Typical Questions & Answers

AE06/AC04/AT04 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS
TYPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

PART– I
OBJECTIVE TYPE QUESTIONS
Each Question carries 2 marks.

Choose the correct or best alternative in the following:
n
Q.1 The discrete-time signal x (n) = (-1) is periodic with fundamental period
(A) 6 (B) 4
(C) 2 (D) 0
Ans: C Period = 2
Q.2 The frequency of a continuous time signal x (t) changes on transformation

from x (t) to x ( α t), α > 0 by a factor
1
(A) α . (B) .
α
(C) α .2
(D) α.
Transform
Ans: A x(t) x(αt), α > 0
α>1 compression in t, expansion in f by α.
α<1 expansion in t, compression in f by α.
Q.3 A useful property of the unit impulse δ (t) is that

(A) δ (at) = a δ (t) . (B) δ (at) = δ (t) .
1
(C) δ (at) = δ (t) . (D) δ(at ) = [δ(t )]a .
a
Ans: C Time-scaling property of δ(t):
δ(at) = 1 δ(t), a > 0
a
Q.4 The continuous time version of the unit impulse δ (t) is defined by the pair of relations
1
t=0 ∞
(A) δ (t) = 
1
(B) δ (t) = 1, t = 0 and ∫ δ (t) dt = 1 .
0 t ≠0 . -∞
∞ 1, t ≥ 0
(C) δ (t) = 0, t ≠ 0 and ∫ δ (t) dt = 1 . (D) δ(t ) =  .
-∞ 0, t < 0
Ans: C δ(t) = 0, t ≠ 0 → δ(t) ≠ 0 at origin

+∞
∫ δ(t) dt = 1 → Total area under the curve is unity.
-∞
[δ(t) is also called Dirac-delta function]
Q.5 Two sequences x1 (n) and x2 (n) are related by x2 (n) = x1 (- n). In the z- domain, their
ROC’s are
(A) the same. (B) reciprocal of each other.
(C) negative of each other. (D) complements of each other.
. z
Ans: B x1(n) X1(z), RoC Rx
z Reciprocals
x2(n) = x1(-n) X1(1/z), RoC 1/ Rx
Q.6 The Fourier transform of the exponential signal e jω 0 t is

(A) a constant. (B) a rectangular gate.
(C) an impulse. (D) a series of impulses.
Ans: C Since the signal contains only a high frequency ωo its FT must be an impulse at
ω = ωo
ω
Q.7 If the Laplace transform of f (t ) is , then the value of Lim f (t )
(s 2
+ ω2 ) t →∞
(A) cannot be determined. (B) is zero.
(C) is unity. (D) is infinity.
L
Ans: B f(t) ω
s2 + ω2
Lim f(t) = Lim s F(s) [Final value theorem]

t ∞ s 0
= Lim sω =0
s 0 s2 + ω2
Q.8 The unit impulse response of a linear time invariant system is the unit step
function u (t ) . For t > 0, the response of the system to an excitation
e −at u (t ), a > 0, will be
1 − e −at
(A) ae −at . (B) .
a
2
(C) a (1 − e − at ) . (D) 1 − e − at .
Ans: B
h(t) = u(t); x(t) = e-at u(t), a > 0
System response y(t) = L−1  .  1 1

s s + a
= L−1  −
1 1 1 
a  s s + a 
= 1 (1 - e-at)
a
0
Q.9 The z-transform of the function ∑ δ(n − k ) has the following region of convergence
k = −∞
(A) z > 1 (B) z = 1
(C) z < 1 (D) 0 < z < 1
0
Ans: C x(n) = ∑ δ(n-k)
k = -∞
0
x(z) = ∑ z-k = …..+ z3 + z2 + z + 1 (Sum of infinite geometric series)
k = -∞
= 1 , z < 1
1–z
Q.10 The auto-correlation function of a rectangular pulse of duration T is

(A) a rectangular pulse of duration T.
(B) a rectangular pulse of duration 2T.
(C) a triangular pulse of duration T.
(D) a triangular pulse of duration 2T.
Ans: D
T/2
RXX (τ) = 1 ∫ x(τ) x(t + τ) dτ triangular function of duration 2T.
T -T/2
Q.11 The Fourier transform (FT) of a function x (t) is X (f). The FT of dx (t ) / dt will be
(A) dX(f ) / df . (B) j2πf X(f ) .
(C) jf X (f ) . (D) X (f ) / ( jf ) .
∞
Ans: B (t) = 1 ∫ X(f) ejωt dω
2π - ∞
∞
d x = 1 ∫ jω X(f) ejωt dω
dt 2π - ∞
∴ d x ↔ j 2π f X(f)
dt
Q.12 The FT of a rectangular pulse existing between t = − T / 2 to t = T / 2 is a

(A) sinc squared function. (B) sinc function.
(C) sine squared function. (D) sine function.
3
Ans: B x(t) = 1, -T ≤ t ≤ T
2 2
0, otherwise
+∞ +T/2 +T/2
X(jω) = ∫ x(t) e-jωt dt = ∫ e-jωt dt = e-jωt
-∞ -T/2 jω
-T/2
= - 1 (e-jωT/2 - ejωT/2) = 2 ejωT/2 - e-jωT/2

jω ω 2j
= 2 sin ωT = sin(ωT/2) .T
ω 2 ωT/2
Hence X(jω) is expressed in terms of a sinc function.
Q.13 An analog signal has the spectrum shown in Fig. The minimum sampling
rate needed to completely represent this signal is
(A) 3 KHz .
(B) 2 KHz .
(C) 1 KHz .
(D) 0.5 KHz .
Ans: C For a band pass signal, the minimum sampling rate is twice the
bandwidth, which is 0.5 kHz here.
Q.14 A given system is characterized by the differential equation:

d 2 y(t ) dy(t )
− − 2 y(t ) = x (t ) . The system is:
dt 2 dt
(A) linear and unstable. (B) linear and stable.
(C) nonlinear and unstable. (D) nonlinear and stable.
Ans:A d2y(t) – dy(t) – 2y(t) = x(t), x(t) x(t)

h(t) y(t)
dt2 dt system
The system is linear . Taking LT with zero initial conditions, we get
s2Y(s) – sY(s) – 2Y(s) = X(s)
or, H(s) = Y(s) = 1 = 1

2
X(s) s – s – 2 (s –2)(s + 1)
Because of the pole at s = +2, the system is unstable.
Q.15 The system characterized by the equation y(t ) = ax (t ) + b is

(A) linear for any value of b. (B) linear if b > 0.
(C) linear if b < 0. (D) non-linear.
4
Ans: D The system is non-linear because x(t) = 0 does not lead to y (t) = 0, which
is a violation of the principle of homogeneity.
Q.16 Inverse Fourier transform of u (ω) is

1 1 1
(A) δ(t ) + . (B) δ(t ) .
2 πt 2
1
(C) 2δ(t ) + . (D) δ(t ) + sgn (t ) .
πt
FT
Ans: A x(t) = u(t) X(jω) = π δ(ω) + 1
Jω
Duality property: X(jt) 2π x(-ω)
u(ω) 1 δ(t) + 1
2 πt
Q.17 The impulse response of a system is h (n ) = a n u (n ) . The condition for the system to
be BIBO stable is
(A) a is real and positive. (B) a is real and negative.
(C) a > 1 . (D) a < 1 .
+∞ +∞
Ans: D Sum S = ∑ h(n) = ∑ an u(n)
n = -∞ n = -∞
+∞
≤ ∑ a n ( u(n) = 1 for n ≥ 0 )
n=0
≤ 1 if a < 1.
1- a
Q.18 If R1 is the region of convergence of x (n) and R 2 is the region of convergence of

y(n), then the region of convergence of x (n) convoluted y (n) is
(A) R1+ R 2 . (B) R1−R 2 .
(C) R 1 ∩ R 2 . (D) R1∪R 2 .
z
Ans:C x(n) X(z), RoC R1
z
y(n) Y(z), RoC R2
z
x(n) * y(n) X(z).Y(z), RoC at least R1 ∩ R2
Q.19 The continuous time system described by y(t ) = x t 2 is ( )

(A) causal, linear and time varying.
(B) causal, non-linear and time varying.
(C) non causal, non-linear and time-invariant.
(D) non causal, linear and time-invariant.
5
Ans: D
y(t) = x(t2)
y(t) depends on x(t2) i.e., future values of input if t > 1.
System is anticipative or non-causal
α x1(t) → y1(t) = α x1(t2)
β x2(t) → y2(t) = β x2(t2)
α x1(t) + β x2(t) → y(t) = αx1(t2) +β x2(t2) = y1(t) + y2(t)
System is Linear
System is time varying. Check with x(t) = u(t) – u(t-z) → y(t) and
x1(t) = x(t – 1) → y1(t) and find that y1(t) ≠ y (t –1).
Q.20 If G(f) represents the Fourier Transform of a signal g (t) which is real and odd
symmetric in time, then G (f) is
(A) complex. (B) imaginary.
(C) real. (D) real and non-negative.
FT
Ans: B g(t) G(f)
g(t) real, odd symmetric in time
G*(jω) = - G(jω); G(jω) purely imaginary.
Q.21 For a random variable x having the PDF shown in the Fig., the mean and the
variance are, respectively,
(A) 1 and 2 .
2 3
(B) 1 and 4 .
3
(C) 1 and 2 .
3
(D) 2 and 4 .
3
+∞
Ans:B Mean = µx(t) = ∫ x fx(t) (x) dx
-∞
3
= ∫ x 1 dx = 1 x2 3 = 9 – 1 1 = 1
-1 4 4 2 -1 2 2 4
+∞
Variance = ∫ (x - µx)2 fx (x) dx
-∞
3
= ∫ (x - 1)2 1 d(x-1)
-1 4
6
= 1 (x - 1)3 3 = 1 [8 + 8] = 4
4 3 -1 12 3
Q.22 If white noise is input to an RC integrator the ACF at the output is proportional to
− τ   −τ 
(A) exp .

(B) exp .
 RC   RC 
(C) exp( τ RC ) . (D) exp(- τ RC ) .
Ans: A
RN(τ) = N0 exp - τ
4RC RC
x (n ) = a , a < 1 is
n
Q.23
(A) an energy signal.
(B) a power signal.
(C) neither an energy nor a power signal.
(D) an energy as well as a power signal.
Ans: A +∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
Energy = ∑ x2(n) = ∑ a2 = ∑ (a2) = 1+ 2 ∑ a2
n=-∞ n=-∞ n=-∞ n=1
= finite since a < 1

∴This is an energy signal.
Q.24 The spectrum of x (n) extends from − ω o to + ωo , while that of h(n) extends
∞
from − 2ω o to + 2ω o . The spectrum of y(n ) = ∑ h(k ) x(n − k ) extends
k = −∞
from
(A) − 4ω o to + 4ω o . (B) − 3ω o to + 3ω o .
(C) − 2ω o to + 2ω o . (D) − ω o to + ω o
.
Ans: D Spectrum depends on H( ejω) X( ejω) Smaller of the two ranges.
Q.25 The signals x1 (t ) and x 2 (t ) are both bandlimited to (− ω1 , + ω1 ) and

(− ω 2 , + ω 2 ) respectively. The Nyquist sampling rate for the signal x1 (t ) x 2 (t )
will be
(A) 2ω1 if ω1 > ω 2 . (B) 2ω 2 if ω1 < ω 2 .
(C) 2 (ω1 + ω 2 ) . (D) (ω1 + ω 2 ) .
2
Ans: C Nyquist sampling rate = 2(Bandwidth) = 2(ω1 – (-ω2)) = 2(ω1 + ω2)
Q.26 (
If a periodic function f(t) of period T satisfies f (t ) = −f t + T
2
), then in its Fourier
series expansion,
7
(A) the constant term will be zero.

(B) there will be no cosine terms.
(C) there will be no sine terms.
(D) there will be no even harmonics.
Ans:
T T/2 T T/2 T/2
1 ∫ f(t) dt = 1 ∫ f(t) dt + ∫f(t) dt = 1 ∫ f(t) dt + ∫ f(τ + T/2)dτ = 0
T 0 T 0 T/2 T 0 0
Q.27 A band pass signal extends from 1 KHz to 2 KHz. The minimum sampling frequency
needed to retain all information in the sampled signal is
(A) 1 KHz. (B) 2 KHz.
(C) 3 KHz. (D) 4 KHz.
Ans: B
Minimum sampling frequency = 2(Bandwidth) = 2(1) = 2 kHz
Q.28 The region of convergence of the z-transform of the signal 2 n u (n ) − 3n u (− n − 1)

(A) is z > 1 . (B) is z < 1 .
(C) is 2 < z < 3 . (D) does not exist.
Ans:
2nu(n) 1 , z > 2

1 –2 z -1
3n u(-n-1) 1 , z < 3

1 – 3z -1
ROC is 2 < z < 3.

(e −2 − 2)z is
(z − e −2 )(z − 2)
Q.29 The number of possible regions of convergence of the function
(A) 1. (B) 2.
(C) 3. (D) 4.
Ans: C
Possible ROC’s are z > e-2 , z < 2 and e-2 < z < 2
Q.30 The Laplace transform of u(t) is A(s) and the Fourier transform of u(t) is B( jω) .
Then
1 1
(A) B( jω) = A (s ) s = jω . (B) A(s ) = but B( jω) ≠ .
s jω
1 1 1 1
(C) A(s ) ≠ but B( jω) = . (D) A(s ) ≠ but B( jω) ≠ .
s jω s jω
L
Ans: B u(t) A(s) = 1
s
8
F.T
u(t) B(jω) = 1 + π δ(ω)
jω
A(s) = 1 but B(jω) ≠ 1

s jω
Q.31 Given a unit step function u(t), its time-derivative is:

(A) a unit impulse. (B) another step function.
(C) a unit ramp function. (D) a sine function.
Ans: A
Q.32 The impulse response of a system described by the differential equation

d2y
+ y( t ) = x ( t ) will be
dt 2
(A) a constant. (B) an impulse function..
(C) a sinusoid. (D) an exponentially decaying function.
Ans: C
sin(πu )
Q.33 The function is denoted by:
(πu )
(A) sin c(πu). (B) sin c(u).
(C) signum. (D) none of these.
Ans: C
Q.34 The frequency response of a system with h(n) = δ(n) - δ(n-1) is given by
(A) δ(ω) - δ(ω - 1). (B) 1 - ejω.
(C) u(ω) – u(ω -1). (D) 1 – e-jω.
Ans: D
Q.35 The order of a linear constant-coefficient differential equation representing a system

refers to the number of
(A) active devices. (B) elements including sources.
(C) passive devices. (D) none of those.
Ans: D
Q.36 z-transform converts convolution of time-signals to

(A) addition. (B) subtraction.
(C) multiplication. (D) division.
Ans: C
Q.37 Region of convergence of a causal LTI system

(A) is the entire s-plane. (B) is the right-half of s-plane.
(C) is the left-half of s-plane. (D) does not exist.
9
Ans: B
Q.38 The DFT of a signal x(n) of length N is X(k). When X(k) is given and x(n) is computed
from it, the length of x(n)
(A) is increased to infinity (B) remains N
(C) becomes 2N – 1 (D) becomes N2
Ans: A
Q.39 The Fourier transform of u(t) is

1
(A) . (B) j2πf.
j2πf
1
(C) . (D) none of these.
1 + j2πf
Ans: D
Q.40 For the probability density function of a random variable X given by

f x ( x ) = 5e − Kx u ( x ) , where u(x) is the unit step function, the value of K is
1 1
(A) (B)
5 25
(C) 25 (D) 5
Ans: D
Q.41 The system having input x(n) related to output y(n) as y(n) = log10 x (n ) is:
(A) nonlinear, causal, stable. (B) linear, noncausal, stable.
(C) nonlinear, causal, not stable. (D) linear, noncausal, not stable.
Ans: A
Q.42 To obtain x(4 – 2n) from the given signal x(n), the following precedence (or priority)
rule is used for operations on the independent variable n:
(A) Time scaling → Time shifting → Reflection.
(B) Reflection → Time scaling → Time shifting.
(C) Time scaling → Reflection → Time shifting.
(D) Time shifting → Time scaling → Reflection.
Ans: D
Q.43 The unit step-response of a system with impulse response h(n) = δ(n) – δ(n – 1) is:
(A) δ(n – 1). (B) δ(n).
(C) u(n – 1). (D) u(n).
Ans: B
10
Q.44 If φ(ω) is the phase-response of a communication channel and ωc is the channel

dφ(ω)
frequency, then − ω = ωc represents:
dω
(A) Phase delay (B) Carrier delay
(C) Group delay (D) None of these.
Ans: C
Q.45 Zero-order hold used in practical reconstruction of continuous-time signals is

mathematically represented as a weighted-sum of rectangular pulses shifted by:
(A) Any multiples of the sampling interval.
(B) Integer multiples of the sampling interval.
(C) One sampling interval.
(D) 1 second intervals.
Ans: B
ℑ  dx ( t ) 
Q.46 If x (t ) ↔ X (s), then ℑ  is given by:
 dt 
dX(s) X (s) x −1 (0)
(A) . (B) − .
ds s s
(C) sX (s) − x (0 − ) . (D) sX(s) – sX(0).
Ans: C
Q.47 The region of convergence of the z-transform of the signal x(n) ={2, 1, 1, 2}
↑
is n=0
(A) all z, except z = 0 and z = ∞ (B) all z, except z = 0.
(C) all z, except z = ∞. (D) all z.
Ans: A
Q.48 When two honest coins are simultaneously tossed, the probability of two heads on any
given trial is:
3
(A) 1 (B)
4
1 1
(C) (D)
2 4
Ans: D
Q.49 Let u[n] be a unit step sequence. The sequence u[ N − n] can be described as
1, n<N 1, n≤N
(A) x[n] =  (B) x[n] = 
0, otherwise 0, otherwise
1, n>N 1, n≥N
(C) x[n] =  (D) x[n] = 
0, otherwise 0, otherwise
11
1, n ≤ N
Ans (B) x[n] = 
0, otherwise
Here the function u(-n) is delayed by N units.
Q.50 A continuous-time periodic signal x(t ) , having a period T, is convolved with
itself. The resulting signal is
(A) not periodic (B) periodic having a period T
(C) periodic having a period 2T (D) periodic having a period T/2
Ans (B) periodic having a period T

Convolution of a periodic signal (period T) with itself will give the same period
T.
Q.51 If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be
(A) continuous-time, periodic (B) discrete-time, periodic
(C) continuous-time, non-periodic (D) discrete-time, non-periodic
Ans B) discrete-time, periodic

This is the property of the discrete-time periodic signal.
Q.52 The Fourier transform of a signal x(t ) = e 2t u (−t ) is given by
1 2
(A) . (B)
2 − jω 1 − jω
1 2
(C) (D)
j2 − ω j2 − ω
1
Ans (A)
2 − jω
1 1
FT u(t) = . Therefore, FT of u(-t) = . If a function x(t) is multiplied
jω − jω
by e 2t , then its FT will be F ( jω ) jω → jω − 2 . Hence the answer.
1
For the function H ( jω ) = , maximum value of group delay is
Q.53 2 + 2 jω + ( jω )
2
(A) 1 (B) 1/2

(C) 2 (D) 3
Ans None of the given answers is correct.

Q.54 A continuous-time signal x(t ) is sampled using an impulse train. If X ( jω ) is the
Fourier transform of x(t ) , the spectrum of the sampled signal can be expressed as
∞ ∞
(A) ∑ X ( jω + kω )δ (ω )
k = −∞
s (B) ∑ X ( jkω ) * δ (ω + kω )
k = −∞
s
∞ ∞
(C) ∑ X ( jω ) * δ (ω + kω )
k = −∞
s (D) ∑ X ( jω )δ (ω + kω )
k = −∞
s
12
∞
Ans (A) ∑ X ( jω + kω )δ (ω )
k = −∞
s
Since the spectrum consists of various harmonics k = −∞ to ∞ and discretely

spread at an interval of fundamental frequency fs. Hence the answer.
Q.55 The region of convergence of a causal finite duration discrete-time signal is
(A) the entire z-plane except z = 0
(B) the entire z-plane except z = ∞
(C) the entire z-plane
(D) a strip in z-plane enclosing jω -axis
Ans (A) The entire z-plane except z = 0

n2
X ( z) = ∑ x[n]z
n = n1
−n
. This sum should converge provided each term in the sum is
finite. However, if there is a non-zero causal component for n2>0, then X(z) will
have a term involving z-1 and thus ROC cannot include z = 0.
Q.56 ( )
Let H e jω be the frequency response of a discrete-time LTI system, and
H I (e jω ) be the frequency response of its inverse. Then,
(A) H (e jω )H I (e jω ) = 1 (B) H (e jω )H I (e jω ) = δ (ω )
(C) H (e jω ) * H I (e jω ) = 1 ( ) ( )
(D) H e jω * H I e jω = δ (ω )
( ) ( )
Ans (A) H e jω H I e jω = 1
Since H (e jω ) and H I (e jω ) are the inverse of each other, their product should
equal 1.
1 1
Q.57 The transfer function of a stable system is H ( z ) = −1
+ .
1 − 0. 5 z 1 − 2 z −1
Its impulse response will be
(A) (0.5) u[n] + (2 ) u[n] (B) − (0.5) u[− n − 1] + (2 ) u[n]
n n n n
(C) (0.5)n u[n] − (2)n u[−n − 1] (D) − (0.5) u[− n − 1] − (2 ) u[−n − 1]

n n
Ans (C) (0.5) u[n] − (2 ) u[− n − 1]

n n
(A) and (C) are the possible IFTs of the given system function. However,
the system is stable; therefore (C) is the only correct answer.
Q.58 The probability cumulative distribution function must be monotone and
(A) increasing (B) decreasing
(C) non-increasing (D) non-decreasing
Ans (D) non-decreasing

The probability cumulative distribution function increases to 1 monotonically and
there after remains constant.
Q.59 The average power of the following signal is
13
A2
(A) (B) A 2
2
(C) AT12 (D) A 2T1
Ans: (D)
T1 / 2
W= ∫−T1 / 2
x(t ) 2 dt = A 2 T1
Q.60 Convolution is used to find:

(A) The impulse response of an LTI System
(B) Frequency response of a System
(C) The time response of a LTI system
(D) The phase response of a LTI system
Ans: (C)
k =∞
Time response y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h( n ) = ∑ x(k )h(n − k )
k = −∞
Q.61 The Fourier Transform of a rectangular pulse is

(A) Another rectangular pulse (B) Triangular pulse
(C) Sinc function (D) Impulse.
Ans: (C)
This can be seen by putting the value of pulse function in the definition of Fourier
transform.
Q.62 The property of Fourier Transform which states that the compression in time
domain is equivalent to expansion in the frequency domain is
(A) Duality. (B) Scaling.
(C) Time Scaling. (D) Frequency Shifting.
Ans: (B)
Substituting the square pulse function f(t) in
∞
F ( jω ) = ∫
−∞
f (t )e jωt dt
gives the sinc function.
Q.63 What is the Nyquist Frequency for the signal
x(t) =3 cos 50πt +10 sin 300πt – cos100πt ?
(A) 50 Hz (B) 100 Hz
(C) 200 Hz (D) 300 Hz
14
Ans: (D) Here the highest frequency present in the signal is ω m = 300π or
f m = 150 Hz. Therefore the Nyquist frequency f s = 2 f m = 300 Hz.
Q.64 The step response of a LTI system when the impulse response h(n) is unit step
u(n) is
(A) n+1 (B) n
(C) n-1 (D) n 2
Ans: (A)
∞ 6
y ( n ) = x ( n ) * h ( n) = u ( n) * u ( n ) = ∑
k = −∞
u ( k )u ( n − k ) = ∑ u (k )u(n − k )
k =0
y (0) = 1, y (1) = 2, y (2) = 3, ...., y (n) = (n + 1)
y (n) = (n + 1) .
Q.65 The Laplace transform of u(t) is

1
(A) (B) s2
s
1
(C) (D) s
s2
Ans: (A)
∞
Substituting f (t ) = u (t ) in the relation F ( s ) = ∫ f (t )e − st dt gives the answer.
o
The function which has its Fourier transform, Laplace transform, and Z transform
Q.66
unity is
(A) Gausian (B) impulse
(C) Sinc (D) pulse
Ans: (B)
Substituting f(t) = δ (t ) in the definitions of Fourier, Laplace and Z-transform, we
get the transforms in each case as 1.
Q.67 The Z transform of δ (n − m ) is
(A) z − n (B) z − m
1 1
(C) (D)
z−n z−m
Ans: (B)
The Z-transform of a delayed function f(n-m) is z-m times the Z-transform of the
function f(n).
1
Q.68 If the joint probability pdf of f (x, y ) = , 0 ≤ x, y ≤ 2, P(x + y ≤ 1) is
4
1 1
(A) (B)
8 16
1 1
(C) (D)
4 2
15
Ans: (A)
1 1− y 1 1 1 1− y 1 1 1
P( x + y ) = ∫∫
0 0 4
dxdy =
4 ∫ x0
0
dy =
4 ∫ (1 − y )dy = 8 .
0
Q.69 The period of the signal x(t ) = 10 sin 12πt + 4 cos 18πt is
π 1
(A) (B)
4 6
1 1
(C) (D)
9 3
Ans: (D)
There are two waveforms of frequencies 6 and 9, respectively. Hence the
combined frequency is the highest common factor between 6 and 9,i.e., 3. Hence
period is 1/3.
Q.70 The autocorrelation of a rectangular pulse is

(A) another rectangle pulse (B) Square pulse
(C) Triangular pulse (D) Sinc pulse
Ans: (C)
Autocorrelation involves the integration of a constant which gives a ramp
function. Hence the triangular pulse.
Q.71 If the Fourier series coefficients of a signal are periodic then the signal must be
(A) continuous-time, periodic (B) discrete-time, periodic
(C) continuous-time, non periodic (D) discrete-time, non perodic
Ans: (B)
It is the property of the discrete-time periodic signal.
Q.72 The area under the curve ∫ δ (t ) dt is

−∞
(A) ∞ (B) unity
(C) 0 (D) undefined
Ans: (B)
∞
∫ δ (t ) = 1
By definition of delta function, −∞
Q.73 A transmission is said to be _____________ if the response of the system is exact

replica of the input signal.
(A) LTI (B) Distorted
(C) Distortionless (D) Causal
Ans: (C)
Since y (n) = x(n) .
16
Q.74 Laplace Transform of tn is always equal to

n n!
(A) n (B) n
s s
n!
(C) n +1 (D) All
s
Ans: (C)
∞ n!
£
tn = ∫
0
t n e − st dt =
s n +1
Q.75 For a stable system

(A) z <1 (B) z =1
(C) z >1 (D) z ≠1
Ans: (A)
For the system to be stable, the ROC should include the unit circle.
Q.76 The region of convergence of a causal finite duration discrete time signal is
(A) The entire ‘z’ plane except z = 0
(B) The entire ‘z’ plane except z = ∞
(C) The entire ‘z’ plane
(D) A strip in z-plane
Ans: (A)
The ROC of the causal finite duration will have negative power of z. The ROC is
the entire z-plane except z = 0.
Q.77 The CDF for a certain random variable is given as
0, −∞< x≤0

 2
F X ( x ) = kx , 0 < x ≤ 10
100k , 10 < x < ∞

The value of k is
(A) 100 (B) 50
(C) 1/50 (D) 1/100
Ans: (D)
From the given F(x), we get
dF ( x )
= 0 + 2kx + 0 = 2kx
dx
10
∫
∴ 2kxdx = 1
0
or 100k = 1 → k = 1 / 100
Q.78 The group delay function τ(ω) is related to phase function φ(ω) as
−d d
(A) τ (ω ) = φ (ω ) (B) τ (ω ) = φ (ω )
dω dω 2
17
d2 d2
(C) τ (ω ) = φ (ω ) (D) τ (ω ) = φ (ω )
dω 2 dω
Ans: (A): By definition.
Q.79 Two sequences x1 (n ) and x 2 (n ) are related by x 2 (n ) = x1(− n ) . In the

Z-domain, their ROCs are
(A) same (B) reciprocal of each other
(C) negative of each other (D) complement of each other
Ans: (B)
ROC of Z [x2 (n)] is outside the circle of radius r2 while ROC of Z [x1 (−n)] is
inside the circle of radius r1 such that r2 = 1/ r1.
Q.80 The autocorrelation of a sinusoid is

(A) Sinc pulse (B) another sinusoid
(C) Rectangular pulse (D) Triangular pulse
Ans: (B)
∞
φ XX (t ) = ∫ x(τ ) x(τ − t )dτ
−∞
∞
= ∫−∞
A sin ωτ × A sin ω (τ − t )dτ
A2 ∞
=
2 −∞ ∫
[(cos t − cos 2ωτ . cos t − sin 2ωτ . sin t ]dτ
A2  π
= K [(cos t − cos 2ωτ . cos t − sin 2ωτ . sin t ]dτ 
∫
2  −π 
2
K  [cos t ]dτ  = K ' cos t
A π
=
2  −π ∫  .
Thus the autocorrelation is a sinusoid.
Q.81 Which of the following is true for the system represented by y (n ) = x(− n )
(A) Linear (B) Time invariant
(C) Causal (D) Non Linear
Ans.: (A)
The given function is of the form y = mx . Hence linear.
Q.82 The Fourier transform of impulse function is

(A) δ(ω) (B) 2πω
(C) 1 (D) sinc f
Ans: (C)
∞
δ (t ) = ∫ δ (t )e − jωt dt = 1
FT of −∞
Q.83 Convolution is used to find

(A) amount of similarity between the signals
18
(B) response of the system

(C) multiplication of the signals
(D) Fourier transform
Ans: (B)
Convolution of the input signal x(n) and the impulse response h(n) is given by
∞
y ( n ) = x ( n) * h( n ) = ∑ x ( k ) h(n − k )
k = −∞ , where y (n) is the response of the system.
Q.84 The final value of x(t ) = 2 + e − 3t u (t ) is[ ]

(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) e − 3t (D) 0
Ans: (A)
−3t
[
Final value = Lt t →∞ x(t ) = Lt t →∞ 2 + e u (t ) = 2 . ]
Q.85 Discrete time system is stable if the poles are
(A) within unit circle (B) outside unit circle
(C) on the unit circle (D) None
Ans: (A)
The ROC should include the unit circle.
Q.86 The z transform of − u (− n − 1) is

1 z
(A) (B)
1− z 1− z
1 z
(C) (D)
1 − z −1 1 − z −1
Ans: (C)
−∞
z 1
z[− u (−n − 1)] = − ∑ [u (−n − 1)]z − n = −[ z + z 2 + z 3 + ...] = =
n = −1 z − 1 1 − z −1
∞
−π t2
Q.87 The area under Gaussian pulse ∫e dt is
−∞
(A) Unity (B) Infinity
(C) Pulse (D) Zero
Ans: (A)
2
e − πt dt =
∞ ∞ ∞
e − x 2π x e − x dx =1.
x
∫
−∞ ∫
−∞ π
dx = 2 π ∫
−∞
Q.88 The spectral density of white noise is

(A) Exponential (B) Uniform
(C) Poisson (D) Gaussian
19
Ans: (B)
The distribution of White noise is homogeneous over all frequencies. Power
spectrum is the Fourier transform of the autocorrelation function. Therefore,
power spectral density of white noise is uniform.
20
PART – II
NUMERICALS & DERIVATIONS
Q.1. Determine whether the system having input x (n) and output y (n) and described by
n
relationship : y (n) = ∑ x (k + 2) is (i) memoryless, (ii) stable, (iii)causal (iv)
k =-∞
linear and (v) time invariant. (5)
Ans:
y(n) = ∑ x(k + 2)
k = -∞
(i) Not memoryless - as y(n) depends on past values of input from x(-∞) to x(n-1)
(assuming)n > 0)
(ii) Unstable- since if x (n) ≤ M, then y(n) goes to ∞ for any n.
(iii) Non-causal - as y(n) depends on x(n+1) as well as x(n+2).
(iv) Linear - the principle of superposition applies (due to ∑ operation)
(v) Time – invariant - a time-shift in input results in corresponding time-shift in
output.
Q.2. Determine whether the signal x (t) described by

x (t) = exp [- at] u (t), a > 0 is a power signal or energy signal or neither. (5)
Ans:
-at
x(t) = e u(t), a > 0
x(t) is a non-periodic signal.
+∞ ∞ ∞
- at - at
Energy E = ∫ x2(t) dt = ∫ e 2 dt = e 2 = 1 (finite, positive)
-∞ 0 -2a 2a
0
The energy is finite and deterministic.
x(t) is an energy signal.
Q.3. Determine the even and odd parts of the signal x (t) given by
A e - α t t>0
x (t) = 
0 t<0
-αt
x(t) = Ae t>0
0 t<0 (5)
Ans:
Assumption : α > 0, A > 0, -∞ < t < ∞
Even part xe(t) = x(t) + x(-t)

2
Odd part xo(t) = x(t) - x(-t)
2
21
x(t)
-αt
A Ae
t
0
x(-t)
+αt
Ae A
t
0
xe(t)
A/2
0 t
xo(t)
A/2
t
0
-A/2
Q.4. Use one sided Laplace transform to determine the output y (t) of a system described by
d2y dy dy
+ 3 + 2y (t) = 0 where y (0 − ) = 3 and =1 (7)
dt 2 dt dt t =0−
Ans:
d2y + 3 dy + 2 y(t) = 0, y(0-) = 3, dy =1

2 -
dt dt dt t = 0
s2 Y(s) – s y(0) – dy + 3 [s Y(s) – y(0)] + 2 Y(s) = 0

dt t = 0
(s2 + 3s + 2) Y(s) = sy(0) + dy + 3 y(0)

dt t = 0
(s2 + 3s + 2) Y(s) = 3s + 1 + 9 = 3s + 10
Y(s) = 3s + 10 = 3s + 10
2
s + 3s + 2 (s + 1)(s + 2)
= A + B
s+1 s+2
22
A = 3s + 10 = 7; B = 3s + 10 = -4
s + 2 s = -1 s + 1 s = -2
Y(s) = 7 - 4
s+1 s+2
y(t) = L-1 [Y(s)] = 7e-t – 4e-2t = e-t( 7 - 4e-t)
The output of the system is y(t) = e-t( 7 - 4e-t) u(t)
Q. 5. Obtain two different realizations of the system given by

y (n) - (a+b) y (n – 1) + aby (n – 2) = x (n).Also obtain its transfer function. (7)
Ans:
y(n) – (a + b) y(n-1) + ab y(n-2) = x(n)
Y(z) – (a+b) z-1 Y(z) + ab z-2 Y(z) = X(z)
Transfer function H(z) = Y(z) = 1

X(z) 1 – (a+b) z-1 + ab z-2
y(n) = x(n) + (a + b) y(n-1) - ab y(n-2)
Direct Form I/II realization Alternative Realisation
Q. 6. An LTI system has an impulse response h (t) = exp [ -at] u (t); when it is excited by
an input signal x (t), its output is y (t) = [exp (- bt) -exp (- ct)] u (t) Determine its
input x (t). (7)
Ans:
-at
h(t) = e u(t) for input x(t)
-bt -ct
Output y(t) = (e - e ) u(t)
L L L
h(t) H(s), y(t) Y(s), x(t) X(s)
23
H(s) = 1 ; Y(s) = 1 - 1 = s+c–s–b = c-b

s+a s+b s+c (s + b)(s + c) (s + b)(s + c)
As H(s) = Y(s) , X(s) = Y(s)

X(s) H(s)
X(s) = (c - b)(s + a) = A + B
(s + b)(s + c) s+b s+c
A = (c - b)(s + a) = (c – b)(-b + a) = a - b
(s + c) s = -b (-b + c)
B= (c - b)(s + a) = (c – b)(-c + a) = c - a
(s + b) s= -c (-c + b)
X(s) = a – b + c-a
s+b s+c
-bt -ct
x(t) = (a – b) e + (c – a) e
-bt -ct
The input x(t) = [(a – b) e + (c – a) e ] u(t)
Q.7. Write an expression for the waveform f (t ) shown in Fig. using only unit step function
and powers of t. (3)
Ans:
f(t) = E [ t u(t) – 2(t – T) u(t – T) + 2(t – 3T) u(t – 3T) – (t – 4T) u(t – 4T)]
T
Q.8. For f(t) of Q7, find and sketch f ′(t ) (prime denotes differentiation with respect to t). (3)
Ans:
f(t) = E [ t u(t) – 2(t – T) u(t – T) + 2(t – 3T) u(t – 3T) – (t – 4T) u(t – 4T)]
T
24
f ΄(t)
E/T
t
0 T 2T 3T 4T
-E/T
f ΄(t) = E [u(t) – 2 u(t - T) + 2 u(t – 3T) –u(t – 4T)]

T
Q.9. Define a unit impulse function δ(t ) . (2)
Ans:
. Unit impulse function δ(t) is defined as:
δ(t) = 0, t ≠ 0
+∞
∫ δ(t) dt = 1
-∞
It can be viewed as the limit of a rectangular pulse of duration a and height 1/a when
a 0, as shown below.
3
Q.10. Sketch the function g (t ) =
3
(t − ∈)2 [u (t ) − u (t − ∈)] and show that (6)
∈
g (t ) → δ(t ) as ∈→ 0 .
Ans:
g(t) As ε 0, duration 0, amplitude ∞

3/ε ε
∫ g(t) dt = 1
0
0 ε t
t
Q.11. Show that if the FT of x (t) is X ( jω) , then the FT of x   is a X ( jaω) . (6)
a
Ans:
FT
x(t) X(jω)
25
FT
Let x t X1(jω) , then
a
+∞
X1(jω) = ∫ x t e-jωt dt Let t = α dt = a dα
-∞ a a
+∞
-jωaα
= ∫ x(α) e a dα if a> 0
-∞
+∞
-jωaα
- ∫ x(α) e a dα if a < 0
-∞ +∞
- α
Hence X1(jω) = a ∫ x(α) e jωa dα = a x (jωa)
-∞
Q.12. Solve, by using Laplace transforms, the following set of simultaneous differential
equations for x (t). (14)
Ans:
2 x ′(t ) + 4 x (t ) + y ′(t ) + 7 y(t ) = 5u (t )
x ′(t ) + x (t ) + y ′(t ) + 3y(t ) = 5δ(t )
The initial conditions are : x (0 − ) = y(0 − ) = 0 .
2 x΄(t) + 4 x(t) + y΄(t) + 7 y(t) = 5 u(t)
x΄(t) + x(t) + y΄(t) + 3 y(t) = 5 δ(t)
L L L L
x(t) X(s), x΄(t) s X(s), δ(t) 1, u(t) 1
s
(Given zero initial conditions)
2 sX(s) + 4 X(s) + sY(s) + 7 Y(s) = 5
s
sX(s) + X(s) + sY(s) + 3 Y(s) = 5
(2s + 4) X(s) + (s+7) Y(s) = 5

s
(s + 1) X(s) + (s+3) Y(s) = 5
X(s) = 5 s+7
S 3
5 s+3
2s+4 s+7
s+1 s+3
Or, X(s) = - 5s + 35 – 5 – 15/s
2s2 + 6s + 4s + 12 - s2 – 8s – 7
= - 5s2 + 30s –15 = -5 s2 + 6s – 3 = A + Bs+ C

2
s(s + 2s + 5) s s2 + 2s + 5 s s2+ 2s +5
Then A (s2+ 2s +5) + B s2 +Cs = -5(s2 + 6s – 3)
∴ A +B = -5
2A + C = -30
26
5A =15
Thus A = 3, B = -8, C = -36 and we can write
X(s) = 3 – 8 s +1 – 14 2
2 2
s (s + 1) + 2 (s + 1)2 + 22
-t -t
x(t) = (3 – 8 e cos 2t – 14 e sin 2t) u(t)
Q.13. Find the Laplace transform of t sin ω0 t u (t ) . (6)
Ans:
L
sin (ω0t) ω0
s2 + ω02
L
Using t f(t) - d [F(s)],
ds
L [ t sin (ω0t) u(t) ] = - d ω0

ds s2 + ω02
= 0 - ω0(2s) = 2ω 0 s
(s2 + ω02)2 (s + ω02)2
2
s−2
Q.14. Find the inverse Laplace transform of . (8)
s(s + 1)3
Ans:
F(s) = s-2 = A + B + C + D
s(s+1)3 s s+1 (s+1)2 (s+1)3
A= s-2 = -2 A(s+1)3 + Bs(s+1)2 + Cs(s+1) + Ds = s-2

3
(s+1) s=0
s3 : A+B = 0 B=2
D= s-2 = 3
s s = -1 s2 : 3A + 2B + C = 0
C=2
A = -2 D=3
F(s) = -2 + 2 + 2 + 3
s s+1 (s+1)2 (s+1)3
-t -t -t
f(t) = -2 + 2 e + 2 t e + 3 t2 e
2
-t
f(t) = [-2 + e ( 3 t2 + 2t + 2 ) ] u(t)
2
27
Q.15. Show that the difference equation y(n ) − αy(n − 1) = −αx (n ) + x (n − 1) represents an
all-pass transfer function. What is (are) the condition(s) on α for the system to be
stable? (8)
Ans:
y(n) – α y(n-1) = - α x(n) + x(n-1)
Y(z) – α z-1 Y(z) = - α X(z) + z-1 X(z)
(1-α z-1) Y(z) = (-α + z-1) X(z)
H(z) = Y(z) = -α + z-1 = 1- α z

X(z) 1- α z-1 z- α
Zero : z = 1 As poles and zeros have reciprocal values, the transfer function
α represents an all pass filter system.
Pole : z = α
Condition for stability of the system :
For stability, the pole at z = α must be inside the unit circle, i.e. α < 1.
Q.16. Give a recursive realization of the transfer function H (z ) = 1 + z −1 + z −2 + z −3 (6)
Ans:
H(z) = 1 + z-1 + z-2 + z-3 = 1 – z –4 Geometric series of 4 terms

–1
1–z First term = 1, Common ratio = z –1
As H(z) = Y(z) , we can write
X(z)
(1 – z –1) Y(z) = (1 – z –4) X(z) or Y(z) = X(z) (1 – z –4) = W (z)(1 – z –4)
(1 – z –1)
The realization of the system is shown below.
Q.17 Determine the z-transform of x 1 (n ) = α n u (n ) and x 2 (n ) = −α n u (− n − 1) and

indicate their regions of convergence. (6)
28
Ans:
x1(n) = αn u(n) and x2(n) = -αn u(-n-1)
X1(z) = 1 RoC αz-1 < 1 i.e., z > α

1-αz -1
-1
X2(z) = ∑ - αn z-n
n=-∞
∞
= - ∑ α-n zn = -( α-1z + α-2z2 + α-3z3 + ………)
n=1
= - α-1z ( 1 + α-1z + α-2z2 + ……..)
= - α-1z = z = 1 ; RoC α -1 z < 1 i.e., z < α

1- α-1z z-α 1 - α z-1
Q.18. Determine the sequence h (n ) whose z-transform is

1
H (z ) = , r <1. (6)
1 − 2 r cos θ z −1 + r 2 z − 2
Ans:
. H(z) = 1 , r < 1

-1 -2
1-2r cosθ z + r z
2
= 1 , r < 1
-
(1-r ejθ z-1) (1-r e jθ z -1)
= A + B = r < 1
-
(1-r e z ) (1-r e jθz -1)
jθ -1
where A= 1 = 1
(1-r ejθ z-1) jθ
r e z =1 -1
1- e -j2θ
B= 1 = 1
jθ -jθ
(1-r e z-1) r e z =1 -1
1- ej2θ
∴ h(n) = 1 ( r ejθ )n + 1 ( r e-jθ )n

1- e-2jθ 1- e2jθ
 e j nθ e − jnθ 
∴h(n) = rn  − j 2θ
+ j 2θ
 u(n)
1 − e 1− e 
 
n j(n + 1)θ
=r e - e - j(n + 1)θ u (n)
jθ -jθ
e -e
29
= rn sin(n+1) θ u (n)
sinθ
1
Q.19. Let the Z- transform of x(n) be X(z).Show that the z-transform of x (-n) is X  . (2)
z
Ans:
z
x(n) X(z) Let y(n) = x(-n)
∞ ∞ ∞
-n +r -1 -1
Then Y(z) = ∑ x(-n)z = ∑ x(r) z = ∑ x(r) (z ) -1 = X (z )
n = -∞ r = -∞ r = -∞
 2πn 
Q.20. Find the energy content in the signal x (n ) = e −n 10 sin  . (7)
 4 
Ans:
- n
x(n) = e 0.1 sin 2πn
4
+∞ +∞ 2
-0.2 n
Energy content E = ∑ x (n) = ∑ e
2
sin 2πn
n=-∞ n=-∞ 4
+∞
E = ∑ e-2n sin2 nπ
n=-∞ 2
+∞
E = ∑ e-2n 1-cosnπ
n=-∞ 2
+∞
= 1 ∑ e-2n [1 – (-1) n]
2 n=-∞
Now 1 – (-1) n = 2 for n odd

0 for n even
∞ ∞
Also Let n = 2r +1 ; then E = ∑ e-.2(2r +1 ) = ∑ e-.4r e- .2
r=-∞ r=-∞
∞ ∞
= e-..2 ∑ e-.4r + ∑ e.4r The second term in brackets goes to infinity . Hence
r=0 r=1 E is infinite.
Q.21. Sketch the odd part of the signal shown in Fig. (3)
30
Ans:
Odd part xo(t) = x(t) – x(-t)
2
Q.22. A linear system H has an input-output pair as shown in Fig. Determine whether the
system is causal and time-invariant. (4)
Ans:
System is non-causal the output y(t) exists at t = 0 when input x(t) starts only at
t = +1.
System is time-varying the expression for y(t) = [ u (t) – u (t-1)(t –1) + u (t –3)
(t – 3) – u (t-3) ] shows that the system H has time varying parameters.
Q.23. Determine whether the system characterized by the differential equation

d 2 y(t ) dy(t )
− + 2 y(t ) = x (t ) is stable or not. (4)
2 dt
dt
Ans:
d2y(t) - dy(t) +2y(t) = x(t)
dt2 dt
L L
y(t) Y(s); x(t) X(s); Zero initial conditions
s2 Y(s) – sY(s) + 2Y(s) = X(s)

31
System transfer function Y(s) = 1 whose poles are in the right half plane.
X(s) s2 – s + 2
Hence the system is not stable.
t
Q.24 Determine whether the system y(t ) = ∫ x (τ) dτ is invertible. (5)
−∞
Ans:
t
y(t) = ∫ x(τ) dτ
-∞
Condition for invertibility: H-1 H = I (Identity operator)
H Integration
H-1 Differentiation
x(t) y(t) = H{x(t)}
H-1{y(t)} = H-1 H{x(t)} = x(t)
The system is invertible.
Q.25 Find the impulse response of a system characterized by the differential equation
y′(t ) + a y(t ) = x (t ) . (5)
Ans:
y΄(t) + a y(t) = x(t)

L L L
x(t) X(s), y(t) Y(s), h(t) H(s)
sY(s) + aY(s) = X(s), assuming zero initial conditions
H(s) = Y(s) = 1
X(s) s+a
-at
The impulse response of the system is h(t) = e u(t)
Q.26. Compute the Laplace transform of the signal y(t ) = (1 + 0.5 sin t ) sin 1000t . (4)
Ans:
y(t) = (1 + 0.5 sint) sin1000t
= sin 1000t + 0.5 sint sin 1000t
= sin 1000t + 0.5 cos 999t – cos 1001t

2
= sin 1000t + 0.25 cos 999t – 0.25 cos 1001t
Y(s) = 1000 + 0.25 s - 0.25 s

2 2
s + 1000 s + 9992
2
s + 10012
2
32
Q.27. Determine Fourier Transform F(ω) of the signal f (t ) = e −αt cos(ωt + θ) and
determine the value of F(ω) . (7)
Ans:
We assume f(t) = e-αt cos(ωt + θ) u (t) because otherwise FT does not exist
FT +∞
f(t) F(ω) = ∫ e-αt ej(ωt + θ) + e-j(ωt + θ) e-jωt dt
2
+∞
F(ω) = 1 ∫ [e-αt e-jωt ejωt + jθ + e-αt e-jωt e-jωt – jθ] dt
2
+∞
= 1 ∫ [e-αt + jθ + e– jθ e– (α + 2jω)t] dt
2
+∞ − (α + 2 jω ) t ω
1 jθ e −αt − jθ e
F(ω ) = e +e
2 −α − (α + 2 jω ) 0
0
1 1 jθ 1
= e + e − jθ
2α α + 2 jω
F(ω) = 1 (α + 2jω) ejθ + α e– jθ

2 α (α + 2jω)
= 1 2α cos θ + 2jωejθ
2 α (α + 2jω)
= α cos θ + j ω cos θ – j ω sin θ

α (α + 2jω)
F(ω) 2 = α2 cos2θ+ ω2 –2αω sinθ + cosθ
α2 (α2 + 4ω2)
ω 2 + α2 cos 2θ – αω sin2 θ
=
α2 (α2 + 4ω2)
Q.28. Determine the impulse response h(t) and sketch the magnitude and phase
response of the system described by the transfer function (14)
s 2 + ωo2
H(s ) = .
2 ωo 2
s + s + ωo
Q
Ans:
H(s) = s 2 + ω0 2
s2 + ω0 s + ω02
Q
33
H(jω) = (jω)2 + ω02 = ω02 - ω2

(jω) + ω0 (jω) + ω02
2
ω0 - ω2 + j ω ω0
2
Q Q
H(jω) = ω02 - ω2
1/ 2
(ω - ω2)2 + ω2 ω0 2
0
2
Q
Arg H(jω) = - tan-1 ω ω0
Q
ω02 - ω2
ω H(jω) Arg H(jω)

0 1 0
∞ 1 0
ω0- 0 - π/2
ω0+ 0 + π/2
H(jω)
Magnitude
1
0 ω0 ω
arg H(jω)
Phase
+ π/2
0 ω0 ω
- π/2
Q.29. Using the convolution sum, determine the output of the digital system shown in
Fig. below.
Assume that the input sequence is {x (n )} = {3, − 1, 3}and that the system is
↑
initially at rest. n=0 (5)
Ans:
x(n) = { 3, -1, 3 }, system at rest initially (zero initial conditions)
n=0
34
x(n) = 3δ(n) - δ(n-1) + 3δ(n-2)
X(z) = 3 - z-1 + 3z-2
Digital system: y(n) = x(n) + 1 y(n-1)

2
Y(z) = X(z) = 3 - z-1 + 3z-2 = -10 -6 z-1 + 13
1 – 1 z-1 1 – 1 z-1 1 – 1 z-1
2 2 2
by partial fraction expansion.
n
1
Hence y(n)= -10 δ (n) – 6 δ (n-1) + 13  u (n )
2
Q.30. Find the z-transform of the digital signal obtained by sampling the analog signal
e −4 t sin 4 t u (t ) at intervals of 0.1 sec. (6)
Ans:
t
x(t) = e-4 sin 4t u(t), T = 0.1 s
n
x(n) = x(t nT) = x(0.1n) = ( e-0.4 ) sin(0.4n)
z α = e-0.4 = 0.6703, 1 = 1.4918
x(n) X(z) α
z
x(n) = sin Ωn u(n) z sin Ω Ω = 0.4 rad = 22.92˚
z2 –2z cos Ω + 1
sin Ω = 0.3894; cos Ω = 0.9211
z
αn x(n) X (z/α)
X(z) = 1.4918z (0.3894)

(1.4918)2 z2 – 2(1.4918)z(0.9211) + 1
X(z) = 0.5809z
2.2255 z2 – 2.7482z + 1
Q.31. An LTI system is given by the difference equation y(n ) + 2 y(n − 1) + y(n − 2 ) = x (n ) .
i. Determine the unit impulse response.
ii. Determine the response of the system to the input (3, -1, 3).
↑
n=0 (4)
Ans:
y(n) + 2y(n-1) + y(n-2) = x(n)
Y(z) + 2z-1 Y(z) + z-2 Y(z) = X(z)
(1 + 2z-1 + z-2)Y(z) = X(z)
35
(i). H(z) = Y(z) = 1 = 1 ( Binomial expansion)

X(z) 1 + 2z-1 + z-2 (1 + z-1)2
= 1- 2z-1 + 3 z-2 - 4 z-3 + 5 z-4 - 6 z-5 + 7 z-6 - ….( Binomial expansion)
h(n) = δ(n) - 2δ(n-1) + 3δ(n-2) -…..
= {1,-2,3,-4,5,-6,7,….} is the impulse response.
n=0
(ii). x(n) = { 3,-1,3 }
n=0
= 3δ(n) - δ(n-1) + 3δ(n-2)
X(z) = 3 - z-1 + 3z-2
Y(z) = X(z).H(z) = 3 - z-1 + 3z-2 = 3(1 + 2z-1 + z-2) – 7z-1

1 + 2z-1 + z-2 1 + 2z-1 + z-2
= 3 – 7 z-1
(1 + z-1)2
y(n) = 3δ(n) + 7nu(n) is the required response of the system.
Q.32. The signal x(t) shown below in Fig. is applied to the input of an
(i) ideal differentiator. (ii) ideal integrator.
Sketch the responses. (1+4=5)
x(t) = t u(t) – 3t u(t-1) + 2t u(t-1.5)
36
Ans:
x(t)
(i) 0 < t < 1

1 1
y(t) = ∫ t dt = t2 1 = 0.5 (Nonlinear)
0 2 0
t
0 1 1.5 (ii) 1 < t < 1.5
dx(t ) t
dt y(t) = y(1) + ∫(3-2t)dt
1 1
t
= 0.5 + (3t – t2) = 0.5 + 3t – t2 – 3 + 1
1
0 t = 3t – t2 – 1.5 (Nonlinear)
For t =1: y(1) = 3 – 1 – 1.5 = 0.5
(iii) t ≥ 1.5 : y(1.5) = 4.5 – 2.25 –1.5 = 0.75

-2
∫x(t)dt
0.5
0 1 1.5 t
Q.33. Sketch the even and odd parts of (1+2+3=6)

(i) a unit impulse function (ii) a unit step function
(iii) a unit ramp function.
Ans:
Even part xe(t) = x(t) + x(-t)
2
Odd part xo(t) = x(t) - x(-t)
2
(i) unit impulse (ii) unit step (iii) unit ramp

function function function
37
 πt  πt
Q.34. Sketch the function f (t ) = u  sin  − u  − sin . (3)
 T   T 
Ans:
f(t)
1 f(t) = 1 0 < t T, 2T < t 3 T1
-1 T< t 2T, …
….. -T 0 T ….. t 3 T < t <4T, ……
-1
∞
Q.35. Under what conditions, will the system characterized by y (n ) = ∑e
k = no
− ak
x(n − k ) be
linear, time-invariant, causal, stable and memoryless? (5)
Ans:
y(n) is : linear and time invariant for all k
causal if n0 not less than 0.
stable if a > 0
memoryless if k = 0 only
Q.36. Let E denote the energy of the signal x (t). What is the energy of the signal
x (2t)? (2)
Ans:
Given that
∞ 2
E= ∫ x(t )
−∞
dt
∞ 2
∫ x(2t )
1
To find E = dt
−∞
∞ 2 ∞ 2
dr 1 E
Let 2t =r then E1 = ∫
−∞
x(r ) =
2 2
−∞
∫ x(r ) dr =
2
Q.37. x(n), h(n) and y(n) are, respectively, the input signal, unit impulse response and
output signal of a linear, time-invariant, causal system and it is given that
y(n − 2) = x (n − n1 ) * h (n − n 2 ), where * denotes convolution. Find the possible
sets of values of n1 and n 2 . (3)
Ans:
y(n-2) = x(n-n1) * h(n-n2)

-n -n
z-2 Y(z) = z 1 X(z) . z 2 H(z)
z-2 H(z) X (z) = z − ( n1 + n 2 ) X(z)H (z )
n1+n2 = 2
38
Also, n1, n2 ≥ 0, as the system is causal. So, the possible sets of values for n1 and n2 are:
{n1, n2} = {(0,2),(1,1),(2,0)}
Q.38. Let h(n) be the impulse response of the LTI causal system described by the difference
equation y(n ) = a y(n − 1) + x (n ) and let h (n ) * h1 (n ) = δ(n ) . Find h1 (n ) . (4)
Ans:
y(n) = a y(n-1) + x(n) and h(n) * h1(n) = δ(n)
Y(z) = az-1 Y(z) + X(z) and H(z) H1(z) =1

H(z) = Y(z) = 1 and H1(z) = 1
X(z) 1-az-1 H(z)
H1(z) = 1-az-1 or h1(n) = δ(n) – a δ(n-1)
Q.39. Determine the Fourier series expansion of the waveform f (t) shown below in terms of
sines and cosines. Sketch the magnitude and phase spectra. (10+2+2=14)
Ans:
Define g(t) = f(t) +1. Then the plot of g(t) is as shown , below and,
ω = 2π/2π = 1
because T =2π
g(t) = 0 - π< t < - π/2

2 - π/2< t < π/2
0 π/2< t < π
∞
Let g(t) = a0 + Σ (an cos nt + bn sin nt)
n=1
Then a0 = average value of f(t) =1
39
π /2
2 2 sin nt π/2
an =
2π ∫π 2 cos ntdt
− /2
=
π n
= 2 /n π . 2sin n π/2
-π/2
= 4 /n π . sin n π/2
= 0 if n= 2,4,6 ……
4 /n π if n= 1,5,9 ……
- 4 /n π if n= 3,7,11……
π /2
2 4 cos nt π/2
Also, bn =
2π ∫π 2 sin ntdt
− /2
=
π n
= 4 /n π[ cos n π /2 - cos n π /2] = 0
-π/2
Thus, we have f(t) = -1 + g(t)
4cost 4cos 3t 4 cos 5t
= − + − .......
π 3π 5π
= 4/ π { cost – cos3t /3 + cos5t/5 …..}
spectra : (Magnitude) X π/4

1
1/3
1/5
1/7
-7 -6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 a
Phase
-7 -3 3 7
-π
Q.40. Show that if the Fourier Transform (FT) of x (t) is X(ω) , then (3)
 dx (t ) 
FT  = jω X(ω) .
 dt 
Ans:
FT
x(t) X(jω) or X(ω)
+∞
i.e., x(t) = 1 ∫ X(jω) ejωt dω
2π -∞
+∞
d [x(t)] = 1 ∫ X(jω) jω ejωt dω
dt 2π - ∞
d [x(t)] FT jω X(jω)
dt
1 
Q.41. Show, by any method, that FT   = π δ (ω ) . (2)
2
40
Ans:
+∞
x(t) = 1 ∫ X(jω) ejωt dω
2π - ∞
+∞
x(t) = 1 ∫ π δ(ω) ejωt dω = 1 X(jω) = π δ(ω)
2π - ∞ 2
1 FT π δ(ω)
2
Q.42 Find the unit impulse response, h(t), of the system characterized by the relationship :
t
y(t ) = ∫ x (τ ) dτ . (3)
−∞
Ans:
t
y(t) = ∫ δ (τ) dτ = 1, t ≥ 0 = u(t)
-∞ 0, otherwise
Q.43. Using the results of parts (a) and (b), or otherwise, determine the frequency response
of the system of part (c). (6)
Ans:
As shown in the figure, u(t) = 1/2 + x(t)
where x(t) = 0.5, t >0
-0.5, t <0
∴ dx/dt = δ (t) By (a) FT[δ (t)] = jωX(ω)
∴ X(ω) = 1/jω. Also FT[1/2] = πδ (ω)
Therefore FT [u(t)] = H(jω)= π√(ω) + 1/j ω.
( )
Q.44. Let X e jω denote the Fourier Transform of the signal x (n) shown below .(2+2+3+5+2=14)
41
( )
Without explicitly finding out X e jω , find the following :-
π
(i) X (1) (ii) ∫ ( )
X e jω dω
−π
(iii) X(-1) (iv) the sequence y(n) whose Fourier
( )
Transform is the real part of X e jω .
π
(v) ∫ ( ) 2 dω .
X e jω
−π
Ans: ∞
jω -jωn
X(e ) = ∑ x(n) e
n = -∞
+∞
j0
(i) X(1) = X(e ) = ∑ x(n) = -1 + 1 + 2 + 1 + 1 + 2 + 1 –1 = 6
-∞
+π π
jω jωn jω
(ii) x(n) = 1 ∫ X(e ) e dω ; ∫ X(e ) dω = 2π x(0) = 4π
2π -π -π
+∞
jπ
(iii) X(-1) = X(e ) = ∑ x(n) (-1)n = 1+ 0-1+2-1+0-1+2-1+0+1 =2
n = -∞
jω
(iv) Real part X(e ) xe(n) = x(n) + x(-n)
2
y(n) = xe(n) = 0, n < -7, n > 7
y(7) = 1 x(7) = -1 = y(-7)
2 2
y(6) = 1 x(6) = 0 = y(-6)
2
y(5) = 1 x(5) = 1 = y(-5)
2 2
y(4) = 1 x(4) = 2 = y(-4)
2
y(3) = 1[x(3) + x(-3)] = 0 = y(-3)
2
y(2) = 1[x(2) + x(-2)] = 0 = y(-2)
2
y(1) = 1[y(1) + y(-1)] = 1 = y(-1)
2
y(0) = 1[ y(0) + y(0)] = 2
2
(v) Parseval’s theorem:
π 2 ∞ 2
jω
∫ X(e ) dω = 2π ∑ x(n) = 2π(1 + 1 + 4 +1 + 1 + 4 + 1 + 1) = 28π
-π n = -∞
Q.45 If the z-transform of x (n) is X(z) with ROC denoted by R x , find the
42
n
z-transform of y(n ) = ∑ x (k ) and its ROC. (4)
k = −∞
Ans:
z
x(n) X(z), RoC Rx
n 0 ∞
y(n) = ∑ x(k) = ∑ x(n-k) = ∑ x(n-k)
k = -∞ k=∞ k=0
∞
Y(z) = X(z) ∑ z-k = X(z) , RoC at least Rx ∩ (z > 1)
k=0 1 - z-1
Geometric series
Q.46 (i) x (n) is a real right-sided sequence having a z-transform X(z). X(z) has two
poles, one of which is at a e jφ and two zeros, one of which is at r e − jθ . It is also
known that ∑ x (n ) = 1 . Determine X(z) as a ratio of polynomials in z −1 . (6)
(ii) If a = 1 , r = 2, θ = φ = π 4 in part (b) (i), determine the magnitude of X(z) on the
2
unit circle. (4)
Ans:
z
. (i) x(n) : real, right-sided sequence X(z)
-jθ jθ
X(z) = K (z- re )(z- re ) ; ∑x(n) = X(1) = 1
jΦ -jΦ
(z- ae )( z- ae )
jθ -jθ
= K z2 –zr (e +e ) + r2
jΦ jΦ
z2 –za (e + e ) + a2
= K 1 – 2r cosθ z-1 + r2 z-2 = K. N(z-1)

1 – 2a cosΦz-1 + a2 z-2 D(z-1)
where K. 1 – 2r cosθ + r2 = X(1) = 1

1 – 2a cosΦ + a2
i.e., K = 1– 2a cosΦ + a2
1 – 2r cosθ + r2
(ii) a = ½, r = 2, θ = Φ = π/4 ; K = 1 – 2(½).(1/√2) + ¼ = 0.25

1 – 2(2) (1/√2) + 4
X(z) = (0.25) . 1 – 2(2) (1/√2) z-1 + 4z-2

1 – 2(½).(1/√2) z-1 + ¼ z-2
43
jω -jω - jω
= (0.25) 1 - 2√2 z-1 + 4z-2 X(e ) = (0.25) 1 - 2√ 2 e +4e2
-jω - jω
1 – (1/√2) z-1 + ¼ z-2 1 – (1/√2) e +¼e2
jω -jω
= - 2√ 2 + e + 4 e
jω -jω
-2√2+ 4e + e
jω
X(e ) =1
Q.47 Determine, by any method, the output y(t) of an LTI system whose impulse
response h(t) is of the form shown in fig(a). to the periodic excitation x(t) as
shown in fig(b). (14)
Ans:
Fig(a) Fig(b)
1- e -s
h(t) = u(t) – u(t-1) => H(s) =
s
First period of x(t) , xT(t) = 2t [u(t) – u(t- ½) ]
= 2[ t u(t) – (t-1/2) u(t-1/2) –1/2 u(t-1/2)]

∴ XT(s) = 2[1/s2 – e-s/2 / s2 – 1/2 e-s/2 / s ]
X (s) = XT(s) / 1 – e-s/2
1 − e−s 1  1− e −s / 2
− 0.5se − s / 2 
Y(s) = . 2  
s 1 − e −s / 2  s2 
=
2
s 3
(1 + e−s / 2 )[1 − e−s / 2 − 0.5 s e−s / 2 ]
=
2
(1 − e −s
− 0.5s (e − s / 2 + e − s ) )
s3
1 − e −s e −s / 2 + e −s
=2 −
s3 s2
 1  1
Therefore y(t) = t u(t) – (t-1)2 u(t-1) –  t − u  t +  − ( t − 1) u ( t − 1)
2
 2  2
This gives y (t) = t2 0< t < 1/2
t2 –t +1/2 1/2 < t < 1
1/2 t >1
44
(not to scale)
s 2 + 3s + 1
Q.48 Obtain the time function f(t) whose Laplace Transform is F(s ) = . (14)
(s + 1)3 (s + 2)2
Ans:
F(s) = s2+3s+1 = A + B + C + D + E
(s+1)3(s+2)2 (s+1) (s+1)2 (s+1)3 (s+2) (s+2)2
A(s+2)2(s+1)2 + B(s+2)2(s+1) + C(s+2)2 + D(s+1)3(s+2) +E(s+1)3 = s2+3s+1
C = s2+3s+1 = 1-3+1 = -1 C = -1
(s+2)2 s= -1 1
E = s2+3s+1 = 4-6+1 = 1 E=1

3
(s+1) s= -2 -1
A(s2+3s+2)2 + B(s2+4s+4)(s+1) + C(s2+4s+4) + D(s3+3s2+3s+1)(s+2) + E(s3+3s2+3s+1)

= s2+3s+1
A(s4+6s3+13s2+12s+4) + B(s3+5s2+8s+4) + C(s2+4s+4) + D(s4+5s3+9s2+7s+2) +
E(s3+3s2+3s+1) = s2+3s+1
s4 : A+D = 0
3
s : 6A+ B+ 5D +E = 0 ; A+B+1 = 0 as 5(A+D) = 0, E = 1
s2 : 13A+5B+C+9D+3E = 1 ; 4A+5B+1 = 0 as 9(A+D) = 0, C = -1, E = 1
s1 : 12A+8B+4C+7D+3E = 3 ; 5A+8B-4 = 0 as 7(A+D) = 0, C = -1, E = 1
s0 : 4A+4B+4C+2D+E = 1
A+B = -1 ; 4(A+B)+B+1 = 0 or –4+B+1 = 0 or
B=3
A=-4
A = -1-3 = - 4
A+D = 0 or D = -A = 4 D=4
F(s) = - 4 + 3 + -1 + 4 + 1
(s+1) (s+1)2 (s+1)3 (s+2) (s+2)2
f(t) = L-1[F(s)] = - 4e-t + 3t e-t – t2 e-t + 4e-2 t + t e-2t = [e-t(-4 + 3t - t2) + e-2 t(4 + t)] u(t)
45
f(t) = [e-t(-4 + 3t - t2) + e-2 t(4 + t)] u(t)
Q.49 Define the terms variance, co-variance and correlation coefficient as applied to
random variables. (6)
Ans:
Variance of a random variable X is defined as the second central moment

E[(X-µX)]n, n=2, where central moment is the moment of the difference
between a random variable X and its mean µX i.e.,
+∞
σX² = var [X] = ∫ (x- µX)² fx(x) dx
-∞
Co-variance of random variables X and Y is defined as the joint moment:
σXY = cov [XY] = E[{X-E[X]}{Y-E[Y]}] = E[XY]-µ Xµ Y
where µ X = E[X] and µ Y = E[Y].
Correlation coefficient ρXY of X and Y is defined as the co-variance of X and Y
normalized w.r.t σXσY :
ρXY = cov [XY] = σXY
σXσY σXσY
Q.50 Determine the total energy of the raised-cosine pulse x(t), shown in Fig.1 defined by:
(8)
 1 π π
 (cos ω + 1), − ≤ t ≤
x(t) =  2 ω ω .
 0, otherwise
t
π π
−
ω ω
Fig.1
Ans:
π
+∞ ω
1 3π
∫x ∫ 4 (cos ωt + 1) dt = 4ω units.
2 2
Energy E = ( t )dt =
−∞ − ωπ
FT
Q.51 State the sampling theorem, given x ( t ) ↔ X (ω) . For the spectrum of the continuous-time
signal, shown in Fig.2, consider the three cases f s = 2f x ; f s > 2f x ; f s < 2f x and draw the
spectra, indicating aliasing. (8)
46
− fx fx
Fig.2
Ans:
FT
Sampling theorem: Given x ( t ) ↔ X (ω) , if X (ω) = 0 for ω > ωm , and if ωs > 2ωm ,
2π
where sampling frequency ωs = , Ts = Sampling interval, then x(t) is uniquely
Ts
determined by its samples x ( nTs ) → where n = 0, ± 1, ± 2, ….. ( ωs > 2ω m ⇒
Nyquist rate.)
X δ (f )
f s X ( 0)
-fx 0 fx f f
fs = f x
-fx 0 fx f f
(2fx) f s > 2f x
Guardband
-fx 0 fx 2fx f f
overlap f s < 2f x
⇒ alia sin g
-fx 0 fx f f
Q.52 Consider a continuous-time signal x(t). (8)

FT
(i) Show that X ( t ) ↔ 2π x (−ω) , using duality (or similarity) property of FT s.
1
(ii) Find x(t) from X (ω) = , using the convolution property of FTs.
(1 + jω) 2
Ans:
+∞
1
X(ω)e jωt dω
2π ω=∫−∞
(i) x(t) =
Using duality property of FTs, t ↔ ω ,
47
+∞ +∞
1 1
∫ X ( t )e jtωdt , or , x ( −ω) = X ( t )e − jtω dt
2π t =∫−∞
x (ω) =
2π t =−∞
+∞ FT
− jtω
∴ 2π x (−ω) = ∫ X( t )e dt , i.e., X(t ) ↔ 2πx (−ω) .
−∞
1
(ii) Find x(t) from X (ω) = , using the convolution property of FTs.
(1 + jω) 2
1 1 1 FT 1
X (ω) = = . , and, e − t u ( t ) ↔ .
(1 + jω) 2 1 + jω 1 + jω 1 + jω
FT
Convolution property of FTs ⇒ x ( t ) = x1 ( t ) * x 2 ( t ) ↔ X (ω) = X1 (ω)X 2 (ω) .
+∞
−τ 1, 0 < τ < t > 0
∴ x(t) = ∫e u (τ)e −( t −τ) u ( t − τ)dτ . u (τ)u ( t − τ) = 
−∞ 0, t < 0.
= t.e − t , t > 0
∴ x(t) = t e −t u (t ) .
Q.53 Find the difference equation describing the system represented by the block-diagram
shown in Fig.3, where D stands for unit delay. (8)
Σ Σ
1
−
2
1
−
4
Fig.3
Ans:
Intermediate variable f(n) between the summers:
1 1
f (n ) = x (n − 1) − f (n − 1) − f (n − 2)
2 4
y(n ) = 2 x (n ) + f (n ) , or, f (n ) = y(n ) − 2 x (n )
f ( n − 1) = y( n − 1) − 2 x ( n − 1)
f ( n − 2) = y ( n − 2) − 2 x ( n − 2)
1 1 1
y(n ) + y(n − 1) + y(n − 2) = 2 x (n ) + 2 x (n − 1) + x (n − 2) .
2 4 2
Q.54 For the simple continuous-time RC frequently-selective filter shown in Fig.4, obtain the
frequency response H(ω). Sketch its magnitude and phase for -∞ < ω < ∞. (8)
48
Fig.4
Ans:
dy( t ) FT
KVL ⇒ x ( t ) = RC + y( t ) ↔ X(ω) = RCjωY(ω) + Y(ω)
dt
Y (ω) 1 1
or, H (ω) = = = .
X (ω) 1 + jωCR  ω
1 + j 
 ω0 
1
H (ω) =
2
 ω
1 +  
 ω0 
 ω
arg H(ω) = − tan −1  
 ω0 
π
magnitude phase spectrum
spectrum 2
3 dB
0 ω
π
−
2
- ω0 0 ω0 ω
Q.55 Consider the signal x ( t ) = e − t u ( t ) + e −2 t u ( t ) . Express its Laplace Transform in the

N (s)
form: X (s) = K. , K = system constant. Identify th region of convergence.
D(s)
Indicate poles and zeros in the s-plane. (8)
Ans:
L 1 1
x ( t ) = e − t u ( t ) + e − 2 t u ( t ) ↔ X (s ) = +
s +1 s + 2
 3
s + 
2s + 3
=1 
2 N(s)
X (s) = =K
(s + 1)(s + 2) (
s 2 + 3s + 2 D(s) )
, K = 2.
49
3
1 Zero ⇒ s = − .
2
2 Poles ⇒ s = −1,−2.
ROC ⇒ R e {s} > −1.
R e {s} > −2.
∴ Common R o C is R e {s} > −1.
Q.56 Given input x(n) and impulse response h(n), as shown in Fig.5, evaluate
y(n ) = x (n ) * h (n ) , using DTFTs. (8)
Fig.5
Ans:
DTFT
y(n ) = x (n ) * h (n ) ↔ Y (e jΩ ).H (e jΩ ) .
( ) n = −1 n = 0 n =1 ( ) n = −1 n = 0 n =1
H e jΩ = e + jΩ + 1 + e − jΩ ; X e jΩ = ae + jΩ + a + ae − jΩ
∴ Y (e jΩ ) = a (e jΩ + 1 + e − jΩ ) = a (e − j2Ω + 2e jΩ + 3+ 2e − jΩ + e − j2Ω )
2
DTFT
As δ(n − n 0 ) ↔ e − jΩn o , y(n) = aδ(n+2) + 2aδ(n+1) + 3aδ(n) + 2aδ(n-1) + aδ(n-2).
y(n) = {a, 2a, 3a, 2a, a}
↑
n=0
Q.57 Determine the inverse DTFT, by partial fraction expansion, of

( ) = e− j2Ω − 5e− jΩ + 6 .
Xe jΩ 6
(8)
Ans:
( )
X e jΩ =
6
=
(
6
)( )
−2
= +
3
.
(e − jΩ 2
) (
−5e − jΩ
)
+6 e − jΩ
− 3 e − jΩ
− 2 1 − jΩ
1− e
3
1 − jΩ
1− e
2
1
n
1
n  1 n
1 
n
∴ x (1n ) = −2  u (n ) + 3  u (n ) = − 2  + 3   u (n ) .
 3 2   3   2  
50
Q.58 State the initial-value and final-value theorems of Laplace Transforms. Compute the
L 3s + 4
initial-value and final-values for x ( t ) ↔ X(s) , where x (s) = . (8)
s(s + 1)(s + 2) 2
Ans:
Initial-value theorem: If f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable, then
the initial value of f(t) is: f (0 + ) = lim f ( t ) = lim sF(s) .
t →0 + s →∞
Final-value theorem: If f(t) and its first derivative are Laplace transformable, and
f(t) is not a periodic function, then the final value of f(t) is: lim f ( t ) = lim sF(s) .
t →∞ s →0
 4
3 + 
Initial value ⇒ x (0 + ) = lim sX(s) = lim  s
= 0.
s →∞ s →∞  1
1 + (s + 2 )
2
 s
Final value ⇒ lim x ( t ) = lim sX(s) = lim
(3s + 4) = 1 .
t →∞ s →0 s →0 (s + 1)(s + 2 )2
Q.59 Find, by Laplace Transform method, the output y(t) of the system described by the
dy( t )
differential equation: + 5 y( t ) = x ( t ) where input x ( t ) = 3e −2 t u ( t ) and the initial
dt
condition is y(0) = -2. (8)
Ans:
dy( t )
+ 5 y( t ) = 3e − 2 t u ( t ), y(0) = -2.
dt
L L 1
y( t ) ↔ Y(s), u ( t ), e − 2 t ↔ .
s+2
3
∴ sY (s) − y(0 + ) + 5Y (s) = .
s+2
3 −2 A B 2
Y (s) = + = + − .
(s + 2)(s + 5) (s + 5) s + 2 s + 5 s + 5
1 3 3
= − . A= s = −2 = 1
s+2 s+5 s+5
( )
∴ y( t ) = e − 2 t − 3e −5 t u ( t ) B=
3
s+2
s = −5 = −1 .
Q.60 An LTI system is characterised by the difference equation: x(n – 2) – 9x(n – 1) + 18x(n)
= 0 with initial conditions x(-1) = 1 and x(-2) = 9. Find x(n) by using z-transform and
state the properties of z-transform used in your calculation. (8)
Ans:
x(n – 2) -9x(n – 1) + 18x(n) = 0
By using
z
x (n − n 0 ) ↔ z −n 0 X (z) + x (−n 0 ) + z −1x (−n 0 + 1) + z − 2 x (−n 0 + 2) + ..... + z −( n 0 −1) x (−1)
51
We get [ x ( −2) + x ( −1) z −1 + z −2 X( z)] − 9[ x ( −1) + z −1X ( z)] + 18X ( z) = 0 .

123 123 123
9 1 1
 
− z −1 z −1  1 2 
X (z) = =  − .
 1 −1 1 − 2  18  1 − 1 z −1 1 − 1 z −1 
181 − z + z   
 2 18   6 3 
1  1  1 
n −1 n −1
∴ x (n ) =   − 2   u (n − 1) .
18  16   3  

z z2 + z
Q.61 Determine the discrete-time sequence x(n), given that x (n ) ↔ X (z) = .
z 3 − 3z 2 + 3z − 1
(8)
Ans: Assume that x(n) is casual. Then
z 3 − 3z 2 + 3z − 1 z 2 + z z −1 + 4z −2 + 9z −3 + 16z −4 + ......
z 2 − 3z + 3 − z −1
4z − 3 + z −1
4z − 12 + 12z −1 − 4z −2
9 − 11z −1 + 4z − 2
9 − 27 z −1 + 27 z −2 − 9z −3
16z −1 − 23z − 2 + 9z − 3
16z −1 − 48z −2 + 48z −3 − 16z −4
25z − 2 − 39z −3 + 16z − 4
∴ X ( y) = z −1 + 4z −2 + 9z −3 + 16z −4 + ..... δ(n − n ) ←→
z
z−n 0 
 0 
∴ x ( n ) = δ( n − 1) + 4δ(n − 2) + 9δ( n − 3) + 16δ( n − 3) + .....
x(n) = {0, 1, 4, 9, 16, …..}
↑
n=0
Q.62 Explain the meaning of the following terms with respect to random variables/processes:
(i) Wide-sense stationary process.
(ii) Ergodic process.
(iii) White noise.
(iv) Cross power spectral density. (8)
Ans:
(i) Wide-sense stationary process.
For stationary processes, means and variances are independent of time, and
covariance depends only on the time-difference if in addition, the N-fold joint p.d.f.
depends on the time origin, such a random process is called wide- sense stationary
process.
(ii) Ergodic process.
Ergodic process is one in which time and ensemble averages are interchangeable.
52
For ergodic processes, all time and ensemble averages are interchangeable, not just
the mean, variance and autocorrelation function.
(iii) White noise.
White noise is an idealised form of noise, the power spectral density of which is
independent of frequency. “White” is in parlance with white light that contains all
frequencies within the visible band of electromagnetic radiation..
(iv) Cross power spectral density.
Cross power spectral density of two stationary random processes is defined as the
FT of their cross-correlation function
FT
R xy (τ) ↔ Sxy (f ), where, R xy (τ) = E{X ( t ).Y( t + τ)} .
Q.63 A random variable X is characterised by probability density function shown in Fig.6:

 x
1 − , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
f x (x) =  2 f X (x )
 0, otherwise
Compute its: Probability distribution function;
Probability in the range 0.5< x ≤1.5;
Mean value between 0 ≤ x ≤ 2; and
Mean-square value E(x2).
Fig.6 (8)
Ans:
+∞ x
 α x2
p.d.f. f X ( x ) = ∫X
f ( α ) d α = ∫ 2 
 1 − d α = x −
4
, 0< x ≤ 2.
−∞ 0
1
Probability = f X (1.5) − f X (0.5) = .
2
(0.5 < X ≤ 1.5)
2
 x 2
Mean value m X = ∫ x 1 − dx =
0 
2 3
[ ]
2
 x 2
Mean-squared value E x = ∫ x 2 1 − dx = .
2
0  2 3
Q.64 Determine the fundamental frequency of the signal

− j 4πn j 3πn
x[ n] = e 3
+e 8
.
Ans:
− j 4πn − j 3πn − j 32πn − j 9πn
x (n) = e 3
+e 8
=e 24
+e 24
1
Fundamental Frequency = .
24
t3
Q.65 A CT system is described by y (t ) = ∫ x(λ )dλ . Find if the system is time

−∞
invariant and stable. (6)
Ans:
53
t
3
y(t) =
−∞
∫ x(λ )dλ .
Let x(t) be shifted by t0 then the corresponding output yi(t) will be
t t
−t0
3 3
yi(t) = ∫ x (λ − t
−∞
0 ) dλ = ∫ x(λ ′)dλ ′ where λ ′ = λ − t
−∞
0 .
Original output shifted by t0 sec is

t
−t0
3
y0(t) =
−∞
∫ x ( λ ) dλ
Hence the system is time-invariant.
If x(t) is bounded, output will be bounded. Hence the system is stable.
Q.66 Let x(t ) be a real signal and x(t ) = x1 (t ) + x 2 (t ) . Find a condition so that
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ x(t ) dt = ∫ x1 (t ) dt + ∫ x (t )
2 2 2
2 dt (6)
−∞ −∞ −∞
∞ 2
∫−∞ ( x1 (t ) + x2 (t ) ) dt
∞
∫ x(t ) dt =
2
Ans:
−∞
∞ ∞ ∞ ∞
∫ x(t ) dt = ∫ x1 (t ) dt + ∫ x 2 (t ) dt + 2 ∫ x1 (t ) x 2 (t ) dt
2 2 2
−∞ −∞ −∞ −∞
∞
The term 2 ∫ x1 (t ) x 2 (t ) dt will become zero if x1 (t ) is the even part and x 2 (t )
−∞
is the odd part of x(t ) or vice-versa. Then

∞ ∞ ∞
∫ x(t ) dt = ∫ x1 (t ) dt + ∫ x (t )
2 2 2
2 dt .
−∞ −∞ −∞
Q.67 If h1 [n] = δ [n] , h2 [n] = δ [n − 1] + 2δ [n − 2] , h3 [n] = δ [n + 1] + 2δ [n + 2]

are the impulse responses of three LTI systems, determine the impulse
response of the system shown in Fig.1.
h1 [n]
+
+
Fig. 1 h2 [n] h3 [n]
Ans: h1(n) = δ(n)

h2(n) = δ(n-1)+2δ(n-2)
h3(n) = δ(n+1)+2δ(n+2)
Impulse response of the system,
h(n) = h1(n) + h2(n)*h3(n)
= δ(n) + 2δ(n+1) + 5δ(n) + 2δ(n-1)
= 6δ(n) + 2δ(n+1) + 2δ(n-1).
54
Q.68 Given that y (t ) = x(t ) ∗ h(t ) , determine x(at ) ∗ h(at ) in terms of y (t ) . If a is

real, for what values of a the system will be (i) causal, (ii) stable? (10)
Ans: y(t) = x(t)*h(t)
Thus, Y(s) = X(s)H(s)
Now x(at) has Laplace transform (1/a) X(s/a) . Similarly h(at) has Laplace
transform (1/a) H(s/a) . Thus
Laplace transform of x(at)*h(at) = (1/a2)X(s/a) H(s/a)
= (1/a) (1/a) Y(s/a)
= Laplace transform of (1/a)y(at)
Assuming the original system to be causal and stable,
(i) to maintain only causality, a can take any value,
(ii) to maintain stability, a > 0.
Q.69 One period of a continuous-time periodic signal x(t ) is as given below.
 t , −1 < t < 1
x (t ) =  (10)
 0, 1 < t < 2
Determine Fourier series coefficients of x(t ) , assuming its period to be 3.
 t , −1 < t < 1
Ans: x(t ) = 
 0, 1 < t < 2
1  0 1
 1  − t 2  0  t 2 1  1
a0 =
T ∫
−1 0
∫
 − tdt + tdt  =
 T
  +  =
 2  −1  2  0  T
1   1  0 
1
∫ ∫ ∫
− jkω t − jkω t − jkω t
ak =  x(t )e 0 dt  =  − te 0 dt + te 0 dt 
T T  T −1 0 
1   e jk ω 0 e jk ω 0 − 1   e − jk ω 0 e − jk ω 0 − 1  
=  + +
  − + 
T   jk ω 0 k 2 ω 0 2   jk ω 0 k 2 ω 0 2  
 2  e jk ω 0 − e − jk ω 0   2  e jk ω 0 + e − jk ω 0
1   
=   + 2 2  − 1  
 k ω 0 
T 2j   k ω 0  2   
2  sin k ω 0 cos k ω 0 − 1 
=  + 
T  k ω 0 k 2ω 0
2

 sin 2 π k / T cos 2 π k / T − 1 
= +T 
 πk 2π 2 k 2 
1
a0 T =3 =
3
 sin 2 π k / 3 cos 2 π k / 3 − 1 
a k T =3 =  +3 
 πk 2π 2 k 2 
Q.70 Determine Fourier series coefficients of the same signal x(t ) as in Q69, but
now, assuming its period to be 6. What is the relationship between the
coefficients determined in Q69 & Q70? (6)
Ans:Let the period be T2 = 2T1 = 6. Following the above procedure, we get
55
1 0 2
 4 2
a02 =
T2−2
∫ 0
∫
 − tdt + tdt  =
 T2 T1
= = 2a01
1  
0 2
∫
T2 − 2 0
∫
ak 2 =  − te − jkω 0 t dt + te − jkω 0 t dt 

 sin 4 π k / T 2 cos 4 π k / T 2 − 1 
= 2 + T2 
 πk 4π 2 k 2 
 sin 2 π k / T cos 2 π k / T − 1 
= 2 1
+ T1 1
 = 2ak1
 π k 2 π 2 2
k 
Thus the Fourier coefficients are doubled when the period is doubled. The
function with higher period will have all the harmonics present in the lower
period function as even harmonics.
Q.71 The Fourier transform of a signal x(t) is described as

 0.5π − 1 < ω < 0
 ω , −1 < ω < 1 
X ( jω ) =  and arg X ( jω ) = − 0.5π 0 < ω < 1
 0, otherwise  0 otherwise

Determine whether x(t) is real or complex.
Ans:The magnitude response is symmetric and the phase response is anti-

symmetric. So x(t ) is real.
4
Q.72 Determine the inverse Fourier transform of X ( jω ) = 2 sin 2 ω using the
ω
convolution property of the Fourier transform. (4)
4 2  2 
Ans: X ( jω ) = sin 2 ω =  sin ω  sin ω  =P(jω).P(jω)
ω2 ω  ω 
Multiplication in the frequency domain is equivalent to convolution in the
time domain.
sin ω
Inverse Fourier transform of P(jω) = 2 is a pulse
ω
1, t ≤1
p (t ) = 
0, t > 1.
Therefore
2 − t , t ≤ 2
x (t ) = p(t ) ∗ p (t ) = 
0, t >2
Q.73 A system is described by the difference equation y[n] = x[n] + ay[n − 1] .
Find the impulse response of the inverse of this system. From the impulse
response, find the difference equation of the inverse system. (8)
Ans: y[n] = x[n] + ay[n − 1]

Y ( z) 1
H ( z) = =
X ( z ) 1 − az −1
For Inverse System:
56
1
Transfer function H 1 ( z ) = = 1 − az −1
H ( z)
Impulse Response: h1(n) = 1δ ( n) − aδ ( n − 1)
Difference equation: y ( n) = x( n) − ax( n − 1)
Q.74 Determine the autocorrelation of the sequence {1, 1, 2, 3} . (8)
Ans:x(n) = (1, 1, 2, 3)
∞
Since rxx (k ) = ∑ x ( m) x ( m − k ) = r
m = −∞
xx ( − k )
r (0) = x (0) x(0) + x (1) x(1) + x(2) x(2) + x(3) x(3) = 15

r (1) = x (0) x(1) + x (1) x (2) + x( 2) x(3) = 9 = r (−1)
r ( 2) = x(0) x (2) + x(1) x(3) = 5 = r ( −2)
r (3) = x(0) x (3) + x(1) x(3) = 3 = r (−3)
r (≥ 4) = 0
Thus
r (n) = [3, 5, 9, 15, 9, 5, 3]
↑
Q.75 Determine the cross correlation of the processes
x1 (t ) = A cos(2πf c t + θ ) and x 2 (t ) = B sin( 2πf c t + θ ) ,
where θ is an independent random variable uniformly distributed over the
interval (0,2π ) . (8)
Ans:x1(t) = A cos (2πfct + θ) and x2(t) = B sin (2πfct + θ)

Rxx(τ) = E{A cos {2πfc(t + τ)+θ}B sin (2πfct + θ)}
AB
= E[sin {2πfc(-τ)} + sin {2πfc(2t + τ + 2θ)}]
2
π
AB AB 1
=-
2
sin(2πfcτ) +
2 2π −π ∫
sin{2πfc(2t +τ+2θ)}dθ
AB
=- sin (2πfcτ)
2
sin πt ∞
 n
Q.76 A signal x(t ) = is sampled by p (t ) = ∑ δ  t − . Determine and
πt n = −∞  2
sketch the sampled signal and its Fourier transform. (8)
sin πt ∞
 n
Ans: x(t ) = sampled by p (t ) = ∑ δ  t − . Thus, the sampled signal
πt n = −∞  2
is
n
sin π  
x (n) = 2 .
n
π 
2
DTFT of x( n) is a pulse
57
 π
2, ω ≤
X (ω ) =  2
0, otherwise
Q.77 Determine the Fourier transforms of (8)

(i) x1[n ] = sin nω0 and (ii) x2 [n] = (sin nω0 )u[n ]
e jω0 n − e − jω0 n
Ans: (i) x1 [n ] = sin nω 0 =
2j
=
2j
e [
1 jω0 n
− e − jω0 n ]
1
X (ω ) = [δ (ω + ω 0 ) − δ (ω − ω 0 )]
2j
e jω 0 nu ( n) − e − jω 0 nu ( n)
(ii) x2 [n] = (sin nω0 )u ( n) =
2j
1  1 1 
X (ω ) =  jω0 − jω
− − jω0 − jω 
2 j 1 − e e 1− e e 
1 jω  1 1 
= e  jω jω0
− jω − jω0 
2j e − e e −e 
 sin ω 0 
= e jω  jω

j 2ω
1 + e − 2e cos ω 0 
1 sin ω 0 
=  
2  cos ω − cos ω 0 
s 4 + 3s 3 − 4 s 2 + 5s + 5
Q.78 Find the inverse Laplace transform of X (s ) = for all
s 2 + 3s − 4
possible ROCs. (8)
s 4 + 3s 3 − 4 s 2 + 5 s + 5
Ans: H(s) =
s 2 + 3s − 4
5s + 5 5s + 5 3 2
= s2 + 2 = s2 + = s2 + + .
s + 3s − 4 ( s + 4)( s − 1) s + 4 s −1
d 2δ (t )
h (t ) = + 3e − 4t u (t ) + 2e t u (t ), ROC σ > 1
dt 2
d 2δ (t )
h (t ) = + 3e − 4t u (t ) − 2e t u (−t ), ROC − 4 < σ <1
dt 2
d 2δ (t )
h (t ) = 2
− 3e − 4t u (−t ) − 2e t u ( −t ), ROC σ < −4
dt
Q.79 Using Laplace transform, find the forced and natural responses of the system
d 2 y (t ) dy (t ) dx(t )
described by 2
+5 + 6 y (t ) = + 6 x(t ) when the input is a unit
dt dt dt
step function and the initial conditions of the system are y (0 + ) = 1 and
y ' (0 + ) = 2. (8)
Ans:Taking the unilateral Laplace transform of both sides of the given eqn,
we obtain
58
( s 2 + 5s + 6)Y ( s ) − sy (0 + ) − y ' (0 + ) − 5 y (0 + ) = ( s + 6) X ( s) − x(0 + )

Solving for Y(s)
( s + 6) X ( s) − x(0 + ) sy (0 + ) + y ' (0 + ) + 5 y (0 + )
Y ( s) = +
( s + 2)(s + 3) ( s + 2)( s + 3)
The first term is associated with the forced response of the system, yF(t). The
second term corresponds to the natural response, yN(t). Substituting for X(s)
= 1/s, x(0+) = 1, y (0 + ) = 1 , y ' (0 + ) = 2 , we obtain
 6   s+7 
Y ( s) =   +  
 s ( s + 2 )( s + 3 )   ( s + 2)( s + 3 ) 
1 3 2   5 4 
Y ( s) =  − + + − 
 s s + 2 s + 3   s + 2 s + 3
( )
y (t ) = 1 − 3e −2t + 2e −3t u (t ) +(5 e −2t -4 e −3t ) u (t )
Thus,
(
y F (t ) = 1 − 3e −2t + 2e −3t u (t ) ,) y N (t ) = (5 e −2t -4 e −3t ) u (t ) .
1 + z −1
A casual system is described by H ( z ) = . For what values
Q.80 1 − az −1 1 − bz −1 ( )( )
of a and b will the system be (i) unstable, (ii) non-causal? (8)
z ( z + 1)
Ans: H ( z ) =
( z − a )( z − b)
The poles are z = a, b.
(i) Causal: both a and b ≤ 1. Stable: both a and b < 1.
(ii) Unstable: both or either a or b ≥ 1. Non-causal: both or either a or b > 1.
Q.81 Determine the ROC of aX ( z ) + bY ( z ) , given that
z 0.25 z
X (z ) = , 0.5 < z < 1.5, Y ( z ) =, z > 0.5 .
(z − 0.5)(z − 1.5) (z − 0.25)(z − 0.5)
For what relationship between a and b the ROC will be the largest? (8)
z
Ans:X(z) = , 0.5<z< 1.5
( z − 0.5)( z − 1.5)
0.25 z
Y(z) = , z> 0.5
( z − 0.25)( z − 0.5)
 0.25a + 0.375b 
z (a + 0.25b) z − 
 a + 0.25b 
aX(z) + bY(z) =
( z − 0.5)( z − 1.5)( z − 0.25)
Since ROC is decided by the three poles, ROC of aX(z) + bY(z) is 0.5<z<
1.5. However, there is a possibility of cancellation of one of the poles by the
created zero. If the pole at 0.5 can be cancelled, then we shall have the ROC
given by 0.25 < |z| < 1.5 the maximum stretch. The condition is
0.25a + 0.375b
= 0.5 , i.e., a = b.
a + 0.25b
Q.82 Find whether the function y(t) = x(t).cos(100πt) represent a Linear, Causal,
time invariant system. (8)
59
Ans: y (t ) = x(t ) cos100πt

If the inputs are x1 (t ) and x 2 (t ) , then the corresponding outputs are
y1 (t ) = x1 (t ) cos100πt
y 2 (t ) = x 2 (t ) cos100πt .
Now if the input x3 (t ) is a linear combination of x1 (t ) and x 2 (t ) , i.e.,

x3 (t ) = ax1 (t ) + bx 2 (t )
where a and b are arbitrary scalars. Then
y 3 (t ) = x3 (t ) cos100πt = [ax1 (t ) + bx 2 (t ) ]cos100πt
= ax1 (t ) cos100πt + bx 2 (t ) cos100πt
= ay1 (t ) + by 2 (t ) .
Thus, we conclude that the system is linear.
Since the response depends only on the present values, the system is
causal.
Since y (t − τ ) = x (t − τ ) cos 100π (t − τ ) ≠ y (t ) , the system is time varying.
Q.83 Find the even and odd parts of the following functions (4)
(i) f (t ) = t sin t (ii) f (t ) = a0 + a1t + a2t 2
Ans:
1
f o (t ) = [ f (t ) − f (−t )] f e (t ) = 1 [ f (t ) + f (−t )]
2 , 2
(i) f (t ) = t sin t
1
f o (t ) = [t sin t − (−t ) sin(−t )] = 0
Here 2
1
f e (t ) = [t sin t + (−t ) sin(−t )]
2 = t sin t
(ii) f (t ) = a + a1 (t ) + a 2 t 2
f o (t ) =
1
2
[
{a + a1 (t ) + a2 t 2 }− {a + a1 (−t ) + a2 (−t ) 2 } = a1t ]
Here
f e (t ) =
1
2
[
{a + a1 (t ) + a2 t 2 }+ {a + a1 (−t ) + a2 (−t ) 2 } = a0 + a 2 t 2 ]
Q.84 Find the average power of the signal x(t ) = (e −5t + 1) u (t ) . (4)
Ans:Average power over an infinite interval

T
1
P∞ = Lt T →∞ ∫ x (t )
2
dt
2T −T
T T
∫ (e )u(t )dt = 1 ∫ (e )
1 −10t
= Lt T →∞ −10t
+ 1 + 2e −5 t
+ 1 + 2e −5t dt
2T −T
2T 0
1
=
2 W
60
Q.85 Find the Fourier Series of the following periodic wave form and hence draw
the spectrum. (8)
π
f (t ) = A cos t,
Ans:The function 4 − 2 < t < 2 has even symmetry.
T
1
Fn (t ) = ∫ f (t )e − jnω0t dt
T 0
π
2
1  π  − jn t
= ∫  A cos t e 2 dt
4 − 2 4 
2 j t 
π π
−j t
A e 4 +e 4  − jn π2 t
= ∫ e dt
4 − 2 2 
 
 π 2  − j π t (1− 2 n )  2 
 j 4 t (1− 2 n )   e 4  
A e
=   +  
8  π π
(
j 1 − 2n )   (
− j 1 − 2n   )
 4  − 2  4  − 2

 π π 
sin (1 − 2n) sin (1 + 2n) 
A 2 2
=  + 
π  (1 − 2n ) (1 + 2n ) 
 
 
2A 2A 8A
∴ F0 = F1 = F2 =
π , 3π , 15π
Q.86 Find the trigonometric Fourier series of the following wave form. (8)
Ans:Here T = 1, ω 0 = 2π , f (t ) = 2Vt .
Since the function exhibits an odd symmetry, a o = a n = 0 .
T /2
4
bn = ∫ f (t ) sin nω 0 tdt
T 0
61
0.5
= 4 ∫ (2Vt ) sin 2πntdt
0
 t (− cos 2πnt ) 0.5 0.5 (− cos 2πnt ) 

= 8V  − ∫ 1. dt 
 2πn 0 0
2πn 
 t ( − cos 2πnt ) 0.5 ( − sin 2πnt ) 0.5

= 8V  −. 
 2πn 0 2πn.2πn 0 
2V
=− cos πn + 0
πn
Now
∞
2V ∞
f (t ) = ∑ bn sin 2πnt = ∑ − cos πn. sin 2πnt
1 π 1
2V  1 1 
= sin 2πt − sin 4πt + sin 6πt + ....
π  2 3 
Q.87 Define signum and unit step functions? Find the Fourier transforms of
these functions. (8)
Ans:Signum function
1, t >0
Sgm (t ) = 
− 1, t < 0
∞
F (ω ) = Lt a →0 ∫ e
−a t
Sgm(t )e − jωt dt
FT [Sgm] −∞
 0 ∞

= Lt a →0  ∫ − e −( a + jω )t dt + ∫ e − ( a + jω )t dt 
−∞ 0 
1 1 2
= + =
jω jω jω
2
∴ F (ω ) =
ω
Unit Step Function
1 t ≥ 0
u (t ) = 
0 t < 0
Since Sgn (t) = 2u (t ) − 1 ,
1
[sgn(t ) + 1]
u (t )
=
2
1 2  1
∴ FT of u (t ) =  + 2πδ (ω ) = + πδ (ω )
2  jω  jω
Q.88 Determine the Fourier transform a two-sided exponential function

x(t ) = e and draw its magnitude spectrum.
−t
(8)
−t
Ans: f (t ) = e
62
∞ 0 ∞
∫e ∫e + ∫ e −(1+ jω )t dt
−t − jωt (1− jω ) t
F (ω ) = e dt =
−∞ −∞ 0
1 1 2
= + =
1 − jω 1 + jω 1 + ω 2
2
F (ω ) =
∴ 1+ ω2
Q.89 ind the Discrete Fourier transform of the following sequences.

(i) x(n ) = a n , 0 < a < 1 (Find N point DFT)
π
(ii) x(n ) = cos n (Find 4 point DFT) (8)
4
Ans:
N −1
X (k ) = ∑ x ( n) e
n =0
− j 2πnk / N
,
k = 0,1,..., N − 1
(i)
N −1
= ∑a e
n=0
n − j 2πnk / N
,
N −1
(
1 − ae − j 2πk / N ) N
= ∑ (ae
n=0
− j 2πnk / N n
) =
1 − ae − j 2πk / N
1− aN
= ,
1 − ae − j 2πk / N k = 0, 1, ...., N − 1
(ii) N = 4
π π 3π
x(n) = cos 0, cos , cos , cos
4 2 4
= 1, 0707, 0, -0,707
N −1
X (k ) =
∑ x ( n) e
n =0
− j 2πnk / N
,
k = 0,1,..., N − 1
3
∑ x ( n) e
n =0
− j 2πnk / N
,
k = 0, 1, 2, 3
=
∴ X (k ) = {X (0), X (1), X (2), X (3)}
= {1, 1 − j1.414, 1, 1 + j1.414}
Q.90 (i) Find the circular convolution of the following sequence (rectangular)
1, 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1
x1 (n) = x 2 ( n) = 
0, otherwise
(ii) Compute the DFT of
a) x (n ) = δ (n )
b) x(n ) = δ (n − n 0 ) (4)
N −1
N , k = 0
X 1 ( k ) = X 2 (k ) = ∑W
n =0
N
nK
=
0 0therwise
Ans: (i)
63
N 2 , k = 0

X 3 ( k ) = X 1 ( k ) X 2 (k ) = 0, elsewhere
x3 ( n ) = N , 0 ≤ n ≤ N − 1
(ii) a) X ( k ) = DFT [δ ( n)] = 1
− jωno
b) Since x[n − no ] ↔ e X ( jω ), we get
DFT [δ (n − n0 ] = e
− jωmo
Q.91 Find the Nyquist frequency of the following signals.
(i) Sa (100 t ) (ii) Sa 2 (100 t )

(iii) 25 cos(500 πt ) (iv) 10 sinc(2t ) (8)
sin x
x=
Ans: Sa x
(i) This function will have frequency response a rectangular pulse with
100 100
fm = , fs = 2 fm =
maximum frequency 2π π Hz
(ii) The sin2(2πft) = (1-cos 4πft)/2, the maximum frequency will be 2f.
100 200
fm = , fs = 2 fm =
π π Hz
500
fm = ,
(iii) 2π f s = 2 f m = 500 Hz
sin πt sin 2πt
sinc t = . 10
(iv) πt Thus 10 sinc(2t) = 2πt . Its frequency response will
be a rectangular pulse X ( f ) such that the maximum frequency f m = 1 Hz.
Hence sampling frequency f s = 2 f m = 2 Hz.
Q.92 Define ideal low pass filter and show that it is non-causal by finding its
impulse response. (8)
Ans:
e − j 2πft0 ,− B ≤ f ≤ B
H( f ) = 
 0, f > B
B
e j 2πf (t −t0 ) B
h(t ) = − B ∫ e j 2πf ( t − t 0 )
df =
−B
j 2πf (t − t 0 ) − B
=
1
j 2π (t − t 0 )
[ ]
e j 2πB (t −t0 ) − e − j 2πB (t −t0 )
sin 2πB (t − t 0 )
= 2B = 2 BSinc[2 B (t − t 0 )]
2πB (t − t 0 )
The system is non-causal as there is some response before t = 0.
Q.93 Obtain the Laplace transform of the square wave shown. (8)
64
Ans:
2T 4T ( n + 2 )T
[ f (t )] = ∫ f (t )e − st
dt + ∫ f (t )e dt +.... +
− st
∫ f (t )e
− st
dt
£ 0 2T nT
2T
 2T  − 2 sT  2T 
= ∫ f (t )e dt + ∫ f (t )e dt .e
− st
 − st
 + ... +  ∫ f (t )e − st dt .e − nsT
0 0  0 
 2T

( )
= 1 + e − 2 sT + e − 4 sT + .... + e − nsT  ∫ f (t )e − st dt 
0 
1  2T
 1  T 2T

1 − e − 2 sT  ∫0 ∫ ∫
− st − st − st
=  f (t ) e dt  = − 2 sT  0 .5 e dt + 0 . 5e dt 
 = 1− e 0 T 
 
=
1
−
1 − e − 2 sT  s
0 .5
(
e − sT − 1 +
0 .5
) (
e − 2 sT − e − sT  )
s 

=
1
− 2 sT 
0 . 5
(1 − e −sT )  2
1− e  s 
0.5 1 − e  − sT
=  
s 1 + e − sT 
Q.94 Find the inverse Laplace transforms of the following functions.
s2  s +1 
(i) (ii) ln   (8)
(s + a ) 2
+b 2
 s+ 2
Ans:
−1 s2  s+a a b 
= s − 2 
(i) £ (s + a ) 2
+b 2
 (s + a) + b
2 2
b ( s + a) + b 
2
d  a 
f (t ) + f (0 + ) f (t ) = e − at cos bt − e − at sin bt  u (t )
= dt where  b 
  a 2 − at  
 (
− be − at
sin bt − ae − at
cos bt + 
 − ae − at
cos)bt + e sin bt  + δ (t )u (t )
=   b  
a 2

=  sin bt − 2a cos bt − b sin tbt e − at u (t ) + δ (t )
 b 
s +1
=
(ii) F ( s ) = ln s + 2 ln ( s + 1) − ln ( s + 2)
65
dF 1 1
∴ = −
ds s + 1 s + 2
 dF 
(
∴   = e −t − e − 2t u (t ) )
 ds 
Hence,
 dF 
−1
[F (s)] = − 1  
−1
£ t £  ds 
1
[
− e −t − e − 2t u (t ) ]
= t
Q.95 Obtain the z transforms and hence the regions of convergence of the
following sequences.
(i) x(n ) = [u (n ) − u (n − 10 )] 2 − n (ii) x (n ) = cos (π n ) u (n ) (8)
Ans: (i) x (n) = [u (n) − u (n − 10)]2 − n

9
Z [x( n)] = ∑ 2 − n Z − n
n=0
n
 1 
1−  
−n =
 2z 
9
 1 
= ∑  1 −
1
z >
1
n =0  2 z  2 z , ROC is 2
e jπn + e − jπn
x(n) = cos(πn )u (n) = u ( n)
(ii) 2
1  9 jπn − n − jπn − n  1  ∞ jπ −1 ∞
n
∑( ) + ∑ (e )
9
∴ Z [x (n)] = ∑ ∑
n − jπ
 e z + e z  =  e z z −1 
2  n=0 n =0  2  n =0 n =0 
1 1 1 
=  jπ −1
+ − jπ −1 
2 1 − e z 1− e z 
1 1 1  z
=  + −1 
=
2 1 + z −1
1+ z  z +1, z >1
ROC is
Q.96 A second order discrete time system is characterized by the difference

equation y (n ) − 0.1 y (n-1)-0.02 y (n-2 ) = 2 x(n ) − x(n − 1) . Find y (n ) for n ≥ 0
when x(n) = u(n) and the initial conditions are given as y(–1) = –10, y(–2)
= 20 (8)
Ans:
Since y ( n) − 0.1 y ( n − 1) − 0.02( n − 2) = 2 x( n) − x( n − 1) ,
[ ] [
Y (z ) − 0.1 Y (−1) + z −1Y (z) − 0.02 Y (−2) + z −1Y(−1) + z −2 Y (z) ]
−1
= 2X ( z ) − z X ( z )
Substituting the initial values and rearranging, we get
[ ]
Y ( z ) 1 − 0.1z −1 − 0.02 z − 2 + 1 − 0.4 + 0.2 z −1 =
2z
−
1
z −1 z −1
66
( z − 0.2)( z − 0.1) 2 z − 1 0.2

Y ( z) = = − − 0.6
z2 z −1 z
(2 z − 1) z 2 0.2 0.6
Y ( z) = − −
( z − 1)( z − 0.2)( z − 0.1) z ( z − 0.2)( z − 0.1) ( z − 0.2)( z − 0.1)
= Y1 ( z ) + Y2 ( z ) + Y3 ( z )
Now
Y1 ( z ) ( 2 z − 1) z
=
z ( z − 1)( z − 0.2)( z + 0.1)
By partial fraction expansion, we get
1.13 z 0.5 z 0.36 z
Y1 ( z ) = + +
( z − 1) ( z − 0.2) ( z + 0.1)
Similarly
2 z 2 z
Y2 ( z ) = +−
3 ( z − 0.2) 3 ( z + 0.1)
z z
Y3 ( z ) = 0.4 + 0.2
( z − 0.2) ( z + 0.1)
Thus,
1.13 z 0.56 z 0.83 z
Y (z) = − +
( z − 1) ( z − 0.2) ( z + 0.1)
Hence
[
y (n) = 1.13 − 0.56(0.2) + 0.83(0.1) u ( n)
n n
]
Q.97 A continuous random variable has a pdf f (x ) = Kx 2e− x ; x ≥ 0 . Find K, and
mean and variance of the random variable. (8)
Ans:
By the property of PDF
∞
∫ Kx
2 −x
e dx = 1
0
Or, 2K = 1 → K = ½
Mean value of x is
∞
∞
∫ xf ( x)dx = ∫ xKx e dx = 0.5∫ x e dx = 3
2 −x 3 −x
E ( x) =
0
Rx 0
Now
∞ ∞
E(x 2 ) = ∫x f ( x )dx = ∫ x 2 Kx 2 e − x dx =0.5 ∫ x 4 e − x dx = 12
2
0 0
Rx
Variance of x is
V ( x) = E ( x 2 ) − {E ( x)} = 12 - 9 = 3.
2
Q.98 Find the autocorrelation of the following functions:

(i) g (t ) = e − at u (t )
t  t 
(ii) g(t) = A Π   where A Π   is a rectangular pulse with period T and
T T
67
magnitude A. (8)
Ans:
(i) g (t ) = e − at u (t )
∞
R g (τ ) = ∫ −∞
g (t ) g (t − τ )dt
∞ ∞ e − aτ
∫
−∞
e − at e − a ( t −τ )u (t )dt = e aτ ∫0
e − 2 at dt =
2a
t 

(ii) g (t ) = A Π T
∞
R g (τ ) = ∫
−∞
g (t ) g (t − τ )dt
=
R g (−τ )
For τ < T
T
= ∫τ
R g (τ ) A 2 dt = A 2 (T − τ )
For τ ≥ T
∞
=∫
R g (τ ) g (t ) g (t − τ )dt 0, τ ≥T
T =
 A 2 (T − τ ), τ < T
=
0 τ ≥ T.
Q.99 Find the Fourier series of the following periodic impulse train. (8)
Ans:
1 T0 / 2 I
A0 =
T0 ∫ −T0 / 2
δ (t ) dt =
T0
2I T0 / 2 2πnt 2I
An =
T0 ∫−T0 / 2 δ (t ) cos T0 dt = T0
2I T0 / 2 2πnt
Bn =
T0 ∫−T0 / 2 δ (t ) sin T0 dt =0
2πnt
I 2I ∞
2πnt I ∞
∴ x(t ) = +
T0 T0
∑
n =1
cos
T0
=
T0
∑e
n = −∞
T0
Q.100 The Magnitude and phase of the Fourier Transform of a signal x(t) are
shown in the following figure. Find the signal x(t).
Ans:
68
X ( jω ) = π , − W ≤ ω ≤ W
π / 2, ω<0
and φ ( jω ) = ∠ X ( jω ) = 
− π / 2, ω > 0
πe jπ / 2 , − W ≤ ω ≤ 0
Thus X ( jω ) =  − jπ / 2
πe , 0 ≤ω ≤W
1 ∞
x(t ) = F −1 [X ( jω )] = ∫ X ( jω )e jωt dω
2π −∞
1  0 jπ / 2 jωt
πe e dω + ∫ πe − jπ / 2 e jωt dω 
W
= ∫
2π  −W 0 
1
=  ∫ e j (π / 2−ωt ) dω + ∫ e − j (π / 2− dω 
W W jωt )
2 
 0 0 
1 W
 e j (π / 2−ωt ) + e − j (π / 2− jωt ) dω  = Wcos(π / 2 − ωt )dω = W(sin ωt )dω
=
2  ∫
0    0 ∫ 0 ∫
 Wt  W t  Wt 
2
1 1
= [1 − cos Wt ] = 2 sin 2   = 2 sinc 2  
t t  2  2π  2π 
Q.101 Find the Discrete Time Fourier Transforms of the following signals and draw
its spectra. (8)
(i) x1 (n ) = a
n
a <1
2π
(ii) x 2 (n ) = cos ω 0 n where ω 0 = .
5
Ans:
n
(i) x(n) = a , a < 1
∞ −1 ∞ ∞ ∞
( ) ∑a
X e jω =
n
e j ωn = ∑a −n
e jωn + ∑a n
e j ωn = ∑ (ae ω ) + ∑ (ae ω )
−j n j n
n = −∞ n = −∞ n=0 n =1 n=0
ae − jω 1 1 − a2
= + =
1 − ae − jω 1 − ae jω 1 − 2a cos ω + a 2
1
[
(ii) x(n) = cos ω 0 n = e jω0 n + e − jω0 n
2
]
∞ ∞
 2π   2π 
X (e j ω ) =
l = −∞ 
∑
πδ ω −
5
− 2πl  + πδ ω +
 l = −∞  5
− 2πl 

∑
 2π   2π 
= πδ ω −  + πδ ω + , −π ≤ ω < π
 5   5 
Q.102 The frequency response for a causal and stable continuous time LTI system
1 − jω
is expressed as H ( jω ) = . (8)
1 + jω
(i) Determine the magnitude of H ( jω )
(ii) Find phase response of H ( jω )
(iii) Find Group delay.
Ans:
69
(i) [H (ω )] = 1 − jω =
1+ ω2
=1
1 + jω 1+ ω2
(ii) ∠ H ( jω ) = tan −1 (−ω ) − tan −1 (ω ) = −2 tan −1 (ω )
(iii) Group delay = −

d
dω
H ( jω ) = −
dω
d
(− 2 tan −1 ω ) =
2
1+ ω2
Q.103 Find the Nyquist rate and Nyquist interval for the continuous-time signal
1
x (t ) = cos(4000πt ) ⋅ cos(1000πt ) . (4)
2π
Ans:
1 1
x(t ) = cos 4000πt. cos1000πt = [cos 5000πt + cos 3000πt ]
2π 4π
The highest frequency present is ωh = 5000π , i.e., fh = 2.5 kHz. Nyquist rate is
5 kHz and Nyquist interval = 1/5 k = 0.2 msec.
Q.104 Consider a discrete-time LTI system with impulse response h (n ) given by

h(n ) = α n u (n ) .
Determine whether the system is causal, and the condition for stability. (4)
Ans:
Since h(n) = 0 for n < 0, the system is causal.
Now
∞ ∞ ∞
1
∑ h( k ) = ∑ α k u ( n) = ∑ α
k
= , α < 1.
k = −∞ k = −∞ k =0 1− α
Thus the system is stable if α < 1 .
Q.105 Check for Causality, Linearity of the following signals. (8)

(i) y (t ) = x t( ) (ii) y (t ) = x(t 2 )
n
(iii) y (t ) = 10 x(t + 2 ) + 5 (iv) y[n] = ∑ x[n]
k = −∞
Ans:
(i) Non-causal: y (0.01) = x(0.1), i.e., y depends upon the future value of x.
linear: it is of the form y = mx.
(ii) Non-causal: y ( 2) = x(4), i.e., y depends upon the future value of x. linear:
it is of the form y = mx.
(iii) Non-causal: y(t) depends upon x(t+2) the future value of x(t). Non-linear:
it is of the form y = mx + c.
(iv) Non-causal: It has the value for n < 0. Linear : it is of the form y = mx.
Q.106 Determine the Laplace transform of the following functions. (6)

(i) x(t ) = cos 3 (3t ) (ii) x(t ) = t sin at
Ans:
(i)
1
x(t ) = cos 3 t = [cos 9t + 3 cos 3t ]
4
70
1 s 3s  1  s 3s 
∴ x(t ) =  + 2 =  2 + 2 .
4 s + 9
2 2
s + 3  4  s + 81 s + 9 
2 
(ii) x(t ) = t sin at

d d  a  2as
∴ £ x(t ) = − £ (sin at ) = −  2 2 
= 2 .
ds ds  s + a  ( s + a 2 ) 2
2 1
Q.107 The transfer function of the system is given by H (s ) = +
s+3 s−2
Determine the impulse responses if the system is (i) stable (ii) causal. State
whether the system will be stable and causal simultaneously. (10)
Ans:There are following three possible impulse responses.

h1 (t ) = 2e −3t u (t ) + e 2t u (t ), σ > 2
h2 (t ) = 2e −3t u (t ) − e 2t u ( −t ), - 3 < σ < 2
h3 (t ) = −2e −3t u ( −t ) − e 2t u (−t ), σ < −3
h1(t) is causal but unstable due to the pole at s = 2, h2(t) is non-causal due to
the pole at s = 2 but stable, and h3(t) is also non-causal due to both the poles
but stable. Thus, the system cannot be both causal and stable simultaneously.
Q.108 Determine the inverse Z transform of the following X(z) by the partial
fraction expansion method. (8)
z+2
X ( z) =
2z 2 − 7 z + 3
1 1
if the ROCs are (i) z > 3 , (ii) z < , (iii) < z < 3
2 2
z+2
Ans: X ( z ) =
2z − 7z + 3
2
X ( z) z+2 z+2 2/3 1 1/ 3

= = = − +
z (
2
)
2 z z − 7 z + 3 2 z (z − 0.5)( z − 3) z z − 0.5 z − 3
2 z (1 / 3) z
Or X ( z ) = − + , poles are p1 = 0.5, p 2 = 3
3 z − 0.5 z − 3
(i) When z > 3 all poles are interior, x(n) is causal.
n
2 1 1
Therefore, x(n) = δ (n) −   u (n) + (3) n u (n)
3 2 3
1
(ii) When z < , all poles are exterior, x(n) is non-causal.
2
n
2 1 1
∴ x(n) = δ (n) +   u (−n − 1) − (3) n u (−n − 1)
3 2 3
1
(iii) When < z < 3, p1 is interior and p 2 is exterior.
2
n
2 1 1
∴ x(n) = δ (n) −   u (n) − (3) n u (− n − 1)
3 2 3
Q.109 A Causal discrete-time LTI system is described by

71
3 1
y(n ) − y (n − 1) + y (n − 2 ) = x(n )
4 8
where x(n ) and y (n ) are the input and output of the system, respectively.
(i) Determine the H(z) for causal system function
(ii) Find the impulse response h(n) of the system
(iii) Find the step response of the system (8)
Ans:
3 −1 1
i) Y (z) − z Y ( z ) + z − 2Y ( z ) = X ( z )
4 8
Y ( z) 1 z2 1
∴ H ( z) = = = ,z > .
1 − z −1 + z − 2  z −  z − 
X ( z) 3 1 1 1 2
4 8  2  4
H ( z) z 2 1
(ii) = = −
z  1  1 1 1
 z −  z −  z − z−
 2  4 2 4
  1 n  1 n 
∴ h(n) = 2  −    u (n)
  2   4  
z
(iii) Here X ( z) = , z >1
z −1
z3
Y ( z) = X ( z)H ( z) = , z >1
1 1
( z − 1)( z − )( z − )
2 4
8 z z 1 z
= −2 + , z >1
3 z −1 1 3 1
z− z−
2 4
8  1  n
11 
n
y (n) =  − 2  +    u (n)
 3  2  3  4  
Q.110 A random variable X has the uniform distribution given by

1
 , for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π
f X ( x ) =  2π
0, otherwise
Determine mean, mean square, Variance. (10)
∞ 2π
1
Ans: Mean m x =
−∞
∫ xf x ( x)dx = ∫ x 2π dx = π
0
∞ 2π
1 4
Mean square X 2 == E ( X 2 ) = ∫ x f x ( x)dx = ∫x dx = π 2
2 2
−∞
2π 0
3
4 1
Variance: σ x 2 = E( X 2 ) − mx 2 = π 2 −π 2 = π 2
3 3
72
π
σx =
3
Q.111 Discuss the properties of Gaussian PDF. (6)
Ans:
Property 1: The peak value occurs at x = m, i.e., mean value
1
f x ( x) = at x = m (mean)
σ 2π
Property 2: Plot of Gaussian PDF exhibits even symmetry around mean value,
i.e.,
f x (m − σ ) = f x ( m + σ )
Property 3: The mean under PDF is 1 / 2 for all values of x below mean
value and ½ for all values of above mean value, i.e.,
1
P ( X ≤ m) = P ( X > m) =
2
Q.112 A stationary random variable x(t) has the following autocorrelation
function
R x (τ ) = σ 2 e where σ 2 , µ are constants. Rx (t ) is passed through a
−µ τ
filter whose impulse response is h(τ ) = αe −ατ u (τ ) where α is a

constant, u (τ ) is unit step function.
(i) Find power spectral density of random signal x(t).
(ii) Find power spectral density of output signal y(t). (8)
∞
Ans: (i) S X (ω ) = FT[RX (t )] = ∫ R X (τ )e − jωτ dτ
−∞
∞ 2 µσ 2
= ∫
−∞
σ 2e µ τ e − jωτ dτ =
µ2 +ω2
∞ α
(ii) H (ω ) = FT[h(τ )] = ∫ αe −ατ u (τ )e − jωτ dτ =
−∞ α + jω
2
2 α α 2 µσ 2
S y (ω ) = H (ω ) S X (ω ) = S X (ω ) = 2
α + jω α +ω2 µ2 +ω2
Q.113 Determine the convolution of the following two continuous time functions.
x(t ) = e − at u (t ) , a > 0 and h(t ) = u (t ) (8)
Ans:
∞ ∞ t
∫ ∫ e −aλ u (λ )u (t − λ )dλ = ∫e
− aλ
y (t ) = h(t ) * u (t ) = x (λ ) h(t − λ ) dλ = dλ
−∞ −∞ o
=−
a
e [ ]
1 −aλ 1 1
[
= 1 − e −at .
0 a
]
Q.114 Determine signal energy and power of the following signals

(i) x(n ) = u (n ) (ii) x(t ) = e −3t (8)
Ans:
73
∞ ∞
(i) E= ∑
n = −∞
x 2 [n] = ∑ u [n] = 1
n = −∞
2
N N
1 1
P = lt N →∞
2N
∑
n=− N
2
x [n ] = lt N →∞
2N
∑ u [n] = 1.
n=− N
2
T T
∫ [e ] dt = ∫ [e ]dt = − 6 [e ]
− 3t 2 1 −6 t − 6T
(ii) E= − e 6T = ∞
−T −T
P = LtT → ∞
1
2T
E = LtT → ∞ −
1 − 6T
12T
e − e 6T = ∞ [ ]
Q.115 Find the DTFT of the sequence x(n) = u(n). (4)
Ans:
∞ ∞
DTFT x(n) = X (e jω ) =
1
∑ x(n)e − jωn = ∑1.e − jωn =
n = −∞ n =0 1 − e − jω
It is not convergent for ω = 0.
e jω / 2
∴ X e jω =( ) ω
, ω ≠ 0.
2 sin
2
Find the inverse Fourier transform of δ (ω ) . (4)
Q.116
Ans:
∞
F [δ (ω )] =
−1 1
∫
2π − ∞
δ (ω )e jωt dω =
1 j ωt
2π
e [ ] ω =0 =
1
2π
Q.117 Check whether the following signals are energy or power signal and hence find the
corresponding energy or power. (6)
(i) x(t ) = Ae −α (t )
⋅ u (t ), α > 0
(ii) x(t ) = cos ω 0 t
2
Ans:
(i) x(t ) = Ae −αt u (t ), α > 0
∞
e −2αt ∞ A
2
∫
2
Then E= x(t ) dt = A2 =
−∞
− 2α 0 2α
Since 0 < E < ∞, x(t ) is an energy signal.
(ii) Since x(t ) = cos 2 ω o t is a periodic function, it is a power signal.

To / 2
1
P = Lt To → ∞
To ∫
− To / 2
x 2 (t )dt
To / 2 To / 2
∫ [ ] ∫ [cos ]
1 2 1
= Lt T → ∞ cos ωot dt = Lt T → ∞
2 4
ωot dt
To − To /2
To − To / 2
To / 2
1 1 3
= Lt T → ∞
To ∫ 8 [3 + 4 cos 2ω t + cos ω t ]dt = 8
− To / 2
o o
74
Q.118 Find the convolution of two rectangular pulse signals shown below. (10)
Ans:
For − ∞ ≤ t ≤ 4 and t ≥ 10 the output is 0.
t
For 4 ≤ t ≤ 6 , y (t ) = ∫ 2dt = 2(t − 4)
4
8
For 6 < t ≤ 8 , y (t ) = ∫ 2dt = 2(8 − 6) = 4
6
10
For 8 < t ≤ 10 , y (t ) = ∫ 2dt = 2(10 − t )
t
Thus y(t) is as shown in the figure.

2
Q 119 Given the Gaussian pulse x(t ) = e −π t , determine its Fourier transform. (8)
Ans:
∞ ∞ ∞
∫ ∫ ∫
2 2
X (ω ) = x(t )e − jωt dt = e −πt e − jωt dt = e − (πt + j ωt )
dt
−∞ −∞ −∞
2

 jω  ω2
Expressing πt 2 + jωt =  π t +  + ,

 2 π 
 4π
we have
 2  2
 jω  ω2 ω2  jω 
− πt + 
− − −  πt + 
∞ 
2 π 
e 4π dt = e 4π
∞ 
2 π 
X (ω ) = ∫
−∞
e  
∫
−∞
e  
dt
jω
Let u = πt + ,
2 π
ω2 ω2
− −
X (ω ) = e 4π
2 ∞
− (u )2 du = e 4π
2 π − πf 2
Then
π ∫
0
e
π 2
=e
Q.120 Find the exponential Fourier series of the following signal. (8)
75
Ans:
Here T = 1sec, ω o = 2π ,
10
x(t ) = t = 10t
T
T 1
1
Cn = ∫
T 0
x(t )e − jnωot dt = ∫ 10te − jn 2πt dt
0
 te − j 2πnt 1 1 e − j 2πnt 
= 10  −∫ dt 
 − j 2πn 0 0 − j 2πn 
 e − j 2πnt e − j 2πnt 
1
= 10  + 
 − j 2πn 4π n 0 
2 2
5
= j
πn
∞ ∞
5
Now x(t ) = ∑ C n e − j 2πnt = ∑ j e j 2πnt ;
n = −∞ n = −∞ πn
π
 n≥0
θ n = tan −1 ∞ =  2
π
− n≤0
 2
Q.121 State and prove the following properties of DTFT. (6)

(i) Time shifting, frequency shifting
(ii) Conjugate symmetry
(iii) Time reversal.
Ans:
x ( n ) ↔ X (e jω )
ωno
(i) Time shfting: x ( n − no ) ↔ e − j X (e jω )
Frequency shifting: e jωo n x(n) ↔ X (e j (ω −ωo ) )
(ii) x * (n) ↔ X * (e − jω )
X (e jω ) = X * (e − jω ) , x (n) real
Even [x( n)] ↔ Re X (e jω ) [ ]
Odd [x(n)] ↔ j Im X (e jω ) [ ]
(iii) x ( − n ) ↔ X (e − jω )
Q.122 Consider a stable causal LTI system whose input x(n ) and output y (n ) are related
through second order difference equation
3 1
y (n ) −   y (n − 1) + y (n − 2 ) = 2 x(n ) .
4 8
n
1
Determine the response for the given input x(n ) =   u (n ) (10)
4
Ans:
76
n
3 1 1
y (n) − y (n − 1) + y (n − 2) = 2 x(n) = 2  u (n)
4 8 4
Taking DTFT on both sides
3 1 2
Y (e jω ) − e − jω Y (e jω ) + e − 2 jω Y (e jω ) =
4 8 1 − jω
1− e
4
jω 2
Y (e ) =
 3 − j ω 1 − 2 j ω   1 − jω 
1 − 4 e + 8 e  1 − 4 e 
2
=
 1 − j ω   1 − jω   1 − jω 
 21 − e  1 − 4 e  1 − 4 e 
2
= 2
 1 − jω   1 − jω 
1 − 2 e  1 − 4 e 
8 4 2
= − −
 1 − j ω   1 − j ω   1 − jω  2
1
 2 − e   41 − e  1 − e 
 4 
Taking inverse DFT
n n n
1 1 1
y (n) = 8  u (n) − 4  u (n) − 2(n + 1)  u (n)
2 4 4
Q.123 A continuous time signal is x(t ) = 8 cos 200πt (8)

(i) Determine the minimum sampling rate.
(ii) If fs = 400 Hz, what is discrete time signal obtained after sampling?
(iii) If fs = 150 Hz, what is discrete time signal obtained after sampling?
Ans:Here ω = 200π → f = 100 Hz

(i) Minimum sampling rate = 2 f = 2 × 100 = 200 Hz
f 100 1
(ii) = =
f s 400 4
1 πn
∴ x(n) = 8 cos 2πfn = 8 cos 2π n = 8 cos
4 2
f 100 2
(iii) Here = =
f s 150 3
2 4πn  2π  4πn
∴ x(n) = 8 cos 2πfn = 8 cos 2π n = 8 cos = 8 cos 2π − n = 8 cos
3 3  3  3
Q.124 State and prove Parseval’s theorem for continuous time periodic signal. (8)
77
Ans:
Parseval’s theorem: The Parseval’s theorem states that the energy in the time-domain
representation of a signal is equal to the energy in the frequency domain representation
normalized by 2π.
Proof:
The energy in a continuous time non-periodic signal is
∞ 2
E = ∫ x(t ) dt.
−∞
2
Since x(t ) = x(t ) x * (t ) , from the Fourier series we get
1 ∞
x * (t ) =
2π − ∞ ∫
X * ( jω )e − jωt dω .
∞  1 ∞ 
Hence, E= ∫
−∞
x (t ) 
 2π − ∞ ∫
X * ( jω )e − jωt dω  dt

Now interchanging the order of the integrations, we get
X * ( jω )  x (t )e − jωt dt  dω =
1 ∞ ∞ 1 ∞
E=
2π ∫
−∞  ∫−∞  2π ∫−∞
X * ( jω ) X ( j ω ) d ω
1 ∞
∫
2
= X ( j ω ) dω .
2π − ∞
Thus, the energy in the time-domain representation of the signal is equal to the energy
in the frequency-domain representation normalized by 2π.
Q.125 Compute the magnitude and phase of the frequency response of the first order discrete
time LTI system given by equation (10)
y (n ) − Ay (n − 1) = Bx(n ) where A < 1 .
Ans: y ( n) = Ay ( n − 1) + Bx( n )
h(n) = BA n u (n)
∞
B
H (e jω ) = ∑ h ( n) e
n = −∞
− j ωn
1 − Ae − e
= jω
− jωn
Since 1 − Ae = (1 − A cos ω ) + jA sin ω
1 − Ae − jωn = (1 − A cos ω ) + ( A sin ω ) = 1 + A
2 2 2
− 2 A cos ω
Angle (1 − Ae ) = tan 1 −AAsincosωω

− jωn −1
B
∴ H ( e jω ) =
1 + A − 2 A cos ω
2
and
angle H (e jω ) = Angle  B − tan −1 A sin ω 
1 − A cos ω 
.

Q.126 Determine the Fourier transform of unit step x(t ) = u (t ). (6)
Ans:
∞
Fourier transform of x(t) is X (ω ) = ∫ −∞
x(t )e − jωt dt
Thus Fourier transform of u(t) is
78
∞ ∞ 1
X (ω ) = ∫
−∞
u (t )e − jωt dt = ∫ 0
e − jωt dt =
jω
.
Q.127 By using convolution theorem determine the inverse Laplace transform of the
following functions. (8)
1 1
(i)
s2 s2 − a2 ( ) (ii)
s 2 (s + 1)
Ans:
1
(i) F (s) = 2 2 = F1 ( s ) F2 ( s )
s (s − a 2 )
1 1
where F1 ( s ) = and F2 ( s) =
s2 s − a2
2
1
Thus f1 (t ) = t and f 2 (t ) = sinh (at )
a
t
Now £ −1 F ( s ) = ∫ f 1 (t − τ ) f 2 (τ )dτ
0
t
1
= (t − τ ) sinh (aτ )dτ
∫
0
a
1
[sinh at − 1]
=
a3
1
(ii) F (s) = 2 = F1 ( s) F2 ( s)
s ( s + 1)
1 1
where F1 ( s ) = 2 and F2 ( s ) =
s ( s + 1)
Thus f 1 (t ) = t and f 2 (t ) = e − t
t
Now £ F ( s ) = ∫ f1 (t − τ ) f 2 (τ )dτ
−1
0
t t t
= ∫ (t − τ )e −τ dτ = ∫ te −τ dτ − ∫ τe −τ dτ = (−te −t + t ) + (te −t + e −t − 1) = t + e −t − 1
0 0 0
Q.128 Check the stability & causality of a continuous LTI system described as
(s − 2)
H (s ) = (8)
(s + 2)(s − 3)
Ans:
s−2 1 4 1 
Given H (s) = =  + .
( s + 2)( s − 3) 5  s + 2 s − 3 
The system has poles at s = -2, s = 3.
Thus, the response of the system will be
4 − 2t 1
h1 (t ) = e u (t ) + e3t u (t ), σ > 3
5 5
4 − 2t 1
h2 (t ) = e u (t ) − e3t u (−t ), - 2 < σ < 3
5 5
79
4 1
h3 (t ) = − e − 2t u (−t ) − e 3t u ( −t ), σ < −2
5 5
Note that the response h1(t) is unstable and causal, h2(t) is stable and non-causal, h3(t)
is stable and non-causal. Thus, the system cannot be both stable and causal
simultaneously.
Q.129 Find the z -Transform X ( z ) and sketch the pole-zero with the ROC for each of the
following sequences. (8)
n n
1 1
(i) x(n ) =   u (n ) +   u (n )
2  3
n n
1 1
(ii) x(n ) =   u (n ) +   u (− n − 1)
 3 2
Ans:
n n
1 1
(i) x(n) =   u (n) +   u (n)
2  3
n
1 z 1
  u ( n) ↔ , Z >
2 z−
1 2
2
n
1 z 1
  u (n) ↔ , z >
 3 z−
1 3
3
 5
2 z z − 
Thus, X (z) =
z
+
z
=  12 
, Z >
1
1 1  1  1 2
z− z−  z −  z − 
2 3  2  3
n n
1 1
(ii) x(n) =   u (n) +   u (− n − 1)
 3 2
n
1 z 1
  u (n) ↔ , z >
 3 z−
1 3
3
n
1 z 1
  u (−n − 1) ↔ − , z <
2 z−
1 2
2
z z 1 z 1 1
∴ X (z) = − =− , < z <
1 1 6 1  1 3 2
z− z−  z −  z − 
3 2  2  3
z
Q.130 Determine the inverse z transform of x(z ) = if the regions of
2
3z − 4 z + 1
1 1
convergence re (i) z > 1, (ii) z < , (iii) < z < 1, (8)
3 3
80
Ans:
 
X (z ) 1 1 z z 
F ( z) = = 2 =  − 
z 3z − 4 z + 1 2  z − 1 z − 1 
 3
(i) ROC is z > 1
1 n  1   1 n 
n
1
∴ x ( n) = (1) u (n) −   u (n) = 1 −    u (n)
2  3  2   3  
1
(ii) ROC is z <
3
1 
n
1
∴ x(n) = − (1) +  
n
u (− n − 1)
2   3 
1
(iii) ROC is < z <1
3
1  1 
n
1
n
1
∴ x(n) =  − (1)n
u ( − n − 1) −   u ( n )  = − u ( − n − 1) +   u ( n) 
2  3  2  3  
−b x
Q.131 Consider the probability density function f X ( x ) = ae , where X is a random
variable whose allowable value range from x = −∞ to x = +∞ . Find
(i) Cumulative distribution function FX ( x ).
(ii) Relationship between a and b.
(iii) P[1 ≤ X ≤ 2] [assume b = 6] (8)
Determine mean, mean square and Variance.
Ans:
−b x
(i) f x ( x ) = ae
 f ( x ) = ae bx , − ∞ < x < 0
f x ( x) =  1 −bx
 f 2 ( x ) = ae , 0 < x < ∞
x a
∫
∴ Fx1 ( x) = ae bx dx = e bx , x < 0
−∞ b
∫
x a
Fx 2 ( x ) = ae − bx dx = 1 − ebx , x > 0
0 b
( )
 bx
a
 e , x<0
Thus, Fx ( x ) =  b
a
(
 1 − e bx , x > 0
b
)
0 ∞
(ii) Now ∫−∞
aebx dx + ∫0
ae − bx dx = 1
a a
→ + = 1 → 2a = b = 6 (given) → a = 3
b b
(iii) P[1 ≤ X ≤ 2] = ∫ 1
2
[
3e 6 x dx = 0.5e 6 e 6 − 1 . ]
 3e 6 x x<0
Now f x ( x) =  − 6 x
3e x>0
81
0 ∞
Mean = E ( x) = ∫−∞
x3e 6 x dx + ∫
0
x3e − 6 x dx = 0
Variance of X = σ 2 = E (x 2 ) − [E (x )]2 = 3 ∫ x 2e6 x dx = ∫ x 2e − 6 x dx  − 0 =

0 ∞ 1
 −∞ 0  18
Q.132 Find the power spectral density for the cosine signal x(t ) = 8 cos[2π (3) t + π 3] and
also compute power in the signal. (8)
Ans:
Autocorrelation function of x(t )
T /2
1
T −T∫/ 2
R(λ ) = Lt T →∞ x(t ) x (t +λ )dt
π /2
1
8 cos(6πt + π / 3)8 cos[6π (t + λ ) + π / 3]dt
T −π∫/ 2
= Lt T →∞
T /2
32
[cos(12πt + 6πλ + 2π / 3) + cos 6πλ ]dt
T −T∫/ 2
= Lt T →∞
= 0 + 32 cos 6πλ = 32 cos 6πλ

PSD = F [R(λ )] = F [32 cos 6πλ ] = 32π [δ (ω − 2π ) + δ (ω + 6π )]
Power in the signal is R (0) = 32 cos 6πλ λ = 0 = 32 W
82

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AE06/AC04/AT04 SIGNALS & SYSTEMS

TYPICAL QUESTIONS & ANSWERS

Each Question carries 2 marks.

Q.2 The frequency of a continuous time signal x (t) changes on transformation

Q.3 A useful property of the unit impulse δ (t) is that

Ans: C δ(t) = 0, t ≠ 0 → δ(t) ≠ 0 at origin

Q.6 The Fourier transform of the exponential signal e jω 0 t is

Lim f(t) = Lim s F(s) [Final value theorem]

Q.10 The auto-correlation function of a rectangular pulse of duration T is

Q.12 The FT of a rectangular pulse existing between t = − T / 2 to t = T / 2 is a

= - 1 (e-jωT/2 - ejωT/2) = 2 ejωT/2 - e-jωT/2

Hence X(jω) is expressed in terms of a sinc function.

Q.14 A given system is characterized by the differential equation:

Ans:A d2y(t) – dy(t) – 2y(t) = x(t), x(t) x(t)

or, H(s) = Y(s) = 1 = 1

Because of the pole at s = +2, the system is unstable.

Q.15 The system characterized by the equation y(t ) = ax (t ) + b is

Q.16 Inverse Fourier transform of u (ω) is

Duality property: X(jt) 2π x(-ω)

Q.18 If R1 is the region of convergence of x (n) and R 2 is the region of convergence of

Q.19 The continuous time system described by y(t ) = x t 2 is ( )

g(t) real, odd symmetric in time

G*(jω) = - G(jω); G(jω) purely imaginary.

= finite since a < 1

Q.25 The signals x1 (t ) and x 2 (t ) are both bandlimited to (− ω1 , + ω1 ) and

Ans: C Nyquist sampling rate = 2(Bandwidth) = 2(ω1 – (-ω2)) = 2(ω1 + ω2)

(A) the constant term will be zero.

Q.28 The region of convergence of the z-transform of the signal 2 n u (n ) − 3n u (− n − 1)

2nu(n) 1 , z > 2

3n u(-n-1) 1 , z < 3

ROC is 2 < z < 3.

A(s) = 1 but B(jω) ≠ 1

Q.31 Given a unit step function u(t), its time-derivative is:

Q.32 The impulse response of a system described by the differential equation

Q.35 The order of a linear constant-coefficient differential equation representing a system

Q.36 z-transform converts convolution of time-signals to

Q.37 Region of convergence of a causal LTI system

Q.39 The Fourier transform of u(t) is

Q.40 For the probability density function of a random variable X given by

Q.44 If φ(ω) is the phase-response of a communication channel and ωc is the channel

Q.45 Zero-order hold used in practical reconstruction of continuous-time signals is

Ans (B) periodic having a period T

Ans B) discrete-time, periodic

(A) 1 (B) 1/2

Ans None of the given answers is correct.

Since the spectrum consists of various harmonics k = −∞ to ∞ and discretely

Ans (A) The entire z-plane except z = 0

(C) (0.5)n u[n] − (2)n u[−n − 1] (D) − (0.5) u[− n − 1] − (2 ) u[−n − 1]

Ans (C) (0.5) u[n] − (2 ) u[− n − 1]

Ans (D) non-decreasing

Q.59 The average power of the following signal is

Q.60 Convolution is used to find:

Q.61 The Fourier Transform of a rectangular pulse is

Q.65 The Laplace transform of u(t) is

Q.70 The autocorrelation of a rectangular pulse is

Q.72 The area under the curve ∫ δ (t ) dt is

Q.73 A transmission is said to be _____________ if the response of the system is exact

Q.74 Laplace Transform of tn is always equal to

Q.75 For a stable system

Q.77 The CDF for a certain random variable is given as

0, −∞< x≤0

Q.79 Two sequences x1 (n ) and x 2 (n ) are related by x 2 (n ) = x1(− n ) . In the

Q.80 The autocorrelation of a sinusoid is

= finite since a < 1

2nu(n) 1 , z > 2

3n u(-n-1) 1 , z < 3

ROC is 2 < z < 3.

X1(z) = 1 RoC αz-1 < 1 i.e., z > α

= - α-1z = z = 1 ; RoC α -1 z < 1 i.e., z < α

. H(z) = 1 , r < 1