SAINT THERESA COLLEGE OF TANDAG, INC.

SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL DEPARTMENT

TANDAG CITY, SURIGAO DEL SUR

INSOMNIA: ITS EFFECTS TO THE LIFESTYLE OF A PERSON

A Research Study

Presented to the Faculty

of Senior High School Department

Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc.

In Partial fulfillment

of the Requirements for the Applied Track Subject

Research Capstone

Submitted by:

Kaye M. Anda

Krishna Mae P. Castellano

Jusmin Mae M. Hingpit

Ma. Alyza Kaye G. Tomalon

Brian Paul A. Biol

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Chapter 1

THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING

Introduction
Insomnia, a common sleep disorder that most Homo sapiens experience.
According to a study established in 2018, six out of ten adults worldwide experiencing
a medical issue that impacts their sleep. A condition that causes difficulty of falling
asleep, it can loss weight and basically it is an unhealthy behavior of a person.
Physiological factors, schooling and work schedules affect sleep quality. It makes a
person’s intellectual ability or performance decrease.

Sleeping is one of the most important for us humans to keep us functioned

properly. Insomnia can interrupt the functioning of a human brain which result to a slow
process of informations or what we called a mental block(common term for describing
the slow reaction). Also, this can affect the emotional state of a person and the social
interaction.

Theoretical Framework

This study is anchored on the theory of The Queen’s University of Belfast, (p. 1–9,

2004), according to Gerald Müller, Water wheels have been known since antiquity. With

the industrial revolution, hydraulic sciences were developed and new materials such as

wrought iron became available allowing for a rational analysis and improved strength
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and geometry of water wheels. Contrary to common perception, water wheels did not

disappear with the advent of steam engines and water turbines but evolved further so

that even at the beginning of the 20th Century tens of thousands of water wheels were

in operation, predominantly in Central Europe. Virtually all water wheels disappeared in

the 1950’s and 60’s and little knowledge is available from current text books regarding

their design or performance. A detailed study of the available literature covering the

engineering design of water wheels was conducted. The design of water wheels was

dominated by the requirement for a geometry which would minimize losses, and retain

the water as long as possible in the machine. Reports of experimental investigations on

the efficiencies of overshot and undershot wheels were also found. Well-designed water

wheels can reach efficiencies of 71 (undershot) to 85%(overshot). Some small

companies are again manufacturing water wheels for electricity production.

According to Mary Bellis (November 24, 20190, The water wheel is an ancient

device that uses flowing or falling water to create power by means of paddles mounted

around a wheel. The force of the water moves the paddles, and the consequent rotation

of the wheel is transmitted to machinery via the shaft of the wheel.

The first reference to a water wheel dates back to around 4000 BCE. Vitruvius,

an engineer who died in 14 CE, has been credited with creating and using a vertical

water wheel during Roman times. The wheels were used for crop irrigation and grinding

grains, as well as to supply drinking water to villages. In later years, they drove

sawmills, pumps, forge bellows, tilt-hammers, and trip hammers, and even powered
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textile mills. The water wheel was likely the first method of mechanical energy

developed to replace the work of humans and animals.

Conceptual Framework

The use of water as generator for electricity is quite ambiguous to accomplish

especially when the study is not done thoroughly. However, this study still aims to get

done with the invention of the portable lamps to assess its efficiency in being a solution

for electricity interruptions. This study has its implication for the residents in Tandag

City. It provides just the right possible solution for this study’s main problem.

Guided by the theories, the study is capsulated in Figure 1. Shown in the

Schematic Diagram of the study where variables are explained on now they are used in

the study.

The schematic diagram shows how our research should be done. The first box

represents the input of the study which is to identify the respondents according to the

Name, Sex, Age and Number of Members in a Family.

The second box represents the investigations we are going to make and gather

the data that we needed. The researchers will find out how water can be a source of

electricity for the people. This also includes preparing the raw materials, founding the

portable lamps with water reservoir, and testing the product. Also, it will serve as the

basis in interpreting the data and create meaningful conclusion with regards to the

study.
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The third box represents the output of the study which is to show the impact of

the water–generated portable lamps to the community. This will be done after identifying

how it is effective and also how it is being practiced.

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Collecting of raw
materials

Name (optional): Making of the Effectiveness of

Age: portable lamp using Water–
Sex: Generated Portable
Testing the portable Lamps
lamp

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram of the Study

Statement of the Problem

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This primary objective of the study is to introduce the use of water–generated

portable lamp as solution for electricity interruptions as well as its efficiency to sustain

energy enough for electricity blackouts.

1. Demographic profile

1.1. Name (optional)

1.2. Sex

1.3. Age

1.4. Number of Members in a Family

2. What are the processes needed to accomplish the making of the water-

generated portable lamps?

3. What are the possible effects upon conducting the trial of using the invented

water-generated portable lamps? Will it be good or will it fail?

Scope and Limitation

This study aims to make a water–generated portable lamp that will help people

when there is an electricity interruption. It involves the time and money spent the

tools/materials and techniques use and the number of personnel needed for the

experiment to be completed. This study will be conducted in 2 to 3 barangays from

Tandag City, Surigao del Sur.

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The estimated time of the study will take up 1 to 2 months for the final outcomes.

The general budget for this invention ranges from a minimum amount of 500 pesos.

Equipment’s can be made from the recyclable materials which can be found on homes.

Definition of Terms

For the understanding, the following terms found in this study are defined

below:

Water. The clear liquid that has no color, taste, or smell that falls from cloud as rain,

that forms streams, lakes, seas, and that is used from drinking, washing, etc.

Light Bulb. An electric lamp which a filament gives off light when heated to incandesce

by an electric current.

Lamp. Any of various devices for producing light or sometimes heat

Copper. A common reddish metallic element that has ductile and malleable and is one

of the best conductors of heat and electricity.

Wire. A thin, flexible thread of metal covered with plastic rubber used to send or receive

electricity or electricity signals

Electricity. A form energy that is carried though wires and is used to operate machines,

lights and an electric current or power.

Significance of the Study

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The significance of this study would be a great contribution to determine how

water plays an important role for a generated portable lamp to produce electricity. This

study would help to know if it is effective as a solution for electricity interruptions.

The findings of this study would give some relevant information and benefit to the

following:

Residents. This is to help them find a solution for their problems in electricity

interruptions. Also, the study will effectively help the residents to give them knowledge

and reliable information about the importance of using water–generated lamps.

Future Researchers. The result of this study will be beneficial to future researchers

because this research will serve as their basis or references in making their next

researches related to the study.

Hypothesis

The study further explains that its main purpose is to provide a solution for

electricity interruptions, most probably for the people of Tandag City. It is hypothesized

that portable lamps are being produced to give solution is frequent blackouts throughout

the city and to improvised it by using water which is an abundant source, as a generator

of electricity. This study concludes the accomplishment of producing water-generated

portable lamps.
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Chapter 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES

RELATED LITERATURE

FOREIGN

Page Kyle, Evan G.R Davies, James J. Dooley, Steven J. Smith, Leon E. Clarke, James
A. Edmonds, Mohamad Hejazi (March 2013) Nowadays, electricity generation has been
demanding which accounts to a huge supply of growing water. However, water is an
important component against water scarcity. This leads to a possible project of
producing electricity as well as water. Currently, water is the potential source for
providing thermoelectric generation. According to a panel of authors, one of which is
Page Kyle, this study uses GCAM, an integrated assessment model, to analyze the
global electric sector's water demands for such future uses. Moreover, water is the
potential solution for both electric generation and water scarcity that is not that costly.

According to Frank Ackerman and Jeremy Fisher (August 2013), water is

required for energy supply which in return is required for water supply. This is called
"water-energy nexus" which affects the long-run electricity planning in the western
United States. Having water and energy supply would possibly lead to developing four
scenarios on limiting resources for future use. This study aims to not just decrease the
huge amount of water-energy use but to increase electric generation without having to
waste more resources.

In a 2010 study of Vasilis Fthenakis, Hyung Chul Kim (September 2010)about

“Life-cycle uses of water in U.S. electricity generation”, the use of water as an electric
energy source is gaining interest by the electric power industry as the world encounters
a rapid change in the weather and plenty of regional energy-production events have
been evaluated. In spite of that, there is a lack of data about the factors of the directions
of the water and the different opinions of the sources are in contrast. As per the
previous studies about the use of water for electric generation and used full-life cycle
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accounting, it has all been reconsidered to estimate the demand for the factors of water,
either withdrawal and consumption, for the current and renewable electrical power
plants. The inquiry showed that moving to technologies like the photovoltaics (or the
utilization of the generation of a voltage when energy falls into the limitation between
different substances) and wind is a best choice to save water supply. And it was really
emphasized the significance to engage a transparent and balanced way in accounting
life-cycle usage of water.
Based on the study about the “Concentrated solar power for renewable electricity
and hydrogen production from water” from 2010 by B. Coelho, A.C. Oliveira and A.
Mendes (April 2010). Nowadays, the increase in using fossil fuel for the necessities of
production, from electricity to transportation or the needs of the chemical industry, made
the whole world suffer for being so dependent on it. The world needs change, and one
important change is the technological revolution in water and electricity production to
support our needs and make our world have a better future. With that, the technological
and economical barriers should be broken. The Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) have
done anything to prove that it is well-grounded to begin this revolution electricity and
hydrogen from the water and sun. Even though firm measures should be done to work
with the current limitations and boost the technical and economic viability of these
schemes, there are qualifications to start this revolution with the use of the factual
bridges from the current fossil technologies to renewable technologies.

According to Bruce E. Logan, Menachem Elimelech (August 2012), the water

always been important to combustion and hydroelectric processes. Waste water could
become the source of power that can make an elcetric energy. There are two process to
manifest as sustainable methods for making electric energy from water. These are the
pressure-retarded osmosis and reverse electrodialysis. Through this process, it can
capture energy from waste heat by generating artificial salinity gradients by the use of
synthetic solutions like thermolytic salt. In addition, source of energy comes from waste
water, that can be harnessed by the use of microbial fuel-cell technology.
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RELATED LITERATURE
LOCAL

A story that of people having no electricity is what inspired Aisa Mijeno to make
SALt, or Sustainable Alternative Lighting. This is according to Koji Arsua (2015). SALt is
a salt-water powered electricity that is used to accommodate communities where
poverty is visibly seen. Having no light illuminating their houses, Mijeno came to a point
of building a lamp that is generated of salt and water- which can be attained anywhere
and is not costly. Her engineering ability led to a thousand Filipinos having lights in their
homes.

This is inspired to Aisa Mijeno's SALt lamp as well, where evaluation of the
invention has been identified. According to Daysi Mamani Suaquita, having SALt as an
alternative electricity generator, it is as of the following: Safe, Environment-friendly, and
Easy to Use. It can generate volts of electricity enough to atleast light a home, which is
of course its main goal and purpose. SALt has caught the attention of neighboring
countries wherein possible further testing or modification should be done. However,
having this invention indeed is not just a solution for having no electricity, but a light that
provides hope for every electricity problems.

A study by P.L. Lopez in the Philippines namely Hydropower Development aims

to harness renewable and indigenous energy resource. This energy is said to be clean,
abundant and efficient for the country. Many resources were stated that could cause
energy generation for the country yet hydropwer is the most available and is cost-
effective. Using water over importing fuel is much more convenient for the Filipino
researchers. Water is indeed abundant than that of oils, fuels and other resources in
generating energy, thus making it a potential source of electricity. Philippines is known
as a tropical country, thus pertaining us as one of those who had the most rainfalls and
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it makes such high places like the mountains abundant of water, which then be made as
an energy generator.

According to B.K Casiño, A. Llorca, I. Madelo, V. K. Nabong, and J. Borres

(2013), Life is lived fast and effectively everyday with the help of electricity. However,
the speed of modernization, the problem of power supply to the society have yet to be
solved. Non-renewable energy, like fossil fuel, remain to be the biggest source of
energy. Lately, it has been emphasized by the programs of developed nations about the
significance of renewable energy in finding solutions to power supply and other problem
that was caused by climate change. The Philippines, as an archipelagic country, has
abundant resource of hydropower. The main concern of this study is to utilize the
natural resources, specifically the current of the rivers that is affected by gravity. This is
associated with its advocacy that is to decrease the pollution in our environment. And to
find solution to help and reach those places who have no electricity.

According to Rebecca Oconnell (July 27, 2015) that the Philippines will no longer
have to depend on kerosene a d candles to light their home. Dubbed salt is a new
device provides illumination using just the power of salt water. Two tablespoons of salt
for one glass of water makes the lamp glows for eight hours. Salt turns electrolytes into
non- toxic saline solution. No harmful gasses are emitted during the process. Through
salt water it can make an energy to glow the lamp. In addition, you can add to the lamp
a USB port that can be used to charge the phone. With the use of salt water, it can now
have an access to electricity to those people in the mountains or people off the grid.
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RELATED STUDIES
FOREIGN

Shweta Srinivasan, Nazar Kholod, Vaibhav Chaturvedi, Probal Pratap Ghosh,

Ritu Mathur, Leon Clarke, Meredydd Evans, Mohamad Hejazi, Amit Kanudia, Poonam
Nagar Koti, Bo Liu, Kirit S. Parikh, Mohammed Sahil Ali, Kabir Sharma (January 2018)
To understand how different modeling approaches, derive different results for energy-
water interactions, the five teams used to differentiate assumptions regarding economic
and population growth, the distribution of power plants by cooling technologies, and
withdrawals and consumption intensities. The multi-model analysis provides conclusive
findings about the separate yet potentially related effects of the cooling engineering
policies and CO2 emissions reduction strategies and the water implications of CO2
emissions reductions are significantly affected by their approach to these reductions. It
provides projections of water withdrawals and consumption for electricity generation
based on the results from five energy-economic modeling teams, the paper explores the
implications of economic growth, power plant cooling policies, and electricity CO2
emissions reductions on water withdrawals and consumption.

Electricity production is the second largest consumer of water in China, but water
requirements vary significantly between different electricity generation technologies.
According to Kuishuang Feng, between 2000 to 2010, the production of electricity by
China was triple, accounting for 50% of domestic and 12% of foreign CO2 emissions in
2010. There is an immediate need for substantial changes in the energy mix to reach
the carbon intensity goal of China, of 40-45% CO2 emissions by 2020. Kuishuang Feng,
Klaus Hubacek, Yim Ling Siu, Xin Li November (2014)

The integration system based cycle of life (LCA) analysis and input– output
analysis (IOO) and the monitoring of domestic supply chains provided a detailed report
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on eight power generation technologies-( pulverized) coal, gas, petrol, nuclear, wind,
solar photovoltaics and biomass-for total life cycle carbon emissions (g / kWh) and
water usage(l / kWh). We have shown that switching to low-carbon renewables, i.e.
wind, can save over 79 percent of the total life cycle CO2 emissions and over 50% of
energy consumption per kWh compared to the current fuel mix and electricity
generation technologies.

According to Babkir Ali, Amit Kumar(July 2017)

Renewable energy technology-based power generation is a environmentally friendly.
This study is to develop life cycle water footprints for renewable energy. There are sixty
renewable energy that develop. Pathways were based on the usage of
biomass,nuclear,solar,wind,hydroelectricity and geothermal. Water pathways ranges
from 0.02 to 4.39 of water per kilowatt hour. The importance of water withdrawals
coefficient to be discover in this study.

In the light of ever-increasing global energy use, the increasing cost of energy
services, concerns over energy supply security, climate change and local air pollution,
this book centers around the question of how growing energy demand for transport can
be met in the long term. With increasing world energy consumption, increased energy
costs, concerns regarding energy security, climate change and local air pollution, this
book focuses on how to address increasing transport energy demand in the long term.
According to by Michael Ball and Martin Wietschel (June 2009), the researchers
highlight the possibilities and the challenges of incorporating hydrogen as alternative
fuel for transport in the political, technologically and environmentally sensitive field from
the perspective of ongoing interest and contentious discussion of hydrogen prospects.
Through its multi-disciplinary approach, the book offers a wide range of researchers.

Based on Ngai Yin Yip, Menachem Elimelech (April 2012), the Gibbs free energy
when fresh river water flows will mix into the sea, it can be harnessed for sustainable
power generation. Pressure retarded osmosis (PRO) is one of the methods proposed to
generate power. Present a reversible PRO process is identical to the mixed water.
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Examined a PRO that work extraction in an irreversable constant pressure. These study
involve inefficiencies (i) frictional losses required to overcome hydraulic resistance and
drive water permeation and (ii) unutilized energy due to the discontinuation of water
permeation when the osmotic pressure difference becomes equal to the applied
hydraulic pressure. Our analysis that the operational objective to achieve high power
density in a practical PRO process is inconsistent with the goal of maximum energy
extraction.

RELATED STUDIES
LOCAL

Micro–hydropower will help increase the demand for electricity in communities as

a source of renewable energy. It is necessary to understand the technology and its
potential impact on the community near the water source. According to Karen Ann B.
Jago– on (2018), this research aims at evaluating how well a micro–hydropower plan
can be implemented in Calamba City and Los Baños Municipality in Laguna,
Philippines. In order to understand their awareness and knowledge of micro
hydroelectricity, as well as their perception about the potential impact of technology on
the community, 400 households in the Calamba and Barangays Ano and Bambang city
of Barangays Mabato and Canlubang were surveyed.

The results of the survey show that no perceived conflict exists over water use,
given that river and water in the river is scarcely used for domestic, rural or other
purposes. The results also underline the acceptance of the project by the community
three main considerations: reducing the future costs of electricity without the cost of
investment; increasing economic, social and community participation. The societies are
most likely to accept the project if the project can overcome these factors. The
participants are also willing to participate in meetings with investors, awareness
campaigns and actual project development.
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Engineers from Greenpeace Philippines found out that many households in rural
areas were not able to use electricity and gas used to light for their lamps because
kerosene is costly and the nearest town is 30 kilometers away. According to Aisa and
Raphael Mijeno (2015), the solution to produce light for the villagers was a lamp that
uses a salt and water. It is a sustainable alternative lighting that water acts as a
conductor and the salt water should be changed every day to produce eight hours of
light. SALT or Sustainable Alternative Lighting Lamps won funding from IdeaSpace
2014 in the Philippines and are currently seeking other investors. SALT Lamp wants to
achieve because it is safer than the kerosene when using the lamps.

According to Lips Aisa Mijena(July 2015) having salt water lamp can help to the
people in the Philippines to sustain the source of light if no access to electricity. Over
7000 islands in the Philippines using candles, paraffin, and battery powered lamps as
the source of light in their homes. Mijena the inventor of this salt water lamp is an
engineer at De La Salle University and member of Greenpeace Philippines. She
discovers this salt water lamp when she had a moments to be with the buttribe that is
really needed this kind of invention. The lantern is environmentally friendly it will not
cause harm and ethically made. It is cost effective and sustainable and it is powered by
saline solution (one glass of water mixed with two tablespoons of salt and can make 8
hours of light. It also run off ocean water. The electrodes will last up to a year base on
how many hours a day it uses. It is safer and more alternative than the oil lamps that
can cause of household fires in the country. To the people in the Philippines salt water
lamp is very useful and reliable in the third most natural-disaster prone country in the
world.

According to Nancy Owan(July 2015)

One of the common reason why it is invented is to help the people without electricity in
their houses. And they make it as a product. Their contains or powered by two
tablespoons of salt and a glass of water. Their goal is to delivered a cost effective and
safe to the environment lamp. Base on them using salt lamp for eight hours a day
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delivers an anode lifespan of six months and used an alternative light source will extend
the life of the anode for more than a year. "Uses the science behind the galvanic cell the
basis for battery-making" they said, making an electrolyte to a saline solution. It is non-
toxic and avoid the incidents of fires that cause of candles and tipped over lamps. And
the people living along coastlines, even running up the cost of salt mould not be a
problem. They will use the ocean water and put it on a bottles and use them that can
power the lamp. Salanity of ocean water can operate the lamp and give an eight hours
of sustaining light. "Salinity is expressed by the amount of salt found in 1000 grams of
water. The average ocean salinity is 35 parts per thousand". Aisa Mijeno is co-founder
and CEO and a engineer. Raphael Mijeno us cofounder and chief financial officer.
Joefrey Frias a mechanical design engineer serves as chief operating officer. The lamp
does not have a exact price and they said they are still doing a cost analysis. They
accept pre-orders online, aiming to get the lamp out in the end of the year. They said "
priority is to build lamps for out target communities and for the communities of the
NGOs and foundation who will partner with us." Aisa Mijeno said that "there are so
many remarkable and creative people in rural Philippines. Their resilience, no matter
their condition in life, motivates me to overcome all hurdles. We just need to give up
these people the chance at life through education by providing them the basin things".

According to Lourdes V. Balansay, Mary Rose Q. Cuenca, Richmart V. Garbin

(June 13, 2015- July 31, 2015) that the water is developed to be more useful and
functional during emergency situations. The PEC, NEC, NEMA and the Phillipine
National Standards are aided for the construction of the project. These are served as
guide for the maintenance of every component. The design of the portbable hybrid
powered water filtration has more advanced features such as the portability and the
power supply used to operate generator. It can be shown the effectiveness and
reliability based on the results of discharging test, water quality test, and water
production test. Using proper machine/ tools and methods helps in easy assembly of
the project. The water filtration device is very efficient regarding the operating hours and
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water production. The water is affordable, we can get it anywhere. The water has a
great effect to the society and economy in genration at less cost.

Chapter 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Research Design

The researchers will use both quantitative and qualitative designs especially

exploratory survey where the researchers will distribute the survey questionnaires in

getting the information by making the participants answer the indicated questions.

Research Locale

In relation to the origin of where the study will be conducted, the study will take

place at the three barangays of Tandag City; Telaje, Dagocdoc and Bongtud. These

places take three minutes to travel from Saint Theresa College of Tandag, Inc.

Research Respondents

This study will be conducted to five families consisting 5-8 members each within

the residence of barangays Telaje, Dagocdoc, and Bongtud in Tandag City.

Barangay No. of Respondents

(Numbers of Members of

the Family)
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Barangay Dagocdoc 5 (5-8 members)

Barangay Telaje 5 (5-8 members)
Barangay Bongtud 5 (5-8 members)
TOTAL 15 Families
Sampling Technique

In choosing the research respondents who will answer the questions in the

survey questionnaires, the researchers will use systematic sampling. This sampling

means that the researchers already selected chosen respondents in every barangays

and that every head of the family are to answer the questionnaires as representative of

their family.

Research Instrument

The researchers will use two-page survey questionnaires in gathering information

by letting the respondents answer the indicated questions.

Data Gathering Procedures

In gathering the data, the researchers will ask permission from every head of the

families to conduct the study. Once the study is approved, the researchers will distribute

the survey questionnaires to the respondents. The responses of the families who

participated will be gathered and analyzed.

Statistical Treatment of Data

To analyze and interpret the data of the following statistical treatment, formulas

are used.
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Frequency Count. This is used to determine the profile of the respondents in terms of

Name, Age, Sex and Number of Members in the Family.

Weighted Mean. This is to determine the extent of the water-generated portable lamps

as solution to electricity interruptions.