Nouns

n. a. g. d.
a-Nouns
stone stān stān stānes stāne
(masc) stānas stānas stāna stānum
ship sċip sċip sċipes sċipe
(neut) sċipu sċipu sċipa sċipum
day dæġ dæġ dæġes dæġe
(masc) dagas dagas daga dagum
ō-Nouns
gift ġiefu ġiefe ġiefe ġiefe
(fem) ġiefa, -e ġiefa, -e ġiefa, -ena ġiefum
i-Nouns
friend wine wine wines wine
(masc) wine, -as wine, -as wina winum
deed dǣd dǣd, -e dǣde dǣde
(fem) dǣde, -a dǣde, -a dǣda dǣdum
u-Nouns
son sunu sunu suna suna
(masc) suna suna suna sunum
Weak Declension
name nama naman naman naman
(masc) naman naman namena namum
earth eorðe eorðan eorðan eorðan
(fem) eorðan eorðan eorðena eorðum
eye ēage ēage ēagan ēagan
(neut) ēagan ēagan ēagena ēagum
Athematic
man mann mann mannes men
(masc) men men manna mannum
book bōc bōc bēċ, bōce bēċ
(fem) bēċ bēċ bōca bōcum
Nouns of Relationship
father fæder fæder fæder fæder
(masc) fæderas fæderas fædera fæderum
brother brōðor brōðor brōðor brēðer
(masc) brōðor, -ru brōðor, -ru brōðra brōðrum

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Nouns cont.
n. a. g. d.
Nouns in -nd-
friend frēond frēond frēondes frīend, frēonde
(masc) frīend frīend frēonda frēondum
Stems in Indo-European -es, -os
calf ċealf ċealf ċealfes ċealfe
(neut) ċealfru ċealfru ċealfra ċealfrum
Dental Stems
man hæle hæle hæleþ hæleþ
(masc) hæleþ hæleþ hæleþa hæleþum
When adding endings, long-stemmed dissyllables lose the medial
vowel; monosyllables ending in h show absorption of h and
lengthening of the stem vowel. Both take the endings of sċip, not
word.

Adjectives
n. a. g. d. i.
Strong Declension
masc til tilne tiles tilum tile
tile tile tilra tilum tilum
fem tilu tile tilre tilre tilre
tile, -a tile, -a tilra tilum tilum
neut til til tiles tilum tile
tilu, -e tilu, -e tilra tilum tilum
Weak Declension
masc tila tilan tilan tilan tilan
fem tile tilan tilan tilan tilan
neut tile tile tilan tilan tilan
plural tilan tilan tilra, -ena tilum tilum
Short-Stemmed Monosyllables with Stem Vowel æ
masc glæd glædne glades gladum glade
glade glade glædra gladum gladum

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Personal Pronouns
n. a. g. d.
I iċ mē, meċ mīn mē
we two wit unc uncer unc
we wē ūs ūre ūs
you þū þē, þeċ þīn þē
you two ġit inc incer inc
you all ġē ēow ēower ēow
he hē hine his him
she hēo, hīo hīe, hī hire hire
it hit hit his him
they hīe, hī hīe, hī hira, hiera, him, heom
heora, hiora

Interrogative Pronouns
n. a. g. d. i.
who hwā hwone hwæs hwǣm, hwām hwȳ
what hwæt hwæt hwæs hwǣm, hwām hwȳ, hwon

Demonstrative Pronouns
n. a. g. d. i.
that
masc se þone þæs þǣm, þām þȳ, þon
fem sēo, sīo þā þǣre þǣre þǣre
neut þæt þæt þæs þǣm, þām þȳ, þon
plural þā þā þāra, þǣra þǣm, þām þǣm, þām
this
masc þes þisne þisses þissum þȳs
fem þēos þās þisse, þisre þisse þisse
neut þis þis þisses þissum þȳs
plural þās þās þissa, þisra þissum þissum

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Numerals
Cardinals Ordinals Cardinals Ordinals
1 ān forma 15 fīftīene fīftēoþa
2 twēġen ōþer 16 siextīene siextēoþa
3 þrīe þridda 17 seofontīene seofontēoþa
4 fēower fēorþa 18 eahtatīene eahtatēoþa
5 fīf fīfta 19 nigontīene nigontēoþa
6 siex siexta 20 twēntiġ twēntigoþa
7 seofon seofoþa 30 þrītiġ þrītigoþa
8 eahta eahtoþa 40 fēowertiġ fēowertigoþa
9 nigon nigoþa 50 fīftiġ fīftigoþa
10 tīen tēoþa 60 siextiġ siextigoþa
11 endlefan endlefta 70 hundseofontiġ hundseofontigoþa
12 twelf twelfta 80 hundeahtatiġ hundeahtatigoþa
13 þrēotīene þrēotēoþa 90 hundnigontiġ hundnigontigoþa
14 fēowertīene fēowertēoþa 100 hundtēontiġ hundtēontigoþa

Declension of Numerals
n.a. g. d.
Two
masc twēġen
fem twā twēġ(r)a twǣm, twām
neut twā, tū
Three
masc þrīe
fem þrēo þrēora þrim
neut þrēo
ān may be declined strong or weak; remaining cardinals are
undeclined. Ordinals are declined weak, except ōþer, which is always
strong.

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Strong Verbs
Inf. weorþan ċēosan hebban sēon
Present Indicative
iċ weorþe ċēose hebbe sēo
þū wierþst ċīest hefst si(e)hst
hē wierþ ċīest hefþ si(e)hþ
hīe weorþaþ ċēosaþ hebbaþ sēoþ
Present Subjunctive
hē weorþe ċēose hebbe sēo
hīe weorþen ċēosen hebben sēon
Past Indicative
iċ, hē wearþ ċēas hōf seah
þū wurde cure hōfe sāwe
hīe wurdon curon hōfon sāwon
Past Subjunctive
hē wurde cure hōfe sāwe
hīe wurden curen hōfen sāwen
Imperative
þū weorþ ċēos hefe seoh
ġē weorþaþ ċēosaþ hebbaþ sēoþ
Non-Finite Forms
Infl. Inf. weorþenne ċēosenne hebbenne sēonne
Pres. Ptc. weorþende ċēosende hebbende sēonde
Past Ptc. ġeworden ġecoren ġehafen ġesewen

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Class 1 & 2 Weak Verbs
Inf. fremman nerian hīeran lufian
Present Indicative
iċ fremme nerie hīere lufie
þū fremest nerest hīerst lufast
hē fremeþ nereþ hīerþ lufaþ
hīe fremmaþ neriaþ hīeraþ lufiaþ
Present Subjunctive
hē fremme nerie hīere lufie
hīe fremmen nerien hīeren lufien
Past Indicative
iċ, hē fremede nerede hīerde lufode
þū fremedest neredest hīerdest lufodest
hīe fremedon neredon hīerdon lufodon
Past Subjunctive
hē fremede nerede hīerde lufode
hīe fremeden nereden hīerden lufoden
Imperative
þū freme nere hīer lufa
ġē fremmaþ neriaþ hīeraþ lufiaþ
Non-Finite Forms
Infl. Inf. fremmenne nerienne hīerenne lufienne
Pres. Ptc. fremmende neriende hīerende lufiende
Past Ptc. ġefremed ġenered ġehīered ġelufod
Also in class 2 are andswarian, gadrian, and timbrian.

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Class 3 Weak Verbs
Inf. habban libban secgan hycgan
Present Indicative
iċ hæbbe libbe secge hycge
þū hæfst, leofast, sæġst, hyġst,
hafast lifast seġ(e)st hogast
hē hæfþ, leofaþ, lifaþ sæġþ, hyġþ,
hafaþ seġ(e)þ hogaþ
hīe habbaþ libbaþ, secgaþ hycgaþ
leofaþ
Present Subjunctive
hē hæbbe libbe secge hycge
hīe hæbben libben secgen hycgen
Past Indicative
iċ, hē hæfde lifde sæġde hog(o)de
þū hæfdest lifdest sæġdest hog(o)dest
hīe hæfdon lifdon sæġdon hog(o)don
Past Subjunctive
hē hæfde lifde sæġde hog(o)de
hīe hæfden lifden sæġden hog(o)den
Imperative
þū hafa leofa saga, seġe hoga, hyġe
ġē habbaþ libbaþ, secgaþ hycgaþ
leofaþ
Non-Finite Forms
Infl. Inf. habbenne libbenne secgenne hycgenne
Pres. Ptc. habbende libbende secgende hycgende
Past Ptc. ġehæfd ġelifd, ġesæġd, ġehogod
ġeleofd ġesǣd

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Anomalous Verbs
Inf. dōn gān willan bēon wesan
Present Indicative
iċ dō gā wille bēo eom
þū dēst gǣst wilt bist eart
hē dēþ gǣþ wile biþ is
hīe dōþ gāþ willaþ bēoþ sind(on)
Present Subjunctive
hē dō gā wille bēo sīe
hīe dōn gān willen bēon sīen
Past Indicative
iċ, hē dyde ēode wolde - wæs
þū dydest ēodest woldest - wǣre
hīe dydon ēodon woldon - wǣron
Past Subjunctive
hē dyde ēode wolde - wǣre
hīe dyden ēoden wolden - wǣren
Imperative
þū dō gā - bēo wes
ġē dōþ gāþ - bēoþ wesaþ
Non-Finite Forms
Infl. Inf. dōnne gānne willenne bēonne wesenne
Pres. Ptc. dōnde gānde willende bēonde wesende
Past Ptc. ġedōn ġegān ġewold ġebēon -

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Preterite Present Verbs
Inf Pres Ind Pres Subj Past
āgan āh āhst āge āhte
cunnan can(n) canst cunne cūðe
dugan dēah - duge dohte
durran dear(r) dearst durre dorste
magan mæġ meaht, miht mæġe meahte, mihte
mōtan mōt mōst mōte mōste
(ġe)muna man manst mune munde
n
sċulan sċeal sċealt sċyle sċeolde
þurfan þearf þearft þurfe þorfte
unnan an(n) anst unne ūðe
witan wāt wāst wite wiste, wisse

Weak Verbs Without i-Mutation

Inf. Past Ptc. Orig. Stem
brenġan broht o
bycgan boht u
cwellan cweald æ
sēċan sōht ō
sellan seald æ
þenċan þōht o
þynċan þūht u
wyrċan worht u
o > u before mid and low vowels does not take place before a nasal
consonant followed by another consonant.

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Verb Recognition
Inf. Class Pres. 1st Pret. 2nd Pret. Past Ptc.
sċīnan I sċīnþ sċān sċinon sċinen
crēopan II crīepþ crēap crupon cropen
brūcan II brȳcþ brēac brucon broken
breġdan III britt bræġd brugdon brogden
weorpan III wierpþ wearp wurpon worpen
feohtan III fieht feaht fuhton fohten
helpan III hilpþ healp hulpon holpen
ġieldan III ġielt ġeald guldon golden
drincan III drincþ dranc druncon drunken
beran IV birþ bær bǣron boren
tredan V tritt træd trǣdon treden
faran VI færþ fōr fōron faren
healdan VII-a hielt hēold hēoldon healden
hātan VII-b hǣtt hēt hēton hāten
fremman 1-a fremeþ fremede fremedon fremed
nerian 1-a nereþ nerede neredon nered
hīeran 1-b hīerþ hīerde hīerdon hīered
lufian 2 lufaþ lufode lufodon lufod
Notes:
1. Strong verbs with weak presents: biddan V, fricgan V, licgan V,
sittan V, þicgan V, hebban VI, hliehhan VI, sċeþþan VI,
sċieppan VI, stæppan VI, swerian VI, wēpan VII-a.
2. Fēolan (< *felhan) is class III.
3. A verb with ǣ + C may be either strong or weak (lǣtan VII,
lǣdan 1).
4. Weak verbs with strong recognition symbols: ċīdan, cwīþan,
ġedīgan, līxan, rīnan, snīwan, frēogan, nēosan, sēowan,
hringan, ġeþingan.
5. Verbs rhyming with swimman III, winnan III, bannan VII-a, and
feallan VII-a are always strong.
6. Class VII verbs with stem vowel ǣ or ā followed by a single
consonant other than w are generally VII-b; all others are
generally VII-a.

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Sound Changes

i-Mutation Palatal Diphthongization

æ e e, ē ie, īe
e i æ, ǣ ea, ēa
a, ā æ, ǣ
o, ō e, ē
u, ū y, ȳ Influence of Nasals (/m, n/ + C)
a + m, n e + m, n e i
ea, ēa ie, īe æ a, o
eo, eō ie, īe o u

Breaking Verner’s Law

before h, /l, r/ + C ð, þ d
æ ea s r
before h, lh, r + C h g, w, ng
e eo
before h
ī īo, ēo

Simplifications
-t, -d, -dd -tst, -tt
-s -st, -st
-þ -st, -þþ
-g -hst, -hþ
-cg -gst, -gþ
-ng -ngst, -ngþ
-cd- -ht-
Analogical replacement of consonants is frequent, e.g., wierþst.
Geminates in groups of three consonants are simplified.

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Verbs with Genitive

āġēotan blissian helpan strȳnan

āmyrran brūcan hogian swīcan
bedǣlan (ġe)cunnian latian twēo(ga)n
belīðan ēhtan ġelȳfan þurfan
benǣman fæġnian nēos(i)an þyrstan
beneah fandian nēotan wealdan
berȳðan ġefēon ofhrēowan wēnan
bestrȳðan ġȳman onfōn wilnian
beþurfan ġyrnan onmunan wundrian
bīdan hēdan reċċan ġewyrcan

Verbs with Genitive + Accusative

ġeǣmetian lettan sċ(e)amian
biddan ġelystan

Verbs with Genitive + Dative

ġeunnan onlēon tīðian wyrnan
forwyrnan ġestȳran þancian
ofþynċan tilian ġewanian

Verbs with Dative

ætwindan (ġe)dafenian linnan þeġnian
ætwītan dēman losian þēow(i)an
andswarian derian miltsian þingian
ārian ġefēon mislimpan þīwian
bedrēosan fylgan ġenēalǣcan ġeþwǣrian
bēodan ġefremman ġenyhtsumian ġeþwǣrlǣċan
beorgan fulgān oftēon þynċan
betǣċan fylstan ōleċċan wealdan
bodian helpan onfōn wīsian
ġebiddan hȳrsumian sǣlan ġewītan
breġdan līcian sċeþþan wiþstandan
ċyrran ġelȳfan ġespōwan

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Verbs with Dative + Accusative
ālēogan
ālȳfan
becweðan
oþþringan
oþwendan
þingian

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