Problems with NURBS:

Must use many NURBS patches to model complex geometry.

When deforming a surface made of NURBS patches, crack arise at the seams.
SUBDIVISION:
Subdivision defines smooth curve or surfaces as the limit of a sequence of
successive refinements.

Drawbacks of NURBS:
Carla Manni, Francesca Pelosi, and M Lucia Sampoli. Generalized b-splines as a tool in isogeometric
analysis. Computer methods in applied mechanics and engineering, 200(5):867-881, 2011.

Thin-Shell Subdivision surface:

F. Cirak, M. Ortiz, P. Schr¨oder, Subdivision surfaces: a new paradigm for thin-shell finite-element
analysis, Internat. J. Numer. Methods
Engrg. 47 (12) (2000) 2039–2072.

Bridging the gap between NURBS and SUBDIVISION Surfaces

Kerstin Muller, Lars Reusche, and Dieter Fellner. Extended subdivision surfaces: Building a bridge
between NURBS and Catmull-Clark surfaces. ACM Transactions on Graphics (TOG),
25(2):268{292, 2006.

SUBDIVISIONS Applications:

Subdivision surfaces are used to solve solid problem by using hexahedral

elements.
NURBS won’t support solid meshes,
Tensor product of nurbs surface is inefficient
Main motivation of subdivision surface is that they can represent any arbitrary
topology.

In NURBS it is difficult to maintain smoothness at seems of patch work. In

computer aided geometric design, patching multiple NURBS parameterizations
to form complex topologies is far from trivial if certain continuity requirements
are to be maintained.
Subdivision surfaces are convenient to model objects of arbitrary topology in a
form that is easy to design, render and manipulate.
Subdivision schemes that generalize B-spline representation are particular
useful. Although B-Spline surface representations are a prevalent
representations in geometric modelling, they cannot model objects in non-
planar topology or objects possessing sharp features without cumbersome
patch stitching and curve trimming.

Subdivision surfaces are defined as the limit if repeated refinement of a 3D

control point mesh.

In one research --- Subdivision surfaces are used for volumetric Iso-geometric
finite element analysis based on Catmull-Clark solids.

Benefits of Subdivision surface over NURBS:

Subdivision surfaces provides one of the most convenient approached for

modelling geometries of arbitrary topology. These are easy to implement and
intuitive to use.
Subdivision surfaces also allow us to use complex geometry at complex regions
of model.

NURBS are standard in CAD industries and able to represent conic sections
exactly. But while creating complex geometry from multiple NURBS patches it
is difficult to maintain smoothness at seems of patch work.

Subdivision surfaces are widely used for purposes such as computer games,
animated movies and special effects in motion pictures.

NURBS are standard in CAD industry.

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Different subdivision schemes:
Catmull–Clark subdivision
Doo–Sabin subdivision
Loop subdivision

NURBS and Subdivision surfaces both can be used to bridge the gap between
CAD and Analysis.
NURBS has ability to represent geometry exactly but has topology constraints.
Subdivision surfaces doesn’t have any topological constraints.

BLENDER TO MATLAB WORKFLOW

They used MATLAB to visualise B-splines and Box- Spline.
They exported modelled geometry from blender. And imported that geometry in
to MATAB and developed Catmull-Clark subdivision scheme in MATLAB.
Default exporting of .OBJ file from Blender stores mesh data in Face-Vertex
format, but this format inefficient, so they written a script to store geometry in a
Half edge structure.
The main concept of the Half-Edge structure is to split each edge into two
opposite Half-Edges, which can be used to move through the control net. Unlike
the classic Face-Vertex approach, the elegant Half-Edge data structure
facilitates the localization of neighbouring components in constant time.
Both the formats shown in below figures.
As further extension of this process they developed different subdivision
schemes and in blender and created an add-on to keep each operation at one
click away.

PYTHON/FINITY:
They implemented simulations in FINITY which is an in-house developed,
Python-based programming toolkit, developed by the group of MEFD. It
comprises several toolboxes that cover aspects of numerical analysis, such as
mesh generation, discretization, quadrature, linear algebra, and visualisation.