Self -Study Open Area - Seminar –I A

Report On
TITLE PAGE

“ INTERNET OF THINGS ”

Submitted By
Yankit Kumar (2K19/SWE/16)

MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY IN
SOFTWARE ENGINEERING

Under the guidance Of

Dr. Manoj Kumar
Associate Professor
Department of Computer Science
Delhi Technological University, Delhi

December-2019

DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

SHAHBAD DAULATPUR, DELHI-110042

I
 DECLARATION

I, student of M.Tech (SWE) hereby declare that the report entitled “INTERNET OF
THINGS (IOT)” which is submitted to Department of Computer Science, Delhi
Technological University, Shahbad Daulatpur, Delhi in partial fulfillment of requirement
for the award of the degree of Master of Technology in Software Engineering, has not been
previously formed the basis for any fulfillment of requirement in any degree or other similar
title or recognition. This report is an authentic record of my work carried out during my
degree under the guidance of Dr. Manoj Kumar.

Date: 12th December, 2019

Place: Delhi
Yankit Kumar (2K19/SWE/16)

II
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that Yankit Kumar (2K19/SWE/16) has completed the project titled “
Internet of Things (IoT) ” under my supervision in partial fulfillment of the MASTER OF
TECHNOLOGY degree in Software Engineering at DELHI TECHNOLOGICAL
UNIVERSITY.

Dr. Manoj Kumar

(Associate Professor)

III
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I am very thankful to Dr. Manoj Kumar (Associate Professor, Department of
Computer Science) and all the faculty members of the Department of Computer
Science at DTU. They all provided us with immense support and guidance for the
project.
I would also like to express my gratitude to the University for providing us with the
laboratories, infrastructure, testing facilities and environment which allowed us to
work without any obstructions.
I would also like to appreciate the support provided to us by our lab assistants, seniors
and our peer group who aided us with all the knowledge they had regarding various
topics.

Yankit Kumar
(2K19/SWE/16)

IV
 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure No. Figure Name Page No.

1 Evolution of internet 2
2 Internet usage and 3
population statistics
3 Components of IoT 4
4 Architecture of IoT 5
5 Five layer architecture 6
6 Characteristics of IoT 7
7 IoT growth 9
8 IoT ventures 11
9 Smart aspects cities 15
10 Smart home & 16
building applications
11 Smart grid applications 18
12 Smart healthcare 19
concept
13 Smart transportation 20
aspect

V
 Abstract

The internet of things (IoT) is termed as the concept which helps to inter-connect
physical objects having sensing, actuating, computing power. Thus, lending them the
capability to work on a task concurrently while still remaining connected to the
internet. IoT encompasses many aspects of life from connected homes and cities to
connected cars and roads, roads to devices that track on individual behavior and use
the data collected for various services.
It is mentioned that by 2025, one trillion internet connected devices would be there
and the mobile phones will be the eyes and ears of the applications connecting all of
those connected things. Thus, IoT will allow everyone to be connected anytime and
anywhere.
IoT is the new revolution of the internet which provides a platform for communication
between objects where objects can organize, recognize and manage themselves. thus,
IoT will bring large number of benefits that will help humans in leading a smart and
luxurious life.

VI
 Table of Contents

TITLE PAGE…………………………………………………..……………………… I

DECLARATION………………...…………………………………………………….II

CERTIFICATE……………………………………………………………………….III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT……………………………………………………………IV

LIST OF FIGURES……………………………………………………………………V

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………...VI

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………...1

EVOLUTION OF INTERNET...............……………………………………………...2

COMPONENTS OF IOT……………………………………………………………....4

ARCHITECTURE OF IOT…………………………………………………………...5

CHARACTERISTICS OF IOT……………………………………………………….7

INTERNET OF THINGS STANDARDIZATION AND PROTOCOLS…………..9

TOP 5 IOT VENTURES IN 2019…………………………………………………….11

CHALLENGES IN IoT……………………………………………………………….13
APPLICATIONS OF IoT…………………………………………………………….15

CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………..21

BIBLIOGRAPHY…………………………………….……………………………….22

VII
 Introduction
The Internet of Things (or IoT) is the concept of internetworking of physical devices,
vehicles (also referred to as connected devices and smart devices), buildings and other
items embedded with electronics, software, sensors, actuators, and network
connectivity that enable these objects to collect and exchange data.

The main goal of IoT is to make ordinary objects around us smart by enabling them to
gather, store and process information without any human aid. The Internet of Things allows
objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating
opportunities for more-direct integration between the physical world and computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. British
entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999 while working at Auto-ID Labs
(originally called Auto-ID centers - referring to a global network of Radio-frequency
identification (RFID) connected objects). Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced
connectivity of devices, systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine
communications (M2M) and covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The
interconnection of these embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher
in automation in nearly all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart
Grid, and expanding to the areas such as smart cities.
The Internet of Things has the potential to change the world, just as the Internet did. Maybe
even more so. The Internet of Things represents an evolution in which objects are capable
of interacting with other objects. Hospitals can monitor and regulate pacemakers long
distance, factories can automatically address production line issues and hotels can adjust
temperature and lighting according to a guest's preferences, to name just a few examples.

1
 Evolution of Internet

Fig 1
Internet of Boffins:
This was the era when ARPANET (Advanced Research Project Agency Network) carried
its first data packet in 1969. It was the first network to use TCP/IP. This was followed by
the Mark I Network in 1970, which was built by Davis. This network was a packet switched
network to serve NPL in UK. It was soon replaced by Mark II in 1973. The other major
inventions such as Telnet in 1974, Ethernet in 1980, GOSIP in 1190 and a full text web
search engine in 1994 followed the trend. This era is called „Internet of Boffins‟ since in
this era internet was in a stage of early evolution and research.
Internet of Geeks:
„Internet of Geeks‟ era started with the proposal of IPv6. It was the latest revision of the
internet protocol. The communication protocol provides identification and location system
for computers on networks and routes traffic across internet. The popular internet services
started taking roots in this era. Amazon.com started its first online retail service in 1995,
followed by eBay providing customers with online auction and shopping services. Hotmail
started its free web based email service in 1996, followed by Google search in 1998. PayPal
started its first internet payment service in 1998. Internet penetration was low in the market
until 2000.
Internet of masses:

„Internet of masses‟ era started with the Dot-com bubble burst in 2000. In the starting of
this era Dotcom bubble burst led to high growth in stock markets due to increasing use of
internet in the industrial sector. In this era many people across the globe started using
internet. Social networking sites came into existence. In 2001 Wikipedia came into
existence followed by Facebook in 2004, further followed by YouTube, Twitter and
WikiLeaks in the consecutive years.

2
Mobile Internet:
„Mobile Internet‟ era refers to access to the Internet via cellular phone service provider. The
era got a boost with introduction of smartphones which gave a fast working internet on
phones. This was the era from 2007-2011. There was steep rise in the use of internet by the
people round the globe due to the mobile internet.

Internet of Things:

„Internet of Things‟ refers to an era where things can be connected to each other using
internet.
Impact of Internet

The uses of internet include but not limited to usage of search engines which will help you
to collect data from all over the world, usage of email and other instant message services
which are giving flexibility of sharing information among groups within seconds, usage of
internet in shopping via online shopping carts helped both clients and customers. Internet
has become a platform to share knowledge between different communities. Several
universities are publishing their research papers in their websites/digital libraries and
helping other university students, researchers and professors scholar activities.
Internet Usage
IDC estimates Internet of Things (IoT) market to grow to $8.9 trillion with over 212 billion
connected things by 2020. The no. of connected devices surpassed total world population in
year 2005 and it is estimated that no. of devices will be around 50 billion which is about 7
times of the world population at that time.
From the simplest day to day activities to the most complex human emotions, IoT will
impact it.

Fig 2

3
 Components of IoT

Fig 3
1. Sensors/Actuators: Sensors or Actuators are the devices that are able to emit,
accept and process data over the network. These sensors or actuators may be
connected either through wired or wireless. This contains GPS, Electrochemical,
Gyroscope, RFID, etc. Most of the sensors need connectivity through sensors
gateways. The connection of sensors or actuators can be through a Local Area
Network (LAN) or Personal Area Network.
2. Gateways and Data Acquisition: As the large numbers of data are produced by
this sensors and actuators need the high-speed Gateways and Networks to transfer
the data. This network can be of type Local Area Network (LAN such as WiFi,
Ethernet, etc.), Wide Area Network (WAN such as GSM, 5G, etc.).
3. Edge IT: Edge in the IoT Architecture is the hardware and software gateways that
analyze and pre-process the data before transferring it to the cloud. If the data read
from the sensors and gateways are not changed from its previous reading value then
it does not transfer over the cloud, this saves the data used.
4. Data center/ Cloud: The Data Center or Cloud comes under the Management
Services which process the information through analytics, management of device
and security controls. Beside this security controls and device management the
cloud transfer the data to the end users application such as Retail, Healthcare,
Emergency, Environment, and Energy, etc.

4
 Architecture of IoT

Fig 4
 The most basic architecture is a three-layer architecture . It was introduced in the
early stages of research in this area. It has three layers, namely, the perception,
network, and application layers.

 The perception layer is the physical layer, which has sensors for sensing and
gathering information about the environment. It senses some physical
parameters or identifies other smart objects in the environment.

 The network layer is responsible for connecting to other smart things, network
devices, and servers. Its features are also used for transmitting and processing
sensor data.

 The application layer is responsible for delivering application specific services

to the user. It defines various applications in which the Internet of Things can be
deployed, for example, smart homes, smart cities, and smart health.

5
 Fig 5
 The three-layer architecture defines the main idea of the Internet of Things, but it is
not sufficient for research on IoT because research often focuses on finer aspects of
the Internet of Things. That is why, we have many more layered architectures
proposed in the literature. One is the five-layer architecture, which additionally
includes the processing and business layers . The five layers are perception,
transport, processing, application, and business layers and profit models, and users‟
privacy.

 The role of the perception and application layers is the same as the architecture with
three layers. We outline the function of the remaining three layers.
The transport layer transfers the sensor data from the perception layer to the
processing layer and vice versa through networks such as wireless, 3G, LAN,
Bluetooth, RFID, and NFC.

 The processing layer is also known as the middleware layer. It stores, analyzes, and
processes huge amounts of data that comes from the transport layer. It can manage
and provide a diverse set of services to the lower layers. It employs many
technologies such as databases, cloud computing, and big data processing modules.
The business layer manages the whole IoT system, including applications, business.

6
 Characteristics of IoT

Fig 6
1. Intelligence
IoT comes with the combination of algorithms and computation, software & hardware that
makes it smart. Ambient intelligence in IoT enhances its capabilities which facilitate the
things to respond in an intelligent way to a particular situation and supports them in
carrying out specific tasks. In spite of all the popularity of smart technologies, intelligence
in IoT is only concerned as means of interaction between devices, while user and device
interaction is achieved by standard input methods and graphical user interface.
2. Connectivity
Connectivity empowers Internet of Things by bringing together everyday objects.
Connectivity of these objects is pivotal because simple object level interactions contribute
towards collective intelligence in IoT network. It enables network accessibility and
compatibility in the things. With this connectivity, new market opportunities for Internet of
things can be created by the networking of smart things and applications.

7
3. Dynamic Nature
The primary activity of Internet of Things is to collect data from its environment, this is
achieved with the dynamic changes that take place around the devices. The state of these
devices change dynamically, example sleeping and waking up, connected and/or
disconnected as well as the context of devices including temperature, location and speed. In
addition to the state of the device, the number of devices also changes dynamically with a
person, place and time.
4. Enormous scale
The number of devices that need to be managed and that communicate with each other will
be much larger than the devices connected to the current Internet. The management of data
generated from these devices and their interpretation for application purposes becomes
more critical. Gartner (2015) confirms the enormous scale of IoT in the estimated report
where it stated that 5.5 million new things will get connected every day and 6.4 billion
connected things will be in use worldwide in 2016, which is up by 30 percent from 2015.
The report also forecasts that the number of connected devices will reach 20.8 billion by
2020.
5. Sensing
IoT wouldn‟t be possible without sensors which will detect or measure any changes in the
environment to generate data that can report on their status or even interact with the
environment. Sensing technologies provide the means to create capabilities that reflect a
true awareness of the physical world and the people in it. The sensing information is simply
the analogue input from the physical world, but it can provide the rich understanding of our
complex world.
6. Heterogeneity
Heterogeneity in Internet of Things as one of the key characteristics. Devices in IoT are
based on different hardware platforms and networks and can interact with other devices or
service platforms through different networks. IoT architecture should support direct
network connectivity between heterogeneous networks. The key design requirements for
heterogeneous things and their environments in IoT are scalabilities, modularity,
extensibility and interoperability.
7. Security
IoT devices are naturally vulnerable to security threats. As we gain efficiencies, novel
experiences, and other benefits from the IoT, it would be a mistake to forget about security
concerns associated with it. There is a high level of transparency and privacy issues with
IoT. It is important to secure the endpoints, the networks, and the data that is transferred
across all of it means creating a security paradigm.

8
INTERNET OF THINGS STANDARDIZATIONS AND PROTOCOLS

By the 2020 around 50 to 100 billion things will be connected electronically by internet the
growth of the things connected to the internet from 1988 to forecast 2020. The Internet of
Things (IoT) will provide a technology to creating the means of smart action for machines
to communicate with one another and with many different types of information.The success
of IoT depends on standardization, which provides interoperability, compatibility,
reliability, and effective operations on a global scale. Today more than 60 companies for
leading technology, in communications and energy, working with standards, such as IETF,
IEEE and ITU to specify new IP based technologies for the Internet of Things.

Fig 7

Internet of Things Growth

 The design of the IoT standards is required to consider the efficient use of energy
and network capacity, as well as respecting other constraints such as frequency
bands and power levels for radio frequency communications. As IoT evolves, it
may be necessary to review such constraints and investigate ways to ensure
sufficient capacity for expansion, for example in case of additional radio spectrum
allocation as it becomes available.

9
 IEEE Standards Association (IEEE-SA) develops a number of standards that are
related to environment need for an IoT. The main focus of the IEEE standardization
activities are on the Physical and MAC layers. The IEEE provides an early
foundation for the IoT with the IEEE802.15.4 standard for short range low power
radios, typically operating in the industrial, scientific and medical band in addition
to use ZigBee technology. The IEEE-SA has an over 900 active standards and more
than 500 standards under development. In its research into IoT, it has identified over
140 existing standards and projects that are relevant to the IoT. The base project
related to IoT is IEEE P2413 which it is currently considering the architecture of
IoT.

 ETSI produces globally applicable standards for information and communications

technologies (ICT), including fixed, mobile, radio, converged, broadcast and
Internet technologies, discusses a similar concept under the label of “machine to
machine (M2M) communication. These standards are considered as one of the basic
standards of IoT, because its associate with M2M technology which is one of the
basic techniques related to IoT.

 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) is concerned with the evolution of the
Internet architecture and the smooth operation of the Internet and known as large,
open to international community of network designers, operators, vendors and
researchers. IETF provides its own description of IoT which provides a most
recognizable enhancement to support IPv6, with the 6LoWPAN. The 6TiSCH
Working Group is being formed at the IETF to address the networking piece of that
unifying standard. Based on open standards, 6TiSCH will provide a complete suite
protocols for distributed and centralized routing operation over the IEEE802.15.4e
TSCH MAC. ITU's Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITUT) considered
as a first organization of standards development and coordination of the Internet of
Things. They buts standards to gain benefit of integrated information processing
capacity, and industrial products with smart capabilities. In addition to make
development on electronic identities that can be queried remotely, or be equipped
with sensors for detecting physical changes around them.

10
 TOP 5 IOT VENTURES IN 2019

Fig 8
The most successful IoT startups selling into enterprises excel at orchestrating analytics,
Artificial Intelligence (AI), and real-time monitoring to deliver exceptional customer
experiences. As a group, these top 5 IoT startups are showing early potential at enabling
profitable new business models, revitalizing industries that have experienced single single-
digit growth recently. Each of these startups is taking a unique approach to solving some of
the enterprises‟ most challenging problems, and in so doing creating valuable new patents
that further fuel IoT adoption and growth.

Armis Security – Armis takes a unique approach to provide visibility into IoT-enabled
devices that are unmanaged across an IT network. The company‟s solutions treat every IoT
device as a threat surface, enabling enterprises to prohibit access to IoT devices and
networks based on security guidelines. Another unique aspect of this company‟s approach
to deployment is the ability to use an enterprises‟ existing infrastructure for rapid
deployments. Founded in 2015 the company has active customers in finance, healthcare,
manufacturing, and high technology industries. Armis Security has raised a total of $47M
in funding over 3 Their latest funding was raised on Apr 9, 2018, from a Series B round of
$30M from Bain Capital Ventures and Red Dot Capital Partners. Crunchbase reports Armis
Security has $2.1M in revenue annually and competes with DigiCert, Skybox Security, and
Aruba Networks most often in sales cycles.

11
Crate.io – Crate.io‟s open source SQL database features integrated search for storing and
analyzing machine data in real time. The company was founded in 2013 with the purpose of
providing SQL developers with an open source SQL database to capture, analyze and
manage their machine learning and AI-based data. CrateDB is an open source distributed
database offering the scalability and performance of NoSQL with the power and ease of
standard SQL. The CrateDB Cloud for Azure IoT is a turnkey data layer, offered as a
hosted cloud service on Azure, enabling faster development of IoT platforms and data-
driven smart factories. Most CrateDB customers use it for operational analytics workloads,
performing fast time series, geospatial, text search, machine learning queries against
streams of data and data at rest in Industrial IoT, enterprise cybersecurity & systems
monitoring in all industries, smart city and building infrastructure, Vehicle fleet tracking &
management and marketing analytics. The company has raised $17.9M in funding over 4
rounds.

Dragos – Dragos specializes in industrial (ICS/IIoT) cybersecurity. Their cloud-based

Dragos Platform collects, detects, and automates asset inventorying and visualization, threat
detection through threat behavior analytics, and security operations and incident response
workflows. Dragos also has a Threat Operations Center that provides customers access to
dedicated ICS incident response and threat hunting services as well as industrial specific
intelligence reporting on vulnerabilities, threats, and community events. Dragos has raised a
total of $48.2M in funding over 3. Their latest funding was raised on Nov 14, 2018, from a
$37M Series B round with Canaan Partners.

Drayson Technologies – Drayson Technologies provides an IoT platform startup that is

combining wireless charging technology and machine learning software to create smart
sensor networks that deliver greater energy and cost efficiencies to its customers. Drayson
is known for its expertise in energy-efficient and cost-effective IoT data collection and
analysis, which also contributes to their customers‟ ability to reduce the cost of deploying,
owning and running IoT networks.

Element Analytics –Element Analytics is rapidly establishing itself as a startup to watch in

the fields of chemicals & refining, manufacturing, metals & mining, pulp & paper, and
upstream oil & gas. The Element Analytics platform also enables machine-learning
modeling to surface reliability, productivity, and sustainability insights for operations.
Element Analytics has raised a total of $22M in funding over 3. Their latest funding was
raised on Jan 8, 2018, from a Series A round. Kleiner Perkins participated in the first two
rounds, funding a total of $7M.

12
 Challenges in IoT

The fact that Internet of things applications and scenarios outlined above are very
interesting which provides technologies for smart every things, but there are some
challenges to the application of the Internet of Things concept in cost of implementation.
The expectation that the technology must be available at low cost with a large number of
objects. IoT are also faced with many other challenges , such as:
Scalability: Internet of Things has a big concept than the conventional Internet of
computers, because of things are cooperated within an open environment. Basic
functionality such as communication and service discovery therefore need to function
equally efficiently in both small scale and large scale environments. The IoT requires a new
functions and methods in order to gain an efficient operation for scalability.
Self-Organizing: Smart things should not be managed as computers that require their users
to configure and adapt them to particular situations. Mobile things, which are often only
sporadically used, need to establish connections spontaneously, and able to be organize and
configure themselves to suit their particular environment.
Data volumes: Some application scenarios of the internet of things will involve to
infrequent communication, and gathering information‟s form sensor networks, or form
logistics and large scale networks, will collect a huge volumes of data on central network
nodes or servers. The term represent this phenomena is big data which is requires many
operational mechanism in addition to new technologies for storing, processing and
management.
Data interpretation: To support the users of smart things, there is a need to interpret the
local context determined by sensors as accurately as possible. For service providers to profit
from the disparate data that will be generated, needs to be able to draw some generalizable
conclusions from the interpreted sensor data.
Interoperability: Each type of smart objects in Internet of Things have different
information, processing and communication capabilities. Different smart objects would also
be subjected to different conditions such as the energy availability and the communications
bandwidth requirements. To facilitate communication and cooperation of these objects,
common standards are required.
Automatic Discovery: In dynamic environments, suitable services for things must be
automatically identified, which requires appropriate semantic means of describing their
functionality.
Software complexity: A more extensive software infrastructure will be needed on the
network and on background servers in order to manage the smart objects and provide
services to support them. that because the software systems in smart objects will have to
function with minimal resources, as in conventional embedded systems.

13
Security and privacy: In addition to the security and protection aspects of the Internet such
in communications confidentiality, the authenticity and trustworthiness of communication
partners, and message integrity, other requirements would also be important in an Internet
of Things. There is a need to access certain services or prevent from communicating with
other things in IoT and also business transactions involving smart objects would need to be
protected from competitors‟ prying eyes.
Fault tolerance: Objects in internet of things is much more dynamic and mobile than the
internet computers, and they are in changing rapidly in unexpected ways. Structuring an
Internet of Things in a robust and trustworthy manner would require redundancy on several
levels and an ability to automatically adapt to changed conditions.
Power supply: Things typically move around and are not connected to a power supply, so
their smartness needs to be powered from a self-sufficient energy source. Although passive
RFID transponders do not need their own energy source, their functionality and
communications range are very limited. Hopes are pinned on future low power processors
and communications units for embedded systems that can function with significantly less
energy. Energy saving is a factor not only in hardware and system architecture, but also in
software, for example the implementation of protocol stacks, where every single
transmission byte will have to justify its existence.

14
 APPLICATIONS of IoT

Internet of things promises many applications in human life, making life easier, safe and
smart. There are many applications such as smart cities, homes, transportation, energy and
smart environment.

A. Smart Cities

Many major cities were supported by smart projects, like Seoul, New York, Tokyo,
Shanghai, Singapore, Amsterdam, and Dubai. Smart cities may still be viewed as a cities of
the future and smart life, and by the innovation rate of creating smart cities today‟s, it will
became very feasible to enter the IoT technology in cities development . Smart cities
demand require careful planning in every stage, with support of agreement from
governments, citizens to implement the internet of things technology in every aspects. By
the IoT, cities can be improved in many levels, by improving infrastructure, enhancing
public transportation reducing traffic congestion, and keeping citizens safe, healthy and
more engaged in the community. By connection all systems in the cities like transportation
system, healthcare system, weather monitoring systems and etc., in addition to support
people by the internet in every place to accessing the database of airports, railways,
transportation tracking operating under specified protocols, cities will become smarter by
means of the internet of things .

Fig 9

15
 B. Smart Home and Buildings

Wi-Fi‟s technologies in home automation has been used primarily due to the networked
nature of deployed electronics where electronic devices such as TVs, mobile devices, etc
are usually supported by Wi-Fi . Wi-Fi have started becoming part of the home IP network
and due the increasing rate of adoption of mobile computing devices like smart phones,
tablets, etc. For example a networking to provide online streaming services or network at
homes, may provide a mean to control of the device functionality over the network. At the
same time mobile devices ensure that consumers have access to a portable „controller‟ for
the electronics connected to the network. Both types of devices can be used as gateways for
IoT applications. Many companies are considering developing platforms that integrate the
building automation with entertainment, healthcare monitoring, energy monitoring and
wireless sensor monitoring in the home and building environments. By the concept of the
internet of things, homes and buildings may operate many devices and objects smartly, of
the most interesting application of IoT in smart homes and buildings are smart lighting,
smart environmental and media, air control and central heating, energy management and
security

Fig 10

16
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) with integration to the internet of things technology will
provides an intelligent energy management in buildings, in addition to the obvious
economic and environmental gains. Internet together with energy management systems also
offers an opportunity to access a buildings‟ energy information and control systems from a
laptop or a smartphone placed anywhere in the world . The future Internet of Things, will
provide an intelligent building management systems which can be considered as a part of a
much larger information system used by facilities managers in buildings to manage energy
use and energy procurement and to maintain buildings systems.

C. Smart Energy and the Smart Grid

A smart grid is related to the information and control and developed to have a smart energy
management. A smart grid that integrate the information and communications technologies
(ICTs) to the electricity network will enable a real time, two way communication between
suppliers and consumers, creating more dynamic interaction on energy flow, which will
help deliver electricity more efficiently and sustainably . The Key elements of information
and communications technologies will include sensing and monitoring technologies for
power flows; digital communications infrastructure to transmit data across the grid; smart
meters with in home display to inform energy usage, coordination, control and automation
systems to aggregate and process various data, and to create a highly interactive, responsive
electricity . Many applications can be handling due to the internet of things for smart grids,
such as industrial, solar power, nuclear power, vehicles, hospitals and cities power control.

17
 Fig 11

Today‟s grid is very reliable and can deal with normal electricity fluctuations and it will take a
step further towards using a low carbon energy system, by allowing integration between the
renewable energy and green technologies, and offering many benefits to customer in cost savings
through efficient energy use at home.

D. Smart Health

A close attention that required to hospitalized patients whose physiological status should be
monitored continuously can be constantly done by using IoT monitoring technologies. For
smart health sensors are used to collect comprehensive physiological information and uses
gateways and the cloud to analyze and store the information and then send the analyzed
data wirelessly to caregivers for further analysis and review. It replaces the process of
having a health professional come by at regular intervals to check the patient‟s vital signs,
instead providing a continuous automated flow of information. In this way, it

18
simultaneously improves the quality of care through constant attention and lowers the cost
of care by reduces the cost of traditional ways of care in addition to data collection and
analysis.

Fig 12

Many peoples around the worlds are suffering from the bad health because they don‟t have ready
access to effective health monitoring and may be a suspected to be as critical situation patients.
But with small, powerful wireless solutions connected through the IoT are now making possible
for monitoring to come to these patients. These solutions can be used to securely capture patient
health data from a variety of sensors, apply complex algorithms to analyze the data and then
share it through wireless connectivity with medical professionals who can make appropriate
health recommendations .

E. Smart Transportation and Mobility

The development in transportation is one of the factors to indicate the wellbeing of the
country. A road condition monitoring and alert application is one of the most important of
IoT transformation application. The main idea of the concept of smart transportation and
mobility is to apply the principles of crowd sourcing and participatory sensing. The process
began with user identified the route wishes and marked some points as pothole in the smart
phone's application. The smart transportation is deal with three main conceptions, they are
transportation analytic, transportation control, and vehicle connectivity. The transportation
analytic represents the analysis of demand prediction and anomaly detection. The routing of
vehicles and speed control in addition to traffic management are all known as transportation

19
control which they actually tightly related to the way of the vehicles connectivity (V2X
communication), and overall governed by multi-technology dissemination.

Fig 13

IoT can also be used in transportation is an electric vehicles, which is an important means to
reduce both the fuel cost and the impact of global warming have also gained considerable
attention from drivers. Government in many countries has supported researches on systems
to monitor performance of Lithium-ion (Li-on) battery for electric vehicle as explored. The
system presented was designed to detect the functions of Li-on power battery by deriving
the driving situation from the realistic working conditions for driver so that the driver was
able to get the idea of the route status. This solution was embedded with many essential
functions such as dynamic performance test of the Li-on battery, remote monitoring with
on-line debugging and error correction that could significantly reduce the maintenance cost.

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 CONCLUSIONS

Internet of things is a new technology which provides many applications to connect the
things to things and human to things through the internet. Each objects in the world can be
identified, connected to each other through internet taking decisions independently. All
networks and technologies of communication are used in building the concept of the
internet of things such technologies are mobile computing, RFID, wireless sensors
networks, and embedded systems, in addition to many algorithms and methodologies to get
management processes, storing data, and security issues. IoT requires standardized
approach for architectures, identification schemes, protocols and frequencies will happen
parallels, each one targeted for a particular and specific use. by the internet of things many
smart applications becomes real in our life , which enable us to reach and contact with
every things in addition to facilities many important aspects for human life such as smart
healthcare, smart homes, smart energy , smart cities and smart environments

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 Bibliography
[1] Zeinab Kamal Aldein Mohammeda, Elmustafa Sayed Ali Ahmed Electrical and
Electronic Engineering Department,Internet of Things Applications, Challenges and
Related Future Technologies Red Sea University, Sudan ,november2018.

[2] Litun Patra and Udai Pratap Rao , “ Internet of Things-Architecture , Appliations,
Security and other Major Challenges “ , International Conference on Computing for
Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2016.

[3] Ejaz Ahmedd, Ibrar Yaqoob, Abdullah Gani, Muhammad Imran, and Mohsen Guizani
, “Internet-of-things-Based smart environments: state of the art, taxonomy, and open
research challenges” , IEEE Wireless Communications , October 2016.
[4] Pallavi Sethi and Smruti R. Sarangi,” Internet of Things: Architectures, Protocols, and
Applications” ,Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Volume 2017, Department of Computer Science, IIT Delhi, New Delhi, India, 26 January
2017

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