand diagram.
(b) (z − 2 z + 1)(z + 2 z + 1)
√ √ √ √ Hence the moduli are equal and the principal ar-
3 1 3 1 3 1 3 1
4(a) i, −i, 2 + 2 i, 2 − 2 i, − 2 + 2 i, − 2 − 2 i


guments are equal.
5(a) cis − 10 , cis − 10 , cis 10 , cis 2 = i, cis 9π
7π 3π π π
10



(b) cis − 5π , cis − π
, cis 3π
, cis 7π
√8 √8 √ 8 √8
(c) 1 + 3 i, −1 − 3 i, 3 − i, − 3 + i




(d) 2 cis − 17π
20
, 2 cis − 9π 20
, 2 cis − 20 π
, 2 cis 7π
20
,
3π
2 cis 4



6(a) −1, cis π , cis − π5 , cis 3π
5
5
, cis − 3π 5
2π 4π

6π


7(a) 1, cis ± 7 , cis ± 7 , cis ± 7
2 2π
(c) (z − 1) × (z − 2 cos 7 z + 1)×

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 290 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 3E (Page 120) Chapter Four

2i = 2eiπ/2 (b) 2i = 2ei( 2 +2kπ) , k ∈ Z
π
1(a)
√ −3iπ/4 √ iπ/4
(d) z = 2e , 2e Exercise 4A (Page 126)
4x
(e) z = −1 − i, 1 + i 1(a) 14 e + C (b)− 15 cos 5x + C (c) 2 tan 21 x + C
√ x
2(a) −1 = e
iπ
(b) −1 = e
i(π+2kπ)
,k∈Z (d) 13 ln |3x − 4| + C (e) 4 x + C (f) ln3 3 + C
1
(d) z = e
−3iπ/4 −iπ/4 iπ/4 3iπ/4
,e ,e ,e 2(a) − 2(2x−1) + C (b) sin−1 x5 + C
(e) z = − √1 − √1 i, √1 − √1 i, √1 + √1 i, − √1 + √1 i (c) 13 e
x3
+ C (d) 13 tan−1 x3 + C
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 5
3(a) i=e −iπ/2
(b) −i = e
−i(π/2+2kπ)
,k∈Z (e) 2 ln(x + x + 1) + C (f) 51 (x + 1) + C
√
iπ/2 −iπ/6 −5iπ/6 2 3 π π 8 1
(d) z = e ,e ,√
e 3(a) 2(e −1) (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 4 (e) ln 5 (f) 16
√ 1
1
(e) z = i, 23 − 12 i, − 23 − 12 i 4(a) e x + C (b) 3 ln(1 + sin 3x) + C
√ √
1 2 52x
7(c) cos π5
= 5+1
4
, cos 2π
5
= 5−1
4
(c) 2 tan x + C (d) 2 ln 5 + C
6 1 3 15 5 −1 x
9(a) cos θ = 32 cos 6θ + 16 cos 4θ + 32 cos 2θ + 16
(e) ln |x + tan x| + C (f) sin e +C
2
3 1 π
3
10(a) sin θ = 4 sin θ − 4 sin 3θ,1
5(a) −20 (b) 3 ln 2 (c) √ (d) 21 ln e 2+1 (e) π
18
3 3
sin5 θ = 16 1
sin√5θ − 16 5
sin 3θ + 85 sin θ (c) 480
47
(f) ln 2
1 3 3 4
11(c) z = 2 ± 2 i or 5 ± 5 i 6 ln 2
1
12 a = 2 ln 2, b = − 4
π
7 − 1+ln x
x
+C
π 2
13(a) 2 cos A cos B 9 4 − 3
eiθ − e−iθ
14(b) tan θ =
i(eiθ + e−iθ ) Exercise 4B (Page 128)
n+1
15(a) z z−1−z 1(a) x + ln |x − 1| + C (b) x − 2 ln |x + 1| + C
2kπ
17(a) z = e 2n+1 i for k = 0, 1, 2, . . ., 2n (c) x + 2 ln |x − 1| + C
1
2(a) 1 − ln 4 (b) 1 − 4 ln 5 (c) π − 1
Review Exercise 3F (Page 123) π
3(a) 3 − 2 (b) 4 + ln 2 (c) 41 (π − ln 4)
1 π

1(a) cis 7θ (b) cis 6θ (d) π 1

8 + 2 ln 2
2 −1 1 p
√
4(a) √ (b) log(x + x 2 + a2 ) + C
3(a) 2 cis − π4 (b) −64 + 64i x2+ a2p 
13
4(a) 2 (b)(ii) n is even or a multiple of 3 (c)(i) log x + x2 + 3 + C (ii) 2 log 3
6 4 2 2 4 6
5(a) cos θ−15 cos θ sin θ+15 cos θ sin θ−sin θ, 5(a) 21 x
2
− 21 ln(x2 + 1) + C
6 cos5 θ sin θ − 20 cos3 θ sin3 θ + 6 cos θ sin5 θ x3 2
(b) 3 − x2 + x − ln |x + 1| + C
4 2 −2
6(a) z + 4z + 6 + 4z + z −4 , 3 2
(c)(i) x3 + x2 + x + ln |x − 1| + C
z 4 − 4z 2 + 6 − 4z −2 + z −4 3
(ii) x3 − x + tan
−1
x + C (iii) x − ln(1 + ex ) + C
√ √
7(b) −43 2 2
(iv) 3 (x − 4) 2 + x + C (v) − 3 (2 + x) 1 − x + C
8 z = 2e
−iπ/2
, 2eiπ/6 , 2e5iπ/6 1 2 2
(vi) 2 x − 2 ln(x + 4) + C
√ kπ
9(a) 2 cis 12 for k = −7, 1, 9 −1 1 e2 +1 π
6(a) ln(e + e ) (b) 2 ln 2 (c) 12 + ln 2
kπ
(b) cis 12 for k = −11, −7, −3, 1, 5, 9 1 2 1 3
7(a) 2 x + ln |x + 1| + C (b) 3 x + 3 ln |x − 2| + C
iπ/6
10(a) 8e (c) 2e
−11iπ/18
, 2eiπ/18 , 2e13iπ/18 (c)
2
x + ln(1 + x ) + C
11(d) −7 cos 3θ + 57 cos 5θ − 71 cos 7θ + C 1 p
π
√ 8(a) √ (b) log(x + x 2 − a2 ) + C
12(b) x = cos 10 , cos 3π 7π
10 , cos 10 , cos 10
9π
(e) 5+1
4 x2− a2p 
14(a) cis kπ7 for k = −5, −3, −1, 1, 3, 5, 7 (c)(i) log x + x2 − 5 + C
kiπ/5  √   √ 
15(a) e for k = −4, −2, 0, 2, 4 (b)(i) −1 and
√ (ii) log 3+√5 = log 1+2 5
5 1+ 5
√
√
1 1+ 5 9 2 ln(1 + x) + C
18(c) − 2 (e) 4

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Four 291

Exercise 4C (Page 132) (ii) 3x + 2 ln |x + 4| + ln |x − 5| + C

2 5
1(a) 15 (x + 1) + C (b) 71 (1 + x3 )7 + C 9(a)(i) A = 1, B = −1, C = 2, D = −1
2 1
(c) − 1+x3 + C (d) 2(3−x 2 4 + C (ii) ln 3 + ln 2 − 21 (b) 12 + ln 2
p p)
(e) 1
x2 − 2 + C (f) 2 1 + x4 + C 10(a)(i) A = 3, B = 12, C = 2
2
−1 −1 1 3 (ii) 3x + 12 ln |x − 2| − x−2 +C
2(a) 2 sin 2x + C (b) 1+tan x + C (c) 3 (ln x) + C
√
(d) 2 sin x + C (e) 2 tan1 −1 2
x +C (b)(i) A = 23, B = 10, C = −23, D = 13
x−1 10 13
1
(f) 3 sin
−1 3
x +C (ii) 23 ln | x−2 | − x−1 − x−2 + C
√ √ √
3(a) 47 (b) 2 − 3 (c) 3( 3 − 2) 12(a) A = 0, B = −1, C = 0, D = 2
1 1
(d) 5 (e) 3 (f) 2 13(a) x + ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 1| + C
1
4(a) − 42 (b) Begin by writing x = (x − 1) + 1. (b) x + 2 ln |x − 1| − ln |x| + C
√
2
5(a) 15 (3x − 2)(1 + x) 1 + x + C (c) x − tan
−1
x + ln |x| − 21 ln(x2 + 1) + C
√ √
(d) x + 9 ln |x − 3| − 4 ln |x − 2| + C
(b) 2 1 + x − ln(1 + x) + C 
1 √ 3 1 2
(e) 21 x − x + 5 ln |x| − 4 ln |x + 1| + C
(c) 4 x − 12 x + 13 x 4 − ln(1 + x 4 ) + C
4
1 3 2
p (f) 3 x + 32 x + 7x + 16 ln |x − 2| − ln |x − 1| + C
−1
(d) tan e2x − 1 + C
1 128 5 π
6(a) 9 (b) 15 (c) 4 + 10 ln 7 (d) 12 Exercise 4E (Page 143)
√
√
7(a) 2 tan
−1
x + C (b) 23 (x − 2) x + 1 + C 1(a) 13 tan−1 x
+C (b) sin−1 x
+C
p 3 3
x −1 x 1
8(a) √ + C (b) 2 sin − x 4 − x2 + C 1
ln x−3
+C 1
ln 3+x
(c) 6 (d) 6 3−x + C
2 2 2
√1+x p x+3
(c) − 25−x
2
+ C (d) − x1 1 + x2 + C p p
2
25x
3 2
(e) ln x + 9 + x2 + C x2 − 9 + C
(f) ln x +
9(a) 3 (b) Begin by writing x = x(x + 1) − x. −1 1 −1 x−2


2(a) tan (x + 2) + C (b) 4 tan 4 +C
10(b) The region is half a segment. −1 x−4 −1 x+4
π (c) sin 5 +p C (d) sin 6 +C
11(b) 4
2
(e) ln x − 3 + 2
x − 6x + 13 + C
12(b)(ii) π4
q
13(b) by writing x2 = 1 − (1 −p
Begin p x2 ). (f) 21 ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 23 + C
14(a) tan−1 √ x2 − 1 +C1 (b) tan−1 x2 − 1 +C2 π π π
√
(4+)
√ 3(a) 8 (b) π (c) 6 (d) 2 (e) ln 3 (f) ln 3
3 3
15(a) − (b) 8 2 −1
8 4(2+) 4(a) ln(x + 2x + 2) − tan (x + 1) + C
(b) 21 ln(x2 + 2x + 10) − 31 tan−1 x+1
3 +C
Exercise 4D (Page 139) p
2 −1 x−3
1 1 1 1 2 2 (c) − 6x − x + 3 sin +C
1(a) x−1 − x+1 (b) 3(x−4) − 3(x−1) (c) x−3 + x+3 p 3
2 −1 x+1
2 1 1 4 1 2−x (d) − 4 − 2x − x + 2 sin √ +C
(d) x−2 − x−1 (e) 5(x−2) + 5(x+3) (f) x−1 + x2 +3 p 5
p
2(a) ln |x − 4| − ln |x − 2| + C (e) x2 + 2x + 10 − ln x + 1 + x2 + 2x + 10 +
(b) 2 ln |x + 1| − 2 ln |x + 3| + C C p p
(c) 4 ln |x − 2| − ln |x − 1| + C (f) x2 − 2x − 4+4 ln x − 1 + x2 − 2x − 4 +C
(d) 3 ln |x − 1| − ln |x + 3| + C 5(a) 21 ln 2+ π8 ln 2− π4
(b) 14 (3π −ln 4) (c) (d) 2−
√ √ √
(e) ln |x + 1| + ln |2x + 3| + C 3 −π6 (e) 3 ln(3 + 2 2)− 4 2
q  √
(f) 2 ln |x + 1| + 3 ln |2x − 3| + C 2
(f) ln 1 + 3 + 6−1
1 3 14 1
3(a) 4 ln 2 (b) ln 2 (c) ln 3 (d) 2 ln 2 p
−1
4(a) ln |x − 2| − 2 tan
−1
x+C 6(a) sin
p x − 1 − x2 + C
1 2
(b) ln |2x + 1| − 2 ln(x + 3) + C (b) 6 + x − x2 + 52 sin−1 2x−1
5
+C
p p
(c) tan
−1
x + 3 ln |x| − ln(x2 + 1) + C (c) x2 − 1 − ln x + x2 − 1 + C
√
5(a) π 4 − ln 2
3
(b) π + ln 2 (c) ln 4 − 23 ln 3 7(a) π + 3 − 2 (b) 3 sin−1 31
√3
√  √ 
6(a) 5 ln |x − 1| + 7 ln |x − 2| − 12 ln |2x − 3| + C 2+ √3
(c) 2 2 − 3 + ln
3+2 2
(b) 23 ln |x| − 5 ln |x − 2| + 27 ln |x − 4| + C x
8(a) √
4x−x2
is undefined at x = 0.
7(a) 35 ln 3 − ln 2 (b) 2 ln 3 − 8 ln 2
8(a)(i) A = 2, B = 1, C = −3
(ii) 2x + ln |x − 1| − 3 ln |x + 2| + C
(b)(i) x + ln |x − 2| − 2 ln |x + 1| + C

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 292 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 4F (Page 148) 10(a) 21 sin2 x√+ C1 (b) − 41 cos 2x + C2

1(a) ex (x − 1) + C (b) −e−x (x + 1) + C 11(a) 21 (b) 4
3
3x
(c) 91 e (3x + 2) + C (d) x sin x + cos x +C 12(a) 21 4
(b) 3
(e) − 12 (x − 1) cos 2x + 41 sin 2x + C 13(a) − 81 cos 4x − 41 cos 2x + C
(f) (2x − 3) tan x + 2 ln(cos x) + C (b) − 81 cos 4x + 41 cos 2x + C
π π 1 1 2 1 1
2(a) π (b) 2 − 1 (c) 4 − 2 ln 2 (d) 4 (e + 1) (c) 16 sin 8x + 8 sin 4x + C
−1 −2 1 1 3
(e) e (f) 1 + e 14(a) 4 (b) 6 (c) 8
tan x
3(a) x(ln x − 1) + C (b) 2x(ln x − 1) + C 15(a) tan x2 + C (b) ln 2
+C
p 1+tan x2
−1
(c) x cos x − 1 − x2 + C 1 1+2 tan x
(c) 5 ln 2−tan x
2
+C
4(a) π 1
4 − 2 ln 2 (b) 1 (c) 2
1 2
3
1 2 3 17 31 sin 3θ + sin θ + C
5(a) 4 x (2 ln x − 1) + C (b) 91 x (3 ln x − 1) + C
1
(c) − x (ln x + 1) + C
2 x Exercise 4H (Page 158)
6(a) (2 − 2x + x )e + C 2
2 3(b) 12 (e − 1)
(b) x sin x + 2x cos x − 2 sin x + C 8
2 4(c) 15
(c) x(ln x) − 2x ln x + 2x + C
1 4
√ 128 6(b) ( π )6− 30( π2 )4 + 360( π2 )2 − 720
7(a) − 42 (b) 15 (1 + 2 ) (c) 15 2
4 2
1 x 7(b) x4 − x2 + 21 ln(1 + x2 ) + C
8(a) 2 e (cos x + sin x) + C 128
8(b) I0 = 1, I4 = 315
(b) − 21 e (cos x + sin x) + C
−x
243
π π 9(b) u4 = 1540
9(a) 51 (e − 2) (b) 51 (e 4 + 2) p
1
√ √
10(b) J2 = − 12 x 1 − x2 + 12 sin
−1
x+C
10(a) √ (π − 3) (b) 23π (c) π − 2 √
2 3 1
12(d) 15 (14 2 − 16)
1 2
12(a) 4 x (2 ln x − 1) + C 

(1 + x2 )4 + 78 (1 + x2 )3 +
1 48
+ x2 )2
2 2
(b) 41 x 2(ln x) − 2 ln x + 1 + C
13(d) 9 35 (1
 p  
14(a) 21 x a2 − x2 + a2 sin−1 ( ax ) + C
192
+ 105 (1 + x2 ) + 105
384

p p 2n
(b) x ln x + x2 + a2 − x2 + a2 + C 15(d) Jn = Jn−1
p p 2n + 3
(c) x ln x + x2 − a2 − x2 − a2 + C 16(d) 1
I5 = 4√(2 ln 2 − 1)
1 π 3 3
15(a) 32 (sin 4x−4x cos 4x+8x cos 2x−4 sin 2x)+C 17(b) 3 − 4
1
(b) 18 (3x sin 3x + cos 3x + 9x sin x + 9 cos x) + C
1 x
(c) 20 e (sin 3x − 3 cos 3x + 5 sin x − 5 cos x) + C Exercise 4I (Page 161) √
√ 1
1 1
16(a) 48 (3 3 − π) (b) 12 (π + 2 ln 2 − 2) 1(a) 36 (b) π (c) ln 12
5 (d) 2 − 2 ln 3 (e) 2 2−1
π
(f) 18
p
Exercise 4G (Page 154) 2(a) 1 + x2 + C (b) tan−1 x + 1
2
ln(1 + x2 ) + C
1(a) sin x + C (b) − cos x + C (c) − ln | cos x| + C − 15 cos5 x + C ln 2x+1
(c) (d) x+1 + C
(d) ln | sin x| + C 1 4 1 4 1 3 1
(e) 4 x ln x − 16 x +C (f) 6 cos 2x − 2 cos 2x +C
1 3 1 3
2(a) 3 sin x + C (b) − 3 cos x + C 1 −1 x+3 1
(g) 4 tan 4 + C (h) x sin 3x + 3 cos 3x + C
3 3
(c) 31 cos x − cos x + C (d) sin x − 31 sin x + C 2
√
(i) 3 (x − 8) 4 + x + C
1 5 2 3
(e) 5 sin x − 3 sin x + sin x + C
4(a) A = − 23 , B = 32 , C = − 13
4 6
(f) 41 sin x − 61 sin x + C √ √
6(a) 2 3 (b) 245 3
3(a) π π
(b) 12 (c) π
4 8 8(a) A = 0, B = −2, C = 0, D = 2 (b) π 2 −1
4(a) tan x + C (b) tan x − x + C p
1 2 −1 x 1 2 − x2 + C
3 3
10 2 a sin a + 2 x a
1 1
(c) 3 tan x+tan x+C (d) 3 tan x−tan x+x+C 1 27
11(b) 10 (π + ln 16 )
1 11 9 53 4 7√
5(a) 4 (b) 24 (c) 64 (d) 480 (e) 15 (f)
60 2 12(a) P = 2, Q = −1
1
6(a) 32 (sin 4x + 8 sin 2x + 12x) + C
(b) 2x − ln |3 sin x + 2 cos x − 1| + C
1
(b) 32 (sin 4x − 8 sin 2x + 12x) + C
14(b) 6 − 2e
1
(c) 1024 (24x − 8 sin 4x + sin 8x) + C
17(c) If pq ≤ 0, then 0 ∈ [p, q] and u is undefined
(b) 31 (c) 21 (tan 2 + tan−1 21 ) π
−1
8(a) 1 ln 2 =
√ 4 at t = 0.
9(a) π
4
2
(b) 15 (1 + 2) π
(c) 16

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Five 293

Review Exercise 4J (Page 164)

x2
Chapter Five
1(a) 12 e +C (b) 32 ln(x2 +1)+C (c) 12
1
(1+x2 )6 +
1 4
C (d) − 4 cos x +C (e) 3 ln |x −3| +ln |x +1| +C Exercise 5A (Page 171)
(f) − 12 xe − 41 e−2x + C
−2x
1 The xy-plane with equation z = 0, the xz-plane
3 1
2(a) tan x − x + C (b) 32 (3 + x) 2 − 6(3 + x) 2 + C with equation y = 0 and the yz-plane with equa-
1 −1 x+1


(c) 2 tan 2 tion x = 0.
1 1
(d) 3x sin 3 x + 9 cos 3 x + C (e) x + ln |x + 1| + C 2(a) 2nd (b) 5th (c) 4th (d) 6th (e) 8th (f) 3rd
1 2
(f) 2 ln |x| + 2 ln(x + 1) + C 3(a) (3, 2, −1) (b) (−5, 2, 5) (c) (3, 12, 5)
 
√x ex −1
3(a) +C (b) 12 ln +C
ex +1
(d) (8, 2, 12) (e) (3, −1, 1) (f) (3, 2, −5)
4 4−x2
√ √ (g) (−3, 2, 5) (h) (3, −2, 5) (i) (3, −2, −5)
(c) 2 x − 4 ln(2 + x) + C

4(a) A(2, 0, 0), B(2, 2, 0), C(2, 2, 2), D(2, 0, 2),
(d) 32 tan
−1 1
3
tan 21 x + C
5 3 7
4(a) 6 (b) ln 6 (c) 24 (d) 2 − 2 ln 3 (e) 105
16
(f) 4
1 O(0, 0, 0), P (0, 2, 0), Q(0, 2, 2), R(0, 0, 2)
√ √
π
5(a) 9 (b) 14 − 2
11π 2 π 4
(c) 15 (d) 12 + ln 3 (b) 2 2 (c) 2 3 (d) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
√
8π
(e) 3 − 2 3 (f) 4+π2
2e+π x = 2, y = 2, z = 2
√
6(a) 21 ln 35 (b) 18
π
(c) π (d) ln(2 + 3) 5(a) A(2, 0, 0), B(2, 4, 0), D(2, 0, 3),
4 n
8(a) In = 14 x (ln x) − 41 nIn−1 P (0, 4, 0), Q(0, 4, 3), R(0, 0, 3)
√ √
9(b) 5π (b) 2 5 (c) 29 (d) x = 0, y = 0, z = 0,
32
10(b) (2n − 1)Jn = 2n−1 + 2(n − 1)Jn−1 28
(c) 15 x = 2, y = 4, z = 3
2 3
26
11(b) 15 6(a) 6 u (b) 10 u
√ √
7(a) OA = 7, OB = 7 2, AB = 7 3
2 2 2 ◦
(b) OA + OB = AB , so 6 AOB = 90 .
√ √ 1
8 BC = 2 21, M N = 21 = 2 BC
9(a) M = (−8, 6, 18)
(b) X = (−7, −1, 16) and Y = (−9, 13, 20)
11 x = −1
√
12(a) AB = AC = 2 14
13(a) 3x + 4y = 12 (b) 3x + 6z = 12 with the
xz-plane, 4y + 6z = 12 with the yz-plane (c) a
line (d) They intersect in a line.
15(a) z can take any real (d) z
value.
2 2
(b) circle x + y = 4
(c) It is the curved sur-
face of a cylinder with
radius 2. The diagram
x y
shows the portion from
z = 0 to z = 4.
16(a) A sum of squares (d) z
can never be negative.
2 2
(b) circle x + y = k.
2
(c) parabola z = x .

x y

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 294 Answers to Exercises

Exercise

5B (Page 177)
  
Exercise 5D (Page
√
188)
2 −4 1(a) 3 (b) Both 6. (c) π
√ 3
1(a)  −3  , 2i − 3j + 5k (b)  0  , −4i + 13k 2(a) 23 (b) 2
e e e e 3
e
 5  13 ◦
4(a) 44 (b) 87◦  
a 8
3
(c)  −2a  , ai − 2aj − 3ak 2
6(a) 9 i − 9 j
2
− 19 k (b)  3
2 
e e e e e e
−3a − 23
2(a) |a| = 5, ba = 54 i − 35 k 7(a) 8
√ (b) 35
e e e e 3 5
(b) |a| = 3, ba = 31 i + 23 j − 23 k −−→ −−→
e e e e √e  8(a) BA = 3i + 2j − 7k, BC = 5i − 4j + k
√ − 2 √e e e√ e√e e √
1 √ (c) AB = 62, BC = 42, AC = 104 = 2 26
3(a) |v| = 3 2, b v =  −4 2     
e e 6 √ −5 1
2 −−→ −→
 √  9(a) AB =  4 , AC =  3  (b) 78
◦

√ 5 2
1  √  1 −2
(b) |v| = 5 2, b v= 3 2 ◦ 0
e e 10 √ 10 117 49
  −4 2
  11(b) 23 u
2
5 19      
√ √ −7 −3 −1
4(a)  −10  (b) 654 (c)  28  (d) 2589 −→ −
−→
12(a) AP =  1  , AB =  −6  (b)  −2 
23 −38
5(a) 3i − 12j + 4k (b) −3i + 12j − 4k (c) 13
−2 0 0
e  e e  e e (c) 7 units
8 −8 e √
√ 13(a) 3 units (b) 5 1470 units
6(a)  3  (b)  −3  (c) 77
15 72 , 37 , 67
−2 2 2
(c) 220 u
◦
17(a) 90
7 λ1 = 2, λ2 = −4 −−→ −→3 −−→ 1 3
8 λ1 = −1, λ2 = 3, λ3 = −2 18(a) OP = OA + λAB (b) λ = 12 (c) λ = 10
−−→ −
−→ 19 λ = 4 or − 44
9(a) CD = −3AB (b) They are not parallel. 65
−−→ −−→ −−→ −−→ 2 4
10 BC = 2AB, so AB and BC are parallel. 20(b) λ = 3 or 3
√ 2
−−→ −
−→
12 −i − 14j − 6k 21(a) 12 10 u (b) OD = 7i + j + k , OE = 6i − 2j
e◦ ◦ ◦ e e e e e e
13 58 , 74 e 3
 , 37   (d) 80 u
3 −1
14(a)  1  (b)  −7  Exercise 5E (Page 191)
−4 4 −−→ −→
2(a) 0 (b) OB = a + c, AC = c − a
15(a) −5j + 7k (b) −24i + 7j − 5k e e e e
−→e e e √e e √ 3(a) equal radii
16(a) AG = −i + j + k (b) 3 (c) 26 5(a) equal chords
e e e −−→ −→
18(a) No, since −a + b + c = 0 (b) Yes 6(b) CB k OA
e e e e
19 (−10, −1, 3), (4, 9, −1), (6, 5, 7) 8(a) 60
◦
(b) equilateral (c) regular tetrahedron
(all 4 faces are equilateral triangles)
Exercise 5C (Page 183)
.
√ (d) cos
−1
− 31 = ◦ 0
. 109 28
1(a) 12 2 (b) −20 1
9(a) 2 v + w
2(a) 5 (b) x1 x2 +y1 y2 +z1 z2 (c) a1 b1 +a2 b2 +a3 b3 e e
4(a) 0 (b) They are perpendicular. Exercise 5F (Page 201)
6(a) 126 (b) 360 (c) −48 (d) 78 1(a) y (b) Using basis vectors:
7(a) −21 ≤ 8 ≤ 21 (b) −20 ≤ −18 ≤ 20 r = (−i +3j )+λ(2i −j ),
√ √ √ √
8(a) 4 ≤ 74 ≤ 10 (b) 10 ≤ 14 ≤ 3 10 e e e e e
3 λ∈R
5
10(a) λ = 8 (b) λ = − 2 or 3 (c) − 21
11 One such vector is i + 7j + 3k . (d) y = − 12 x + 25
√ e e e 2
18 23 -1 x
√ -1
19 2 7 2~i - j
~
2(a) 3i − 2j (b) 3i + 2j
e e e e

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Five 295

(c) r = 3i − 2j + λ(3i + 2j ), λ ∈ R 25(a) The interval or line segment AB. (b) The
e  e e e e
3 ray with endpoint B in the direction of b − a.
3(a)(i) e e
1 (c) The ray with endpoint A in the direction of
   
−12 0 a − b.
(ii) The x- and y-intercepts are and . e ep 2 √
  0  4 26(a) 2λ − 8λ + 10 (b) 2
x 0 3
(iii) Using the y-intercept, = +λ .
      y 4 1
Exercise 5G (Page 210)
x 6 −3
(b)(i) = +λ 1(a) (x − 6)2 + (y + 9)2 = 28
 y  0  1 
6

√
x 0 1 (b) r − =2 7
(ii) = +λ −9
y 3 0  e
    √ √
x −5 0 (c) x = 6 + 2 7 cos θ, y = −9 + 2 7 sin θ
(iii) = +λ
y 0 1 2 2 2
2(a) (x + 2) + (y − 7) + (z + 4) = 81
4(a) y = 4x + 17 (b) 3x + 2y = 19  
−2
5(a) yes (b) yes (c) no
(b) r −  7  = 9
6(a) r = 7i − 5k + λ(−4i − 6j + 9k ) e
e  e  e  e  e  e −4
x 3 −6
 
(b) r = y = 4 + λ −7     3(a) (x + 5)2 + (y + 10)2 = 45
e 2 2 2
(b) (x − 3) + (y + 1) + (z − 8) = 121
z 5 −8  
7(a) r = 3i − 2j − 4k + λ(5i − 3j − k) 5 √
e e e e e 4 r− = 2 2, (x − 5)2 + (y + 3)2 = 8
(b) r = −i − j e + 2k + λ(i + 2j +e3k ) e −3
e e e e e e e  1
8(a) yes  (b) yes           −2
3 √
2 1 x 2 1
9(a)(i) (ii) (iii) = +λ 5(a) r − = 5 (b) r −  1  = 230
  −1  2   y −3 2 e −4 e 5
x 1 1 2
(b) = +λ 7 inside
y −2 −1 √
11(a) r = 4i + 3j + λ(2i − 3j ) 8 centre (2, 1, −1), radius 2 5
e e e (x − 1)2 +
(b) r = −7i + 5je + λ(6i + 13j e) 9(a) x = 2 cos t + 1, y = 2 sin t − 1 (b)
e e e e e (y + 1)2 = 4
Note that there are many possible answers.
2 y
12(a) r = −i + 3j + k + λ(3i + j + 4k) 10(a) y = (x + 2) − 2 (c)
e e e e e e
(b) r = 7i − 11j e + 14k + λ(10i + 20j − 30k ) (b) [−2, ∞)
e  e  e  e   e e e 2 _
x 1 4
13(a) = +λ , 0≤λ≤1 -2+Ö2
 y  −2  6
x −1 3 -2 x
(b)  y  =  1  + λ  2 , 0≤λ≤1 -2
z −2 1
15(a) (1, 2, 0) (b) (3, −2, 6) √
11(a) |r| = 10 (b) The radius and tangent are
17(a) −i + k (b) skew e
e e ◦ perpendicular. (c) y = 3x − 10
18(a) (1, 1, 2) (b) 70.5
12(a) x = 3λ + 1, y = 2λ − 1
19 a = −3
√ (b) (−2, −3) and (4, 1)
20(d) 115 5 units
√ 14(a) Both spheres have centres on the z-axis.
145
21 5 units
(b) centre (0, 0, 59 ), radius 12
5
22(a) v 1 and v2 have the same direction vector.
e e √ 15 (4, 4, −6) and (11, −8, −3)
(b) i − 2j + k (c) 5
e e 16(a) x = 3λ − 2, y = 4λ + 3, z = 5λ + 4
23(b) Fore 6 BAD: r = (−i − 2j ) + λ(i + j ),
e e e e (b) (7, 15, 19)
for 6 ABC: r = 2i + µ(−i + je) 2 2 2
e e e e    17(a) x − y = 1 (b) y = ± √ x 2
2 −1 4 4−x
−−→
24(a) OM =  21  (b) r =  −1  + λ  2 
3 e
2
0 2
(d) 3 : 1

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 296 Answers to Exercises

     
1 1 2 Chapter Six
18(a) r =  −1  + λ  4  + µ  5  is a possible
e
0 1 −2 Exercise 6A (Page 223)
equation. (b) 13x − 4y + 3z = 17
y 1(a) t = 16 (x − 1), x = 6t + 1
20(a) (b) z
6
1
(b) t = 181
(1 − x3 ), x = (1 − 18t) 3
5 3 1 −2 1

t = - 2p3 t = 2p3 (c) t = 12 (x − 1), x = (12t + 1)− 2

1 2x 2 1 2
-3 -3 (d) t = 2 (e − e ), x = 2 ln(2t + e )
2 3 (e) t = tan
−1
x − π4 , x = tan(t + π4 )
t = p3 1 t = - p3 3 y −1
(f) t = tan x − tan 1, x = tan (t + tan 1)
x -3 2(a) ẍ = 0 (b) ẍ = −72x
−5
(c) ẍ = 108x
5
-3 -2 -1 1 2 3 x −4x 2
(d) ẍ = −2e (e) ẍ = 2x(1 + x )
t < 0: blue, t ≥ 0: black 3
(f) ẍ = −2 cos x sin x
2 3 2 −x 2
3(a) v = 4x (b) v = 2(1 − e ) (c) v =
Review Exercise 5H (Page 213)
1 |a| = 7, b a = 6i − 3j + 2k ln |2x + 1| (d) v2 = tan−1 21 x
e e 7e 7 e 7 e √ 4(a) t = 6
v3
(b) t = 2 − v
1
2(a) −5i − 4j + 7k (b) 5i + 4j − 7k (c) 3 10 2+v
e e e e (c) t = ln 3
5(a) 50 (b) e 44 (c) 8 (d) 110e 3
5(a) x = 4 ln |v| (b) x = 91 v − 24
7 λ = −1
2
8 cos θ = √ 6
(c) x = v + 2 ln 2+v
102
6(a) 16 (b) 4 (c) 4 (d) 9
9 4429
i − 33
j − 22 k
e 29 e  29e     2
7 17 m/s at an angle of tan
−1 15
above the hori-
1 −1 −1 8
−→ −
−→ zontal
10(a) AP =  3  , AB =  −1  5 
(b) 11 −1  −→ ◦ ◦
8(a) OA = (20 cos 32 )i + (20 sin 32 )j ,
3 3 3 e
√ −−→ e
(c) 2 506
11 units OB = (−15 cos 54◦ )i + (15 sin 54◦)j
e
(b) 24 N (c) 70 above the positivee horizontal di-
◦ ◦
11 81    
0 1
13 r = +λ rection or 020◦ T
3 2 √ √
e 9(a) (6 − 2 2)i + (20 − 2 2)j (b) 17·5 N, 79·5
◦
14 x − 3y = 14 e
above the horizontal e
15 (0, 7, −3), (−14, 0, 11), (−3, 11 2 , 0)
11(a) 20 metres (b) Upwards is positive, so while
16(a) no (b) yes
17 r = i + j − k + λ(i − 2j + 3k )
the stone is√rising its velocity is positive.
400−20x
e e e e
18(a) (2, 3, −5)
e
(b) (−3, 5,e−1)
e (c) t = 2 − 10
, x = 20t − 5t2 ,
2 2
19(a) (x − 3) + (y + 4) + (z − 2) = 7
2 2 seconds
  50 ln |v|
3 12(a) x = 150 − , x = 150 metres
√  ln 10 
(b) r − −4  = 7
 1000 1 1 1
e (b) t = − , t = 10 11 s
2 99 v 1000
  2 −x
13 v = 6 − 2e . The acceleration is always
2
√ positive, and the velocity is initially 2. Hence
21 r −  5  = 2 6
e the velocity is always increasing with minimum 2.
−6
The particle continues to accelerate, but with lim-
22 (4, −5, 1) and (6, 8, −10) √
8 2 2 iting velocity 6.
23(a) y = 4+x (b) x + y = 1, where y 6= −1.
p2 14(a) ẍ = −12 (b) x = 3(1 − e
−2t
) (c) As t → ∞,
(c) y = ± 2x 1 − x2
the particle moves to the limiting position x = 3.
15(a) 1·52 s (b) 8·48 m
16(a) m k (b)(i) 2ku (ii) k ln 3
2 2
17(a) v = 2(x − 5)(x + 4). v cannot be negative.
(b) x = 6 m (x = −5 is impossible, because the

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Six 297

particle can never pass through the origin). The 7 x (a) v = 6 sin 3t,
particle moves forwards with increasing velocity. 14 ẍ = 18 cos 3t
2 3 2 12 (b) a = 2,
18(a) v = 2x (b) x = √ . The particle
(t + 2 )2 10
T = 2π3
seconds,
starts at x = 1 and moves backwards towards the
centre x = 12
origin, its speed having limit zero, and position
(c) 10 ≤ x ≤ 14,
having limit the origin. p 2p t π
2 3 3 3 3 seconds
19(a) v = 6x − 2x + 16 (b) Yes. (Sketch the
2π 4π
2 (d) t= and t = 3 . At both times, |v| = 0 and
graph of v against x.) 3
2
2 2 2 ẍ = 18 cm/s . (e) t = π6 and t = π2 .
21(b) v = V + 2gR (1/x − 1/R),
At both times, |v| = 6 cm/s and ẍ = 0 cm/s2 .
H = 2gR /(2gR − V 2 ) (c) 11·2 km/s
2
. 8(a) amplitude: 6, period: π, initial phase: π
22(b) 12 ln 2 − 3·5 =. 4·82 m 2
π π
(b) ẋ = 12 cos(2t + 2 ), ẍ = −24 sin(2t + 2 ),

Exercise 6B (Page 232) ẍ = −4x, so n = 2.

π 3π
1(a) 12 cm, 4 seconds (c) t = 4 when v = −12, t = 4 when v = 12

(b) v = −6π sin π2 t, ẍ = −3π 2 cos π2 t (c) 12 cm, (d) t = 3π 7π

4 and t = 4 , when x = 0

0 cm/s (d) After 1 second (e) 2 seconds (e) t = π and t = 2π, when v = 0 and ẍ = −24
π π
2(a) 2 m, 21 s (b) 9(a) x = 120 sin 12 t, v = 10π cos 12 t, 10π m/s
x 12 −1 1 .
(c) v = 8π cos 4πt, (b)(i) π sin 4
=. 0·9652 seconds
.
ẍ = −32π 2 sin 4πt 2 (ii) 12 + 12 π
sin−1 41 = . 12·97 seconds (c) 4 seconds
2 1 3 and 8 seconds
(d) ẍ = −16π x 4 4
π π
2
(e) ẍ = −32π at t = 8 1 1
1 t 10(a) x = 4 cos 4t, v = −16 sin 4t (b)(i) 12 s (ii) 6 s
2
π 5π
2 3 (c) 24 seconds and 24 seconds
and ẍ = 32π at t = 8 -2
(f) 8π m/s 11 x = 2 − 12 cos 2t, x0 = 21 , 12 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, π
1

12(a) x = 2 − cos 4t (b) x0 = 2, 1 cm, 1 ≤ x ≤ 3,

v = 4 cos πt, ẍ = −4π sin πt π π
2 s (c) 4 cm/s when t = 8
3(b)
(c) a = π4 , T = 2 seconds (d) π4 m, 4 m/s 13(b) x = 2 (c) 2π s (d) 6 cos(t − π 3
) (e) 6, − π3
(e) x (f) −4 ≤ x ≤ 8
p
x 14 v = bn cos nt − cn sin nt
4 1 4p 1 3π 7π
- p t (a) n = 2 , c = 6, b = 6, 2 s and 2 s
4 2
π 9
(b) n = 3 , c = −2, b = π , about 0·582 s
x and 3·582 s
t 15 v = an cos(nt + α) (a) n = π 3 , α = 0, a = π
15
4 1 2
2 3π 3π
(b) n = 3 , α = 2 , a = 5 (c) n = 1, α = 4 ,
√
1 2 t a= 2
-4
-4p 16(a) a = 3, α = − π 2
(b) a = 2, α = π 3
√
(f) t = 1 (when v = −4 m/s) and t = 2 (when 17 a = 32π 2 , α = π 4
v = 4 m/s) (g) t = 21 (when ẍ = −4π m/s2 ) and 18 a = 5, α =
.
. 2·248
t = 23 (when ẍ = 4π m/s2 ) 19(a) x = 4 sin 4t + 3 cos 4t (b) x = 5 cos(4t − ε),
4(a) x = 2 sin 2t
where ε = tan−1 43 (c) 5 m, 20 m/s
(b) x = 6 sin 32 t
(d) t = π 1 −1 3 π 1 −1 4
4 − 4 tan 4 , t = 8 + 4 tan 3
5(a) v = bn cos nt − cn sin nt,
20(a) 10:00 am (b) 7:33 am (c) 12:27 pm
ẍ = −bn2 sin nt − cn2 cos nt = −n2 x 21 11:45 q am to 8:15 pm
(b)(i) c = 3 and b = 0, so x = 3 cos nt. √
23(b) 2 5 + 2 3
(ii) x = 5 cos 2πt, 41 s
1 2
6(b) a = 4 (c) 3 s, 3 s

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 298 Answers to Exercises

Exercise 6C (Page 238) 20(b) ẋ = −16π sin 2πt, ẏ = 16π cos 2πt,
1(a) v = −6 sin 2t, ẍ = −12 cos 2t, ẍ = −4x, ẍ = −32π 2 cos 2πt, ÿ = −32π 2 sin 2πt
√
v2 = 4(9 − x2 ) (b) ±2 5 m/s, −8 m/s2 (c)(i) π 7π
6 or s6 (ii) π 4π
3 or 3 (iii) 3π 7π
4 or 4
2 2
2(a) v = 9(25 − x ) v2 2 x1 2 − v1 2 x2 2
2 21(b) a =
(b) v = ±12 m/s, ẍ = −27 m/s (c) 15 m/s v1 2 − v2 2
2 2 π
3(a) v = 16(36 − x ) (b) 6 cm, 2 seconds (c) 5 cm, π seconds, 10 cm/s
√ 2 √ √
(c) |v| = 16 2 cm/s, ẍ = −32 cm/s 22 v = 21 V 3 or v = − 12 V 3,
2 2 √ √
4(a) v = 4(36 − x ), π seconds, 12 m/s x = 12 a 3 or x = − 12 a 3
(b)(i) x = 6 cos 2t (ii) x = −6 cos 2t 23(b) When α = π, A = 3 and x = 3 sin t.
(iii) x = 6 sin 2t (iv) x = −6 sin 2t When α = 0, A = 1 and x = − sin t.
π
√
5(a) 32 cm/s (b) 8 cm (c) twice (d) When α = 3 , x = 3 cos t.
√
6(a) a = 1 metre (b) 4π m/s When α = 5π
3 3 , x = − 3 cos t.
5π 5π2 2
7(a) 2 cm/s, 8 cm/s
2
(b) ±2π cm/s, ± 3π
√ √ 8
cm/s2 Exercise 6D (Page 245)
8 5 2 m/s, 3 2 m/s 1(b) 360 metres
√
9 4, 2 7 m/s 2(c) 80%
2 5 2 2 4(a) The force of the spring is directed towards
10 v = − 3 (x − 16 ), so the amplitude = 16.
11 15 cm/s the origin.The resistive force is in the opposite
13(b)(i) When x = 0, |v| = an. direction to the velocity. (b) ÿ + 3ẏ + 2y = 0
√ 2
(ii) When x = 21 a, |v| = 12 3 an and ẍ = − 21 an . (e) A = −1, B = 1
2 Q2
14(a) ẍ = −9(x − 1), centre: x = 1, period: 2π 3
, 6(b) v = (1+Q2 )e2t −Q2 (c) lim v = 0. Since
t→∞
amplitude: 2 (b)(i) ẍ = −16(x − 2), centre: x = 2, v 6= 0, it can never change sign. (d) tan−1 Q
period: π2 , amplitude: 3 (ii) ẍ = −9(x − 6), (e) Yes. Since Q and v have the same sign,
centre: x = 6, period: 2π 3 , amplitude: 4
Q−v
tan−1 Q − tan−1 v = tan−1 1+Qv . In contrast,
√ √ √
(iii) ẍ = −2(x + 2), centre: x = −2, period: π 2, evaluate each side when Q = 3 and v = − 3. 
amplitude: 1 (iv) ẍ = −3(x + 35 ), centre: x = − 35 , 1 m 6+2v
7(a) A = B = 5 (b)(i) 1 (ii) t = 5×104 log 6−3v
√
period: 2π/ 3, amplitude: 2 13 8(c) 878 metres (d) 1190 metres
15(a)(i) ẍ = 50 cos 10t = −100(x − 21 ) v
9(a) F = mP − mkv
2
(ii) ẍ = −50(2 sin 5t − 1) = −100(x − 21 ) (b) v = P
1 k
(b) centre: x = 2 , range: 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, (d) k1
log 2 Vi > V0
period: π5 minutes, t = π5
V0
16(a) centre: x = 7. Since the amplitude is 7, the
Vi < V0
extremes of motion are x = 0 and x = 14, and the
particle isstationary there. t

2 2 At x = 1 the acceleration is positive.
(b) v = 9 49 − (x − 7) , 21 cm/s 10(a)
(c) Although the particle is stationary for an in- (c) The velocity approaches 1 from above.
√ √
2 V 2 V0
stant, its acceleration at that time is positive (it 11(a)(ii) 0 ≤ x ≤ k 0 , and v = 0 when x = k .
√  
is actually 63 m/s2 ), and so the velocity immedi- (b)(i)
2 V0
x= k 1 − 2+kt2√V
0
√
ately changes and the particle moves away. 2 V
(ii) lim x = k 0 , and lim v = 0.
√
17(a) ẍ = −9x (b) period: 2π , amplitude: 2 13, t→∞ t→∞
√ 3 √
maximum speed 6 13, |ẍ| = 9 13
π π
18(a) x = 3, 2 (b) x = 3 + 2 sin(4t + 3 )
π 5π 2π
(c) t = 6 , 12 , 3 , |v| = 8
19(a) ẍ = −4(x − 10), centre: x = 10, period: π,
amplitude: 10
.
(b) 3π 1 −1 3 −1
4 − 2 tan 4 ( = π − tan 2= . 2·034)

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 Answers to Chapter Six 299

Exercise 6E (Page 254) 4(a) 101 m/s

√
(b)x = 101t, y = −5t2 (d) 149 m/s,
.
1(b) 1·9 seconds (c) 25 metres tan−1 2010130 =
. 47◦ 190 below the horizontal
dv 400 − v2 √
4(b)(i) v = (ii) 10 2 m/s (e) 1·106 km
dy 40 6(c) V = 36, θ =
. ◦
. 41 49
0
(d) 129 metres
5(d) 40 metres ◦ ◦
0 7(c)(i) α = 15 or 75
9(a)(i) 0 (iii) f (x) > 0 for x > g. That is, f is
  ◦
(ii) It will if α = 75 , but not if α = 15 .
◦
g + kV0
increasing for x > g. (b)(ii) T = k1 ln 8(b) range: 38·4 metres, height: 12·8 metres
g
1 2 . (c)(ii) 33·3 metres
10(b)(i) ẍ = 10 − 10 v (ii) 10 m/s (iv) t = . 1·446
√ . ◦ 0 ◦ 0
11(b) y = 45(2 + 2)(1 − e
−t/3
) − 30t (d) R = . 44 9(d) 60 15 or 72 54
◦
y 10(b) 0·36 s (c) 12 (d) No, it lands 4·72 metres
x = 45Ö2
no resistance in front of him.
22×5 ◦
11(b)(ii) 16 metres (iii) 112
15×5
12(d) 27 m
◦ 0
13(d) 15 metres (e) 10 m/s, 63 26
◦
14(c) T = 4, θ = 30
20 40 60 80 x
15(b)(ii) Yes. The vertical components of their ini-
tial velocities are equal, and they are both subject
Here is the trajectory for 0 ≤ t ≤ 4. The dotted
to the same force (gravity) acting in the vertical
line is the trajectory for no air resistance.
. direction.
13(a)(ii) x(t + δt) =
. x(t) + δt u(t) ◦ ◦
18(c) For 0 < α < 45 , 0 < tan α < 1. Hence if
.
y(t + δt) = . y(t) + δt v(t) α1 and α2 are both less than 45◦ , then the two

1 
v(t + δt) = . 2
. v(t) 1 − k δt u(t) + v(t)
2 2
− gδt roots of the quadratic both lie between 0 and 1.
(b)(i) u(0·1) =
. But the product of these roots is greater than 1,
. 20·51
(ii) v(0·1) =
. . . so α1 and α2 cannot both be less than 45◦ .
. 19·51, x(0·1) = . 2·12, y(0·1) =. 2·12
. . . 19(a) (d cos β, d sin β)
(c) u(0·2) = . 19·86, v(0·2) = . 17·89, x(0·2) =. 4·17,
◦
. . 20(b)(iv) 52
y(0·2) = . 4·07 (d) R =
. 54
y
Exercise 6G (Page 269)
22×5 no resistance
1(b) 6·05 m
17×2
2(a) 1 53 s, 12 54 m (c) 24 31 m/s
3(a) B − M g = −M d, B − (M − m)g = (M − m)a
2 2 2gR2
4(a) v = V0 + − 2gR
20 40 60 80 x r
p .
(b) V0 = gR = . 1680 m/s
d2 θ g sin θ
5(a) T = mg cos θ, =−
Exercise 6F (Page 259) √ dt2 L
√ 6 5:09 am to 9:36 am
1(a)
2
x = 20t, y = −5t + 20 3t (b) 4 3 seconds,  
√ √ gx2 2 gx2
80 3 metres (c) 2 3 seconds, 60 metres 7(b) tan β − x tan β + y + =0
2V 2 2V 2
(d) It is false. The horizontal range would not have V2
(c)(iii) tan β =
changed, although the flight time would have been gh cot α
2 2 2
2
4 seconds and the maximum height would have 8(c) x = − 2Vg (y − V2g ) with focal length V2g and
been 20 metres. 2
vertex (0, V2g )
2
2(a) ẋ = 15, ẏ = −10t+36, x = 15t, y = −5t +36t 1 2
9 centre = (0, − 2 gt ), radius = V t
(b) 52 m (c) 21.9 m/s (d) after 10(b)(iii) 2`
√ 2
3(a) x = 10 3t, y = −5t + 10t 11(a) The acceleration is downwards.
√
(b) 5 s, 50 3 metres (c) 80 metres (b) h = 20R−V
RV0 2
(c) 12 524 m
2
0
1 2
(d) 44 m/s, 67
◦
(e) y = − 60 x + √13 x 12(b) C = 112 (c) B = 4(16 + 14e
−7kt/4
)

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party
 300 Answers to Exercises

√ √
(d) 78◦ C (e) 64◦C 24(a) Initially, ẋ = 5 and ẏ = 2 5 . (b) ẋ =
√ √ √ 2
√
13(b) 2100 2 (c) 30002 (d) 10%
 5 , x = t 5 , ẏ = −10t + 2 5 , y = −5t + 2t 5
V sin 2α V sin2 α 2 2 √ √
14(b)(i) 2g , 2g (ii) V cos
2g
α
(c) 1 metre (d) 2 metres (e) ẋ = 5 , ẏ = −2 5 ,
 
2 2 2 v = 5 m/s, θ = − tan−1 2 (f) y = 2x − x2
(iii) y = V2g , S = V sin2g
2α
, − V cos2g
2α
25(a) ẋ = 200, ẏ = 0 (b) ẋ = 200, x = 200t,
Notice that the directrix is independent of α. 2
ẏ = −10t, y = −5t , y = − 8000 1
x2 (c) 600 metres
√
15(b) 15(2 + 2 ) s, which is about 51·2s. ◦ 0
(d) 8 32
2
16(a) 23 mg (c) ẏ = 3g, and since y is decreasing 1 2
p 26(b) y = x − 90 x
to that point on the curve, ẏ = − 3g . ẋ = 0. ◦ 0
27(b) 62 22 or 37 5
◦ 0
√ √
3
(d) 2√g sin−1 41 + 1 − 415 28(c) 7·5 m  (d) 0·8 ≤ m  ≤ 1·2 or 2·8 ≤ m ≤ 3·2
(e) The integral is improper. 1 ku
29(c) k ln 1 + g sin α (d) u
k cos α

Review Exercise 6H (Page 274)

1(a) t = 12 ln |2x − 1|, x = 21 (e2t + 1)
(b) t = 61 (x
−1
− 1), x = (1 + 6t)−1
3
2(a) ẍ = 2(2x − 1) (b) ẍ = 72x
2
3(a) v = 12x
2
(b) v = 31 (1 − cos 6x)
1 v
4 t = 4 ln 2
3
5 x = v −1
√
6(a) 8 (b) 2 5 (c) 12 (d) ln 3
2 ◦
7 41·8 m/s , 035·3 T
2
8(a) ẍ = − 25 m/s, v = 10 000 − 5x
√
(b)(i) v = 50 2 m/s (ii) x = 1500 metres
(c) The plane is still moving forwards while it is
braking. (d) x = 100t − 45 t2 , 40 seconds
−5t


9(a) v = 500 − 5x, x = 100 1 − e
(b) The torpedo moves to a limiting position of
x = 100 as the velocity decreases to zero.
2 −x
10(a) v = e (b) v is initially positive, and is
never zero. x = 2 ln 21 (t + 2) (c) As t → ∞,
x → ∞ (slowly) and v → 0.
√ √

12(b) 2 (c) x = 2 cos 4t + π4


13(b) 2 sin 3t − π 6
(c) the amplitude is 2, the
π
centre is x = 5 (d) t = 18
2 2π
14 3 m, 3 s
15(a) 18·8 m/s (b) 3553 N
16(c) 0·34 s
18(b) 12 ·1 m/s
19(a) ẍ = 10 − 20v (d) 0·035 s
20(b) Vg ln 2
2
22(a) ẋ = 48, ẏ = −10t + 36, x = 48t, y = −5t +
36t (b) 64·8 m (c) 345·6 m (d) 48i + 20j
e
23(b) R = 21·6 metres, H = 4·05 metres e
−1 3
(c) tan 4 (d) 15 m/s
(e) t = 0·8, when x = 9·6, and t = 1, when x = 12

Mathematics Extension 2 Year 12 ISBN 978-1-108-77105-4 © Sadler and Ward 2020 Cambridge University Press
Cambridge Maths Stage 6 Photocopying is restricted under law and this material must not be transferred to another party