Concept Map-

Hypoxia
DECREASE IN BODY’S Risk factors:
9/4/2013 Hypovolemia
PULMONARY ABILITY TO
Lori Holmes DISEASE RIGHT TO TRANSPORT O2 TO Infection
1. Emphysema LEFT CARDIAC TISSUE HTN
2. Pneumonia SHUNT 1. Anemia or abnormal Diabetes
3. Atelectasis Hb Trauma
4. Asthma 2. General Circulatory Poisoning
5. Tuberculosis deficit Cardiac dz
3. Localized Pulmonary dz
Circulatory deficit
DECREASE OF O2 IN
BLOOD DUE
EXTRINSIC FACTORS HYPOXIA
1. High altitudes
2. Hypoventilation INADEQUATE TISSUE
(Neuromuscular
Insufficient oxygen available to
CAPABILITY OF USING O2
disorders) meet the metabolic needs of
1. Poisoning of cellular
tissues and cells. oxidation enzymes
2. Diminished cellular
metabolic capacity for
using O2
a. Toxicity
Decreased gas exchange Decreased Tissue b. Vitamin deficit
Perfusion c. Other factors
Abnormal respiration
Confusion Altered skin
Cyanosis characteristics Delayed
Diaphoresis peripheral wound healing
LABS/TEST Dyspnea Diminished pulses NURSING INTERVENTIONS:
ABGs-CBC-A1c Headache Edema Monitor vital sign
Liver Fx test Irritability Pain in extremity Continuous O2 and HR monitoring
Pulmonary Fx Test Nasal Flaring Changes in skin color Note neurological changes
PTT/PT Pale dusky skin Alternate rest and activity
Serum Iron/electrolyte level Restlessness Positioning/Encourage po fluids
Doppler Study,VQ scan Tachycardia Turn, cough, deep breath
EKG/ECG/chest xray Check urine and stool for blood
O2 Sat-Urinalysis Check capillary refill
Sputum&Blood Cultures If localized-protect extremity and place
lower than heart
Concept Map-Hypoxia
9/4/2013
Lori Holmes

TREATMENTS

Hydration/Humidification
Airway suctioning
O2 therapy
Intubation
Nutritional Support
Transfusion/Reperfusion
Sedation for anxiety
Bronchodilators
Corticosteroids(airway inflammation)
Lasix(decrease pulmonary congestion)
IV antibiotics
Manage diabetes
Amputation(localized with cell death)
Stents/catherization
Concept Map-Hypoxia
9/4/2013
Lori Holmes

Risk Factors
Labs/Tests

Causative factors Nursing Intervention

Pathophysiology
Treatments

Signs and Symptoms

1. What is the pathophysiological explanation of cellular swelling during the early stages of cell injury?
According to authors McCance and Heuther, “Hypoxia injury occur when mitochondrial oxygenation has been stopped and
this decreases ATP production. Lack of ATP levels cause the plasma membrane’s sodium-potassium pump and sodium-
calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of
the cell. Sodium and water enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling happens” (McCance & Huether, 2006).

2. What is the pathophysiological explanation of aging as it pertains to cellular structure?

The authors McCance and Heuther state, “In the aged cell, DNA, RNA, cellular proteins, and membranes are most susceptible
to injury. DNA normally repairs itself but is at higher risk of being altered due to the breaks, deletions and addition. The aged
cell capacity for DNA repair is decreased. Lack of DNA repair increases the cell’s susceptibility to mutations that may be
lethal or may promote the development of neoplasia” (McCance & Huether, 2006)
References
McCance, K., & Huether, S. (2006). Altered cellular and tissue biology. In K. McCance, & S. Huether, Pathophysiology: The
Biologic basis for disease in adults and children (5th ed., pp. 51-85). St. Louis: Elsevier/Mosby.
Sharon Lewis, R. M.-B. (2007). Medical-surgical nursing. St. Louis: Mosby/Elsevier.