5G For Dummies PDF

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5G
Mitel Special Edition
by Lawrence C. Miller
These materials are © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Any dissemination, distribution, or unauthorized use is strictly prohibited.
5G For Dummies®, Mitel Special Edition
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Table of Contents
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
About This Book......................................................................... 1
Foolish Assumptions.................................................................. 2
Icons Used in This Book............................................................. 2
Chapter 1: Welcome to the 5G Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Faster Than a Speeding Bullet, More Powerful
Than a Locomotive!................................................................ 3
Are We There Yet? Current 5G Development and Trials....... 5
Chapter 2: Looking at the Driving Forces behind

the Future of 5G. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Volume: Communications Traffic Is Growing.......................... 9
Velocity: Slower Traffic Keep Right........................................ 10
Variety: Connected Devices and the “Internet of
Everything”............................................................................ 12
Video: Can You See Me Now?.................................................. 12
Vision: Creating the 5G Future................................................ 13
Chapter 3: Navigating the 5G Journey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Creating a Seamless Mobile Fabric......................................... 15
Redefining Networks: Software-Defined Networking
and Virtualization.................................................................. 16
Forecasting the Future of the Cloud: Contextual
Cloud Networks..................................................................... 18
Livin’ on the Edge: MEC and Fog Computing........................ 20
Chapter 4: Transforming Service Delivery for

Service Providers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Leveraging Your Network to Deliver the 5G Future............. 21
Ensuring Your 4G Investments Support Your 5G Vision..... 23
Bringing Seamless Wi-Fi to the Mobile Network
Experience............................................................................. 24
Customizing Network Slices for Different Traffic Types...... 26
Choosing “Build or Buy” for Competitive Advantage.......... 27
iv 5G For Dummies, Mitel Special Edition
Chapter 5: 5G Technology Innovation for

the Enterprise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Building a “Mobile First” Communications Experience....... 29
Taking Charge of Mobile Services........................................... 31
Embedding Mobile Communications into Applications...... 33
Partnering with 5G Technology Leaders............................... 35
Chapter 6: Ten Ways 5G Will Shape the Future. . . . . . . 37

Transportation and Logistics: Planes, Trains,
and Automated Everything.................................................. 37
Healthcare: Live Long and Prosper........................................ 39
Manufacturing: Domo Arigato Mister Robot-o...................... 40
Farming: Old McDonald Had a Drone..................................... 40
Wireless Communications: “Five Bars” Everywhere............ 41
Mobile Devices: There’s a Device for That............................ 41
Security: The 5G “Safety Net”.................................................. 42
Energy: 5G Goes Green............................................................. 42
Repair Services: Don’t Call Us, We’ll Call You....................... 43
Television: The “Idiot Box” Gets Smart.................................. 44
Introduction
5 G is a lot more than just another “gee whiz” iteration of
mobile broadband. It’s the next‐generation mobile net-
work (NGMN) built for a future in which everyone and every-
thing is connected. Yes, it’ll be faster, bigger, and better than
4G/LTE (Long‐Term Evolution), but 5G isn’t just about mobile
speeds and feeds. It’ll be the communications network of the
digital future — a future that will require
✓✓Faster mobile connections in more places (such as on

planes and trains, in large buildings, and in remote areas)
✓✓Support for billions of smart machines, devices, and sen-
sors (such as driverless cars, drones, wearable technol-
ogy, smart meters, and remote factory equipment)
✓✓Greater security, flexibility, availability, interoperability,
and battery life
5G will enable the Internet of Things (IoT) and will transform

business and entire industries. Although the 5G standard isn’t
yet fully defined, it’s just over the horizon. Service providers
and enterprises need to adapt their business models and pre-
pare now for the arrival of 5G.
About This Book

5G For Dummies, Mitel Special Edition, consists of six short
chapters that explore the following:
✓✓What 5G is all about and what’s been done so far

(Chapter 1)
✓✓What’s driving the need for 5G (Chapter 2)
✓✓What service providers and enterprises need to do to
prepare for 5G (Chapter 3)
✓✓How service providers can transform their industry with
5G (Chapter 4)
2 5G For Dummies, Mitel Special Edition
✓✓How enterprises can leverage 5G for their business

(Chapter 5)
✓✓How 5G technology will shape the future (Chapter 6)
Foolish Assumptions
It’s been said that most assumptions have outlived their
uselessness, but I assume a few things nonetheless! Mainly,
I assume that you’re an IT infrastructure or network profes-
sional, such as an engineer, manager, or IT decision maker.
I also assume that you’re working for a service provider,
mobile carrier — such as a mobile network operator (MNO)
or mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) — or a large
enterprise that’s interested in how 5G technology will trans-
form your industry.
If any of these assumptions describe you, this book is for

you! If none of these describe you, keep reading anyway. It’s
a great book, and when you finish reading it, you’ll know
enough about 5G to be an “OG” (omnipotent guru)!
Icons Used in This Book

Throughout this book, I occasionally use special icons to call
attention to important information. Here’s what to expect:
This icon points out information that you should commit

to your non‐volatile memory, your gray matter, or your
noggin — along with anniversaries and birthdays!
If you seek to attain the seventh level of NERD‐vana, perk up!

This icon explains the jargon beneath the jargon and is the
stuff legends — well, nerds — are made of!
This icon points out helpful suggestions and useful nuggets of

information.
Chapter 1
Welcome to the
5G Evolution
In This Chapter
▶▶Feeling the need for speed
▶▶Getting “5G ready, set, go”
I n this chapter, you take a high‐level look at the exciting

capabilities of 5G that are on the horizon and the work
that’s currently being done to make 5G a reality.
Faster Than a Speeding

Bullet, More Powerful
Than a Locomotive!
It should come as no surprise that the next‐generation
mobile network (5G) will be bigger, better, and faster than 4G
LTE. But what’s remarkable is how much bigger, better, and
faster 5G will be. I’m not talking about a little growth spurt
here — more like Steve Rogers becomes Captain America big!
For example, 5G will
✓✓Be more than 300 times faster with download rates of

10,000 to 20,000 megabits per second (Mbit/s) — you’ll
be able to download a 4 gigabyte (GB) high‐definition
(HD) movie on your mobile device in about four seconds
✓✓Significantly reduce latency to less than 1 millisecond

(ms) compared to 50ms for 4G LTE — you’ll be able to
stream an ultra HD movie on your mobile device without
buffering
✓✓Support communications for billions of connected
devices alongside millions of human conversations
✓✓Break down the barriers of wireless to make mobile
broadband more ubiquitous than electricity
Table 1‐1 compares some of the features and technologies of

5G to its predecessors.
Table 1-1 3G to 5G Features Comparison

Generation 3G 4G 5G
Features
Years 2000s 2010s 2020s
Data 2 Mbit/s 200 Mbit/s 1 Gbit/s
Bandwidth
Standards Wideband LTE — Single unified standard
Code Division
Multiple
Access
(WCDMA)
Technology Broadband Unified IP services with IP
with CDMA, IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) control
technology
Seamless integration to other IP
wireless environments
Services Voice, email, High‐definition Virtual reality,
web browsing, (HD) video, Internet of Things
audio, video, dynamic (IoT), continually
location information connected,
services access, Artificial
wearable Intelligence (AI)
integration
Switching Packet All IP packet
Chapter 1: Welcome to the 5G Evolution 5
Are We There Yet? Current 5G

Development and Trials
Naturally, people are excited about the arrival of 5G and are
wondering when it’ll get here. The answer to that question is
still somewhat hazy.
First, it’s important to understand that mobile technology

life cycles are very long — typically 30 or more years. It’s
no accident that LTE stands for long‐term evolution. It takes
about 7 years to complete research and development (R&D)
and define appropriate standards. Deployment to peak takes
another 10 years or so, and peak to end‐of‐life adds another
10‐plus years.
To many casual observers, it may seem like 4G LTE has been

with us forever, but it’s actually only been in production
deployment since late 2009 (it may seem like forever because
the first iPhone wasn’t released until mid‐2007 and as far as
many people are concerned, the mobile world didn’t exist
before the iPhone).
In fact, according to the June 2016 Ericsson Mobility Report, 4G

LTE only accounted for a billion of the 7.3 billion worldwide
mobile subscriptions at the end of 2015, while Wideband Code
Division Multiple Access/High Speed Packet Access (WCDMA/
HSPA) and Global System for Mobile Communications/
Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (GSM/EDGE‐only) —
that’s right, 3G and 2G — subscriptions comprised almost
all the remaining 6.3 billion mobile subscriptions. 4G LTE
isn’t even expected to peak until the end of 2021, when it will
still account for only approximately half of the 9 billion‐plus
worldwide mobile subscriptions. And yet, here we are looking
ahead to the next big thing already. That’s like cutting Peyton
Manning before he wins his second Super Bowl, so you can
draft Andrew Luck! Oh wait, that happened.
But you can rest assured that much work has already begun
on 5G, and the telecommunications industry is expected
to announce a full set of 5G networking standards in 2020
(see Figure 1‐1). Several carriers have already gotten an

early start out of the gate with various 5G test trials. For
example, AT&T, Verizon, Sprint, T‐Mobile, and DoCoMo have
all announced 5G test trials featuring high‐frequency, high‐
bandwidth spectrums (for example, 15/28 GHz) and specific
applications (for example, stadium venues sans Peyton
Manning).
Figure 1-1: 5G standards development timeline.
5G won’t replace 4G overnight, but instead it will coexist

with 4G — and even 3G technologies — for many years.
Additionally, LTE will continue to evolve and play an impor-
tant role in 5G technologies, particularly in providing back-
ward compatibility.
Several network equipment vendors have also launched their

own “5G ready” solutions. But what exactly does the “5G
ready” moniker mean? For starters, because the 5G standard
is still under development and — like its predecessor,
4G/LTE — will evolve over time, today’s 5G ready solutions
typically leverage existing 4G LTE technologies that continue
to evolve, such as carrier aggregation (CA, discussed in
Chapter 3) and newer, more advanced radio access technolo-
gies (RATs) and smart antennae. 5G ready solutions will also
leverage new innovations and technologies, such as mobile
edge computing (discussed in Chapter 3) and network slicing
(discussed in Chapter 4).
Vendors will need to work closely with different industry

standards groups and initiatives, in some cases taking a lead-
ership role, to ensure their solutions are 5G compatible as
Chapter 1: Welcome to the 5G Evolution 7
the standard evolves. Their solutions must also be open and
extensible to incorporate future revisions to the 5G standard
and new technologies, use cases, and requirements as they’re
developed. Ultimately, a strong ecosystem among vendors,
partners, and across industries will be required.
The June 2016 Ericsson Mobility Report predicts that there will
be 150 million 5G subscriptions globally by 2021 with the U.S.,
China, Japan, and South Korea (listed in order of their 2016
Rio Olympics medal count) taking the lead.
Chapter 2
Looking at the Driving
Forces behind the
Future of 5G
In This Chapter
▶▶Pumping up the volume
▶▶Feeling the need for speed
▶▶Spicing up your 5G life with variety
▶▶Seeing the 5G future in video
▶▶Translating vision into reality
N ot unlike the four Vs of big data (volume, velocity, vari-

ety, and veracity), there are five Vs driving the need for
5G: volume, velocity, variety, video, and vision. I explain each
in this chapter.
Volume: Communications
Traffic Is Growing
The volume of mobile communications traffic is growing at a
50 to 60 percent compound annual growth rate (CAGR), which
isn’t sustainable under the current 4G framework. The June
2016 Ericsson Mobility Report shows that monthly mobile data
traffic increased from approximately 3.5 exabytes (EB) per
month in the first quarter of 2015 to approximately 5.5 EB per
month in the first quarter of 2016, and it’s expected to grow
12 times to approximately 50 EB by 2021. Mobile voice traffic

has remained relatively steady for several years, comprising
approximately 0.2 EB per month.
A terabyte (TB) is equal to 1024 gigabytes (GB), a petabyte

(PB) is equal to 1024 TB, and an exabyte (EB) is equal to
1024 PB.
The amount of mobile data being generated is also growing —

and will continue to grow at an exponential rate as machine‐
to‐machine (M2M) communications become more common
with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT). Gartner predicts
that there will be 6.4 billion connected IoT devices in 2016,
an increase of 30 percent from 2015, and that there will be
20.8 billion IoT devices by 2020.
Some estimates suggest that 5G will need to accommodate

a thousand times more mobile traffic volume than today.
Clearly, this growth has huge implications for mobile
networks — where will all this traffic go and who will make
sure it gets there in time?
5G networks will need to not only scale more cost‐effectively

(after all, subscribers won’t necessarily want to pay more for
all of 5G’s features), but also prioritize the different volumes
of traffic so low/no‐revenue services that are potentially less
sensitive to latency and delay don’t detract from more critical
real‐time traffic or higher‐revenue services that require high
speeds and low latency.
Velocity: Slower Traffic

Keep Right
In addition to volume, the different types of mobile data traf-
fic are also growing at an exponential rate, largely consisting
of data generated by IoT devices. Some IoT applications will
require speeds up to 100 times faster than what’s available
today. For example, critical machine‐type communication
(MTC) services, such as medical sensors and emergency
services, will require extremely reliable, high‐throughput,
low‐latency wireless communications. Other types of IoT
devices, such as climate control sensors in a smart home or
Chapter 2: Looking at the Driving Forces behind the Future of 5G 11
a wearable exercise tracker, will send massive amounts of
“small data” that have less critical reliability, throughput, and
latency requirements.
Small data is data that’s generated by IoT sensors and

devices, consisting of very small datasets about limited or
specific attributes, such as temperature, wind speed, or pulse.
Thus, 5G needs to support different velocity requirements for

different types of traffic. The goal of 5G is to deliver pervasive
mobile broadband — anywhere from 10 megabits per second
(Mbit/s) to 10‐plus gigabits per second (Gbit/s) — not just in
urban areas but also to rural areas and hard‐to‐access areas.
The Next‐Generation Mobile Network (NGMN) Alliance has

mapped three performance slices (I explain 5G network
“slices” in more detail in Chapter 4) to potential use cases and
services as follows:
✓✓Evolved Mobile Broadband (eMBB) provides ultra‐high

throughput for rural, in‐transit (such as a subway or
train), and indoor use cases. Performance requirements
include, for example, 1 Gbit/s throughput with latency
of 10 milliseconds (ms), downlink speeds of 15 terabits
per second per square kilometer (Tbit/s/km2 ), and uplink
speeds of 2 Tbit/s/km2.
✓✓Ultra Machine‐Type Communications (uMTC) provides
ultra‐reliable, low‐latency throughput for on‐demand
services at high speeds (up to 500 kilometers/hour) with
latencies of 10ms, 5ms, or 1ms. Critical IoT applications
and services such as public safety, self‐driving smart
cars, and remote healthcare services, may be ideal use
cases for uMTC.
✓✓Massive Machine‐Type Communications (mMTC) pro-
vides ultra‐scalable connection density, on the order of
200,000 connected devices per square kilometer with
throughput rates of 1 to 100 kilobits per second (Kbit/s).
Massive IoT applications and services that are comprised
of ubiquitous networks of sensors such as smart grids,
logistics operations, and agriculture, may be ideal use
cases for mMTC.
Variety: Connected Devices and

the “Internet of Everything”
There also will be a far greater variety of smart, connected
devices in the future such as sensors, smart appliances, smart
cars, wearables, and much more. Practically anything imag-
inable can be connected and new use cases are constantly
being developed.
For example, nanobiotechnology (discussed in Chapter 6)

enables devices and sensors to be developed and embedded
at a molecular level. Possible applications in the future might
include devices that can be injected into a patient’s blood-
stream to identify and eradicate malignant cells, or paint that
can change the color of a room based on the occupant’s pref-
erence or mood.
Of course, these IoT applications will require some sort of an

interface — a sensor doesn’t do much good if there’s no way
to extract the information that it collects, and it isn’t really
practical or desirable to connect a keyboard, monitor, and
Ethernet cable to a patient’s blood vessels or to individual
molecules in a wall. Thus, mobile networks are a logical solu-
tion for future IoT applications such as these.
Today’s early IoT adopters have had to adapt their device and
sensor communications to the “plain vanilla” limitations of 4G
LTE, but as the IoT evolves and MTC services become more
common, a “31 flavors” approach will be required to tailor
the network experience around specific and unique needs for
security, latency, prioritization, quality, and more.
Video: Can You See Me Now?

A picture may be worth a thousand words, but video is
worth a thousand pictures. Mobile video traffic, according to
Cisco’s Visual Networking Index, will account for 75 percent of
all mobile data traffic by 2020. The growth of video traffic is
driven by several significant trends:
Chapter 2: Looking at the Driving Forces behind the Future of 5G 13
✓✓Embedded video in social media and web pages:
Facebook is fast becoming just another social media
platform for sharing YouTube videos — why send out
relatively boring status updates when you can instead
share “Chimpanzee riding on a Segway” videos with a
thousand of your closest friends?!
✓✓Video cameras and monitoring: Video cameras are
increasingly being deployed and installed everywhere for
a wide variety of IoT applications, such as traffic safety,
building and home security, baby/nanny/senior monitor-
ing, and law enforcement body cameras.
✓✓On‐demand video and movies: Broadcast television is
fading in popularity as younger viewers (particularly
Millennials) prefer to stream their favorite shows and
movies when it’s convenient for them, on whatever
devices they choose (I discuss the future of television
in Chapter 6). Ericsson reports that TV/video viewing
on smartphones has increased by 85 percent in the past
4 years among teens.
✓✓Video communications: Technologies such as Web Real‐
Time Communication (WebRTC) will create a more uni-
versal and simple experience as video displaces voice in
business and personal communications.
According to Cisco’s Visual Networking Index, 55 percent of

total mobile data traffic in 2015 was mobile video traffic.
Vision: Creating the 5G Future

Enterprises in different industries are already envisioning new
ways to use wireless communications — for example, drone
deliveries, self‐driving cars, and remote‐controlled factories —
and 5G is needed to support their vision (see Figure 2‐1). The
NGMN Alliance’s vision for the 5G future is “an end‐to‐end eco-
system to enable a fully mobile and connected society.” You
can explore several possible 5G use cases in Chapter 6.
5G is a transformative technology that will change the world.

Many start-ups are already building their business models
around 5G communications, from virtual reality to connected
homes, in anticipation of 5G’s arrival.
Figure 2-1: 5G enables enterprise verticals.
Chapter 3
Navigating the 5G Journey
In This Chapter
▶▶Consolidating technologies and frequency spectrum
▶▶Leveraging virtualization in carrier networks
▶▶Giving context to the cloud
▶▶Cutting through the fog with mobile edge and fog computing
I n this chapter, you take a look at several new and develop-

ing technologies that will play key roles in the 5G journey.
Creating a Seamless
Mobile Fabric
The rapidly growing and evolving mobile world and the
Internet of Things (IoT) will bring a flood of new mobile com-
munications traffic, particularly more video and machine‐
to‐machine (M2M) communications. Yet today’s 4G/LTE
networks are already strained to capacity. How can the cur-
rent wireless infrastructure support 5G when it can barely
handle 4G demands?
In a nutshell, it can’t. Thus, 5G proposes multiple radio access

technologies (RATs) as a key requirement for the future. It will
take a village of 4G/LTE, radio access networks (RANs), Wi‐Fi
networks, smart antennae, and more to create the 5G fabric.
RATs are the underlying physical connection methods (for

example, Bluetooth, Wi‐Fi, 3G, and 4G LTE) for radio‐based
communication networks. RANs connect user equipment (UE),
such as a mobile device, to a carrier’s core network (CN).
This flood of traffic will also require opening up the available

licensed wireless spectrum to include higher (and possibly
lower) frequencies, as well as unlicensed spectrum (for exam-
ple, as Supplemental Downlink, or SDL, to boost data rates for
bursty downlink traffic), in order to accommodate the growth
in mobile traffic and to support the need for different wireless
characteristics (such as low latency, higher quality, and so
on). Carrier aggregation (CA) will be used extensively in 5G
networks, for example, to consolidate fragmented spectrum.
CA combines multiple 4G LTE/5G carrier signals (currently up

to 5, but up to 32 in the near future) in order to increase data
rates and improve network performance.
The continued development of Voice over LTE (VoLTE, dis-

cussed in Chapter 4) and Voice over Wi‐Fi (VoWiFi, discussed
in Chapter 4) will also play an important role, specifically,
ensuring that 5G voice delivers better quality and reliability
than its predecessors.
Download your free copy of Voice Over Wi‐Fi For Dummies,

Mitel Special Edition, at www.mitel.com/vowifi-dummies
to learn more about VoLTE and VoWiFi.
Redefining Networks: Software‐

Defined Networking and
Virtualization
Mobile communications networks will become more software‐
centric — with software‐defined networking (SDN) and net-
work functions virtualization (NFV) — as service providers
look for innovative ways to control costs, increase flexibility,
enable service automation, and reduce latency. These virtual-
ization and cloud technologies enable mobile service provid-
ers to scale out their networks and ensure service quality in a
cost‐effective manner.
SDN allows network operators to separate network control

and access planes, automate services, enforce policies, and
scale networks by abstracting network services (known as
Chapter 3: Navigating the 5G Journey 17
virtualized network objects) — such as routing, switching,
domain name system (DNS), and firewall security — from the
underlying physical infrastructure, in much the same way that
application and server virtualization abstracts applications
and computing resources from the underlying server hard-
ware. Figure 3‐1 shows the comparison of server virtualization
and SDN.
Figure 3-1: Comparing server virtualization and SDN.
NFV is closely related to SDN but handles virtualized network

objects as network services (NSs) and virtualized network
functions (VNFs) in a complete ecosystem that includes
management and orchestration (MANO) for carrier net-
works. Figure 3‐2 shows you the complete NFV architectural
framework.
SDN and NFV allow mobile service providers to leverage the

same advantages of virtualization as enterprise networks,
including
✓✓Greater business agility with rapid, on‐demand provision-

ing, elasticity, and scalability
✓✓Higher utilization of compute, storage, and network
resources
✓✓More efficient use of physical rack space and lower oper-
ating costs associated with electrical and cooling
✓✓Service automation and orchestration
✓✓Improved reliability and business continuity capabilities
Figure 3-2: An NFV architectural framework.
Like enterprise networks, communications networks need to

be operated as large pools of resources that can be dynami-
cally provisioned to suit different needs and reallocated for
different applications (or customers, in the case of multi‐
tenant environments) as requirements change.
Forecasting the Future

of the Cloud: Contextual
Cloud Networks
The cloud gets bigger, smarter, and more flexible in the 5G
future. The cloud gets bigger, for example, by extending to
Chapter 3: Navigating the 5G Journey 19
the enterprise network with mobile edge computing (MEC)
and fog computing (both discussed later in this chapter in the
section “Livin’ on the Edge: Mobile Edge and Fog Computing”)
to facilitate faster and more secure exchanges of information
between the cloud and the enterprise network. The cloud
also gets smarter and more flexible with traffic partitioning
(known as network slices, which I cover in Chapter 4) — not
just according to tenancy, but also depending on individual
traffic types.
Ultimately, 5G will enable a contextual cloud network in

which data gathered from numerous sources — such as
smart devices, vehicle‐to‐everything (V2X) and device‐to‐
device (D2D) communications, and the Internet of Things
(IoT) — can be securely collected and analyzed for a far
more relevant and personalized user experience. The
contextual cloud network, shown in Figure 3‐3, consists of
the following:
✓✓Pooled SDN resources that enable groups of virtualized

machines (VMs, such as application and storage servers)
to be scaled up or down, as needed, and consumed as a
single resource
✓✓A distributed mobility framework, which addresses
issues such as maintaining session continuity when
moving certain communications out of the mobile core
and into the access network, in order to reduce conges-
tion and latency on the mobile network
✓✓Context‐aware networking to enable different traffic for
different applications to be assigned appropriate prioriti-
zation, quality, and security, for example
✓✓Adaptable virtual resources including virtualized
network functions (VNFs) in a network functions
virtualization infrastructure (NFVI), which can adapt
to different network requirements (such as encryption)
as appropriate for a given situation or service‐level
agreement (SLA)
Figure 3-3: The contextual cloud network enables mobility‐as‐a‐service,

seamless communication, and intelligent context adaptation.
Livin’ on the Edge: MEC and

Fog Computing
New innovations such as MEC and fog computing will also
play an important role in 5G networks. MEC is a network
architecture that moves cloud and IT services to the mobile
carrier edge in order to reduce network congestion and
improve application performance. Requirements for MEC
include
✓✓Ultra‐low latency
✓✓High bandwidth
✓✓Real‐time access to radio access network (RAN)
information
Fog computing (or fog networking) extends and distrib-

utes cloud resources and services to increase efficiency,
reduce network traffic and latency, and improve security
(and potentially compliance) between the cloud and enter-
prise applications, data, and devices. This is accomplished
by decentralizing computing resources so that processing,
analysis, and communications can happen as closely as
possible to the system, device, or sensor that generates
the data.
Chapter 4
Transforming
Service Delivery for
Service Providers
In This Chapter
▶▶Connecting the mobile enterprise to the 5G future
▶▶Leveraging your LTE network infrastructure for 5G
▶▶Offloading voice services from the cellular network with VoWiFi
▶▶Slicing up the 5G network
▶▶Adopting a competitive strategy for 5G technologies
I n this chapter, you explore how service providers can

transform their business and revenue models with a new
paradigm for service delivery in 5G networks.
Leveraging Your Network to

Deliver the 5G Future
Service providers have a unique opportunity to create and
deliver new 5G services and thus need to think outside of the
“network” box. The opportunity is more than carrying and
directing 5G traffic — doing so would simply make the service
provider a bit pipe (or “dumb” network) provider. Instead,
service providers need to focus on new revenue‐generating
services that leverage 5G’s capabilities — and partner with
enterprises and app developers to deliver new services too.
In this way, service providers can become value‐added, intel-

ligent service pipe providers.
Realizing this unique opportunity will require a radical change

in the way that service providers operate. Traditionally, ser-
vice creation has been a slow and manual process, in which it
can take months to launch a single service and requires signif-
icant investments in time and money. This stifles innovation.
In the 5G world, new services will come fast and furious (like
The Fast and the Furious, 2 Fast 2 Furious, Fast & Furious, Fast
Five, Fast & Furious 6, and Furious 7 fast and furious, but not
really The Fast and the Furious: Tokyo Drift fast and furious!).
Service providers need to be able to create and launch new
services quickly and cost effectively using service automation
and orchestration.
At a high level, automation and orchestration help service

providers leverage the efficiencies of their virtualized 5G net-
works in order to become hotbeds of innovation, creating new
services in hours or minutes (instead of weeks or months)
and at a much lower cost (I cover automation/orchestration in
more detail later in this chapter).
5G will also support service provider efforts to become cloud

service providers. Cloud computing has been an important
trend over the past decade that has enabled remarkable
growth and business agility for enterprises in practically
every industry. However, connectivity to the cloud remains
a major challenge for many enterprises. Traditional private
leased lines, multiprotocol label switching (MPLS), and over‐
the‐top (OTT) services provide connectivity with widely
varying performance and reliability characteristics, but for
enterprises that have an increasingly mobile workforce, a
mobile network that provides ubiquitous connectivity to the
cloud is still elusive.
The 5G network will enable mobile network operators (MNOs)

to offer not only broader coverage and higher speeds but also
quality of service (QoS) for different service‐level agreements
(SLAs) and application or service requirements. This will ulti-
mately deliver a better cloud experience for customers from
anywhere and on any device.
Chapter 4: Transforming Service Delivery for Service Providers 23
Ensuring Your 4G Investments

Support Your 5G Vision
In much the same way that the move to a single, unified IP net-
work architecture has enabled a new era in traditional enter-
prise communications, emerging Long‐Term Evolution (LTE)
innovations are creating a similar paradigm shift for MNOs.
Along with the Internet of Things (IoT), a key driver for the
next‐generation mobile network (NGMN) is the migration of
content media and televised content from terrestrial networks
to the mobile infrastructure. The result is that traditional cel-
lular wireless services (such as voice) can now be effectively
managed in the packet infrastructure by leveraging much of
the existing infrastructure and services, which has led to the
development of Voice over LTE (VoLTE).
LTE is a standardized, all‐IP mobile network architecture

designed to meet the needs of an ever‐expanding set of
applications and services, based on the global IP network
infrastructure. The LTE architecture uses logical functions
and interfaces built on Third‐Generation Partnership Project
(3GPP) standards, based on Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF) protocols, including the following (among others):
✓✓SIP: A communications protocol commonly used for sig-

naling and control of voice/video calls and instant mes-
saging (IM) over IP networks
✓✓Diameter: An authentication, authorization, and account-
ing (AAA) protocol used in computer networks with sup-
port for Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP)
✓✓Real‐Time Transport Protocol (RTP): A network proto-
col used for end‐to‐end, real‐time transfer of streaming
media, such as audio and video, over IP networks
✓✓E.164 Number to Uniform Resource Identifier (URI)
Mapping (ENUM): A system (similar to the Domain Name
System, or DNS, in computer networks) for translating
telephone numbers into URIs or IP addresses for use in
an IP network
The all‐IP network defined by LTE is easily extensible to

next‐generation radio and coding technologies, which can dra-
matically increase overall system and individual subscriber
bandwidth. It’s an evolution of radio and wireless coding to
deliver an order of magnitude (or greater) bandwidth growth,
while maintaining core services. The capability to abstract
connection‐dependent core services from the underlying
transport services that evolve with new technologies is a key
element of the LTE architecture.
In VoLTE, the total bandwidth available in the 4G and 5G LTE

infrastructures enables voice services to be guaranteed a
relatively small slice of bandwidth, with guaranteed priority
of service, quality of service (QoS), and no discards. With
the migration to 5G, VoLTE has the capability to extend
beyond voice to include video, which generally requires more
bandwidth per call/session than voice.
Bringing Seamless Wi‐Fi to the

Mobile Network Experience
5G will usher in new business and revenue models for MNOs.
While it may seem counterintuitive for MNOs to work with
enterprises and industry partners to bring seamless Wi‐Fi
(and other radio access technologies, or RATs, such as
Bluetooth Mesh and ZigBee) to the mobile network experi-
ence, the reality is that Wi‐Fi will become a complementary
rather than competitive technology to MNOs. Wi‐Fi will
become part of the seamless 5G mobile fabric, providing
broadband coverage in buildings and hard‐to‐access locations
where traditional RAN coverage is a challenge.
Wi‐Fi interoperability will also be increasingly important for

offloading low/no‐revenue services, such as voice, from 5G
networks. According to Ovum, global voice call revenue is
expected to drop 9.1 percent per year through 2021. Looking
ahead, video and other data services provide higher revenue
growth opportunities. Thus, offloading voice services with
voice over Wi‐Fi (VoWiFi) will provide additional capacity for
MNOs on the 5G network.
The IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) network and other VoLTE
implementation elements such as hand‐offs, equipment, and
capabilities can be directly extended to VoWiFi, as well as
messaging and video over Wi‐Fi.
VoLTE securely interconnects networks and enables VoWiFi,

as well as other trends (see Figure 4‐1), including
✓✓Wi‐Fi Calling: Apple’s support for this feature is help-

ing drive the need for an evolved Packet Data Gateway
(ePDG) in the Evolved Packet Core (EPC).
✓✓Hotspot 2.0: Seamless Wi‐Fi authentication requires
access network discovery and selection function
(ANDSF) policy control.
✓✓VoLTE/Rich Communication Services (RCS):
Interoperability between different RCS elements will
require interconnect session border controllers (I‐SBCs)
in the mobile network.
✓✓4G LTE Data: Roaming requires Diameter Routing Agent
(DRA) interconnectivity.
✓✓IMS: VoLTE subscriber/traffic growth requires efficient
signaling network design.
Figure 4-1: The VoLTE architecture creates secure interconnected

networks, enabling VoWiFi and other trends.
Because almost all MNOs today are deploying or piloting

VoLTE implementations on their LTE networks, integrating
VoWiFi is a straightforward proposition that increases value.
Customizing Network Slices for

Different Traffic Types
Today’s Internet of Things (IoT) applications shoehorn them-
selves into existing 4G LTE and Wi‐Fi networks, but this is the
early adopter era of the IoT. To support the billions of smart,
connected IoT devices and applications being developed in
the near future, a next‐generation mobile network (NGMN) is
needed that is highly scalable in terms of capacity and can
optimally handle the differing service needs of various IoT
verticals. Latency, bandwidth requirements, scheduling of
consumption, and service priority are widely variable for these
IoT devices and applications, so a “one‐size‐fits‐all” broadband
network doesn’t align well with the future of the IoT.
Logical network slices enable optimized network experiences

to be associated with specific services and their differing per-
formance requirements such as latency, bandwidth, and secu-
rity. These slices of network spectrum can be logically applied
to vertical segments for various purposes in the IoT and
machine‐to‐machine (M2M) communications (see Figure 4‐2).
Figure 4-2: Logical 5G network slices partition different performance

requirements for specific services.
The ability to effectively “slice” different communications is

enabled by software‐defined networking (SDN) and network
functions virtualization (NFV). Just as server virtualization
enables resources within a data center to be partitioned and
dedicated to specific applications, SDN/NFV creates “logical”
network elements that can address things such as IoT data
collection, mission‐critical real‐time inter‐vehicle control
interactions, or medical/emergency/government services
depending on the traffic requirements at the time.
Choosing “Build or Buy” for

Competitive Advantage
In delivering the 5G service experience of tomorrow, service
providers aren’t expected to go it alone. 5G is really more of
an active partnership between service providers, app devel-
opers (including OTT players who may be in co‐opetition with
MNOs), enterprises, and even other service providers. Service
providers will need to decide, on a case‐by‐case basis, where
it makes sense to build a solution themselves, buy a solution
from someone else (probably as a white‐label service), or
build a solution together with others.
If they choose to build the 5G solution themselves, they’ll

need to master the art of service automation and orchestra-
tion. By automating service provisioning for a single service,
service providers can dramatically reduce both the time
and cost of launching new services. For example, instead
of manually provisioning hundreds of network elements to
deliver a service such as mobile HDTV, provisioning would be
automated from a single control point. Service orchestration
stitches automated services together into a larger service. To
continue the mobile HDTV example, imagine a mobile HDTV
service combined with a sponsored data service, which would
allow brands to “sponsor” a particular program or period
of viewing. Here again, orchestration allows this process to
happen quickly, and could even wrap in network intelligence
to recommend sponsored content for individual viewers,
based on their demographic or past viewing behavior.
Of course, service automation and orchestration require

both a network and skill set investment. Service providers
may instead find it more advantageous to resell existing 5G
services, rather than create these services themselves (why
reinvent the wheel?). There will likely be a healthy market
for rebranded 5G services, offered by both existing service
providers and OTT app developers. Service providers would

have the option of choosing a hosted, on‐premises, or hybrid
model for these services.
Finally, we can expect plenty of partnering in the 5G future,

as service providers and app creators bring their own unique
sets of expertise to the table. Partnership is about under-
standing what each party should own: For service providers,
it may be quality of service and the customer relationship;
for the app developer, it may be the features and in‐app
experience.
What will these new apps look like? You have to wait until
Chapter 6 to find out (or skip ahead if the suspense is
killing you)!
Chapter 5
5G Technology Innovation
for the Enterprise
In This Chapter
▶▶Creating an enterprise mobile strategy
▶▶Deploying a mobile enterprise services architecture in the cloud
▶▶Making mobile connectivity native to your enterprise applications
▶▶Working with a trusted partner
I n this chapter, you discover the 5G opportunity for enter-

prises and what enterprises need to do now to prepare for
the 5G future.
Building a “Mobile First”

Communications Experience
Millennials use their mobile devices for practically every-
thing, and today’s workforce — increasingly comprised of
Millennials (according to the Pew Research Center, more than
one in three workers is now a Millennial, surpassing Gen Xers
and Baby Boomers as individual groups) — is more mobile
than ever before. By 2018, it’s predicted that 70 percent of all
professionals will do business on mobile devices.
The mobile shift is profound, and industry ecosystems are

being pulled along. As an example, annual sales of mobile
devices have far eclipsed that of personal computers.
According to Gartner, worldwide sales of traditional
personal computers (desktops and notebooks) in 2015
totaled 300 million units while mobile phones and tablets

totaled more than 2.1 billion units. By 2017, it’s predicted
that 75 percent of all enterprise apps will be developed for
smartphones and tablets.
Yet, enterprise mobility and unified communications and

collaboration (UCC) strategies have lagged and today are,
at best, loosely coupled. For example
✓✓Mobile and wireline communications services are

sourced and managed separately.
✓✓Voice integration is limited to mobile twinning —
simultaneously ringing your desk extension on your
office phone and mobile phone.
✓✓Enterprise UCC apps aren’t designed for the mobile expe-
rience, and so employees (particularly Millennials) are
supplementing or replacing enterprise UCC tools with
their own over‐the‐top (OTT) apps, creating a “shadow
IT” culture.
There are clearly many differences between the robust fea-

tures available in business communications systems and
those of your mobile service. To overcome these integration
and service disparity challenges, a new “mobile first” strategy
is needed in the enterprise that delivers a native mobile enter-
prise experience (see Figure 5‐1).
Figure 5-1: Comparing today’s enterprise mobility/UCC efforts and a

“mobile first” enterprise strategy.
Chapter 5: 5G Technology Innovation for the Enterprise 31
Despite a compelling business need, 83 percent of companies
have not yet deployed an enterprise mobile strategy.
Taking Charge of Mobile

Services
In the new 5G network paradigm, voice, video, and messag-
ing can be embedded in a vehicle, incorporated into a smart
home architecture, or delivered through a wearable. In some
cases, a mobile network operator (MNO) will host these ser-
vices, but there’s no reason many of these services can’t be
hosted in the enterprise cloud, particularly when the enter-
prise leverages cloud technology, such as mobile edge com-
puting (MEC) and fog computing, discussed in Chapter 3.
Deploying a Mobile Enterprise Services Architecture (MESA)

is a critical first step for enterprises that plan to become
more mobile and multimedia centric in the 5G future (see
Figure 5‐2).
Figure 5-2: The Mobile Enterprise Services Architecture (MESA).
MESA is recommended for enterprises that need to
✓✓Control the mobile/5G service experience

✓✓Keep ownership of the subscribers/customers
✓✓Ensure security and compliance
✓✓Customize services
MESA is essentially an extension of the Wi‐Fi networks of the

past, in which enterprises needed to fill in the coverage gaps
of MNOs to deliver in‐building wireless access. With MESA, the
enterprise can take more control over the mobile experience
of its employees and customers — in particular, the services
they deliver to their employees and c ustomers — beyond
just the office, because today’s workers are more mobile and
expect seamless mobility anywhere, on any device.
Some key characteristics of MESA include
✓✓Mobile enterprise IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) core:

Enterprises are building their own IMS‐based networks to
accommodate delivery of multimedia (voice/video/data)
communications beyond just voice.
✓✓Radio access network (RAN) on premises, owned by the
MNO and/or enterprise: On‐premises RAN or dedicated
RAN gives the enterprise much more wireless bandwidth
to transmit/receive communications.
✓✓Mobile level privacy and encryption: Mobile communi-
cations need stronger encryption/privacy because they
are potentially exposed to public networks and IP‐based
hacks.
✓✓Enterprise subs always anchored in enterprise IMS:
The enterprise owns the subscriber experience, thus
policy enforcement is consistent across apps (because
the sub is always anchored in the enterprise network),
and anchoring makes movement between apps/networks
seamless, which is beneficial in a mobile, multi‐app
world.
In the MESA framework, enterprise networks begin to look

more like small service provider (SP) networks and can
include communications network elements such as the
following:
✓✓Evolved Packet Core (EPC) to route and handle mobile

calls internally
✓✓Session Border Controllers (SBCs) to provide network
security, interworking between networks and devices,
and load balancing of network traffic
✓✓IMS Core to handle multimedia sessions in the network
✓✓Home Subscriber Server (HSS) to anchor subscribers in
the enterprise network
✓✓Private Branch eXchange (PBX) or Telephony
Application Server (TAS) to provide traditional voice
services (such as voicemail and call forwarding)
✓✓WebRTC (Web Real‐Time Communication) gateway to
support WebRTC apps (for example, voice/video calls
native to web apps)
Today, 4G LTE prioritizes carrier voice traffic. With 5G net-

works, enterprises will be able to prioritize different traffic for
different applications and services using 5G network slices
(discussed in Chapter 4). With network slices and increased
granularity of policy control, 5G networks will be able to offer
a wide variety of quality of service (QoS) options to different
network consumers. This model enables the enterprise to
become an operating service domain for communications (the
private virtual network operator, or PVNO) with the benefits
of extended services tuned to the needs of their business,
integrated with their business processes, and using the native
communications capabilities of a wide range of available
devices.
5G network slices also set the stage for traditional enterprise

features and applications, such as skills‐based routing, to
tie IoT capabilities back into more personal and intelligent
responses — for example, in a contact center.
Embedding Mobile
Communications into
Applications
Enterprises can leverage 5G to improve their enterprise com-
munications with employees and customers. Check out the
following examples:
✓✓Video communications: Currently, mobile video is expen-

sive in terms of mobile data and network capacity, but
these costs will come down with the introduction of 5G.
✓✓Security: As mobile communications grow, the impor-

tance of the mobile identity increases — one secure
ID that’s pervasive across the mobile experience. This
means that your mobile ID (that is, your phone number
or IP address) is your authentication into different apps
and websites, and your ID can move between different
devices (such as smartphones and tablets) even if you
don’t own the device.
✓✓WebRTC: Mobile connectivity becomes problematic as
people move across geographies. With WebRTC, you
don’t need an SP relationship to communicate — the ses-
sion is hosted on the web. WebRTC apps can be used in
kiosks, televisions, or on smartphones to emulate phone
service (for example, when you’re traveling abroad).
✓✓Big data: 5G enables more sensors and wireless data col-
lection points, which can feed into the enterprise to drive
big data applications.
✓✓Logistics: Enterprises can manage an entire fleet of driv-
erless cars or drones from their enterprise networks.
✓✓Embedded communications in business applications:
For example, embedding unified communications into
a business app improves the field service experience
so customers know exactly who’s arriving (and when).
This eliminates the need to communicate while driving
and uses video to improve the service experience (for
example, to show the technician what’s wrong before
arriving).
✓✓New 5G services: What could your business create with
fast, reliable mobile communication services with anyone
or anything, anywhere? Perhaps a keyless entry app for
your guest’s hotel room by using a smartphone. Or self‐
service ordering in a fast food line so your customers can
simply pick up their food at the counter. The possibili-
ties are really up to the imagination and creativity of the
enterprise.
Enterprises need to examine key vertical or horizontal work-

flow software that they depend on each day and determine if
that experience could be improved by embedding real‐time
communications.
Partnering with 5G Technology

Leaders
While there are logical 5G opportunities for MNOs and cloud
service providers (CSPs), the reality is that 5G will require a
far greater partnership between many different players in dif-
ferent industries.
For example, Wi‐Fi networks are expected to account for half

of all wireless communications in the 5G future, so multiple
parties will need to work together to ensure secure, seamless
mobility with 5G. Similarly, other radio access technologies
(RATs), such as Bluetooth Mesh and ZigBee, will need to work
seamlessly across 5G networks.
This represents one of the key opportunities for enterprises,

particularly software vendors and device manufacturers: how
to help MNOs and CSPs deliver the 5G experience, including
better battery life in mobile devices and sensors.
Chapter 6
Ten Ways 5G Will
Shape the Future
In This Chapter
▶▶Getting around in a 5G‐connected world
▶▶Improving quality of life with 5G
▶▶Changing the nature of work
▶▶Staying connected everywhere and on every imaginable device
▶▶Promoting safety, security, and social responsibility
▶▶Making the smart home more relaxing and enjoyable
D evices and applications in the Internet of Things (IoT)

will drive much of the future direction of 5G t echnology.
In this chapter, I describe some potential IoT and 5G use cases.
Transportation and Logistics:

Planes, Trains, and Automated
Everything
The Segway didn’t quite inspire people to architect entire
cities around them the way futurists predicted in 2001, but the
IoT will revolutionize transportation as we know it today. Self‐
driving cars and interconnected transport systems (ITS) with
vast arrays of sensors that direct and control traffic including
cars, trains, bikes, and people are just a few examples.
Airport operations — such as air traffic control, ground logis-

tics, aircraft maintenance, terminal security, ticketing and
reservations, and baggage claim — will all be transformed by
smart IoT devices connected over 5G mobile networks making
air travel safer, more convenient, more efficient, and less
expensive.
For example, smart, autonomous systems that can instantly

analyze thousands of data points from a multitude of sensors
throughout an aircraft will be able to automatically detect and
react to emergency conditions. 5G networks will also enable
critical flight data to be transmitted to the cloud in real‐time
(while the aircraft is still in the clouds), rather than being
recorded on those familiar black boxes.
Similarly, trains — both passenger and freight — will become

safer and more efficient. Sensors embedded in trains, as well
as in the rails themselves, will be able to detect track obstruc-
tions, changing weather conditions, and other potential haz-
ards, and recommend or take corrective action with minimal
human interaction. High‐speed 5G networks will enable com-
muters to stay securely connected on public and mass transit
systems during rush hour, whether above or below ground.
Intermodal freight transport — via rail, ship, and truck — and

logistics management will be safer and more efficient with IoT
innovations that leverage 5G connectivity. For example, real‐
time fleet tracking and optimal routing will better enable com-
mercial trucks and freighters to avoid congested or hazardous
roadways and shipping lanes, leverage real‐time weather and
ocean current data for safety and fuel efficiency, and coor-
dinate scheduling across port facilities, railyards, and ware-
houses to improve resource utilization.
We already have smart cars, but with self‐driving cars, we’ll

also have smarter drivers: computers. Just imagine not being
distracted by driving while you drink your coffee, adjust your
radio, text your friends, or put on your makeup.
Beyond today’s smart car innovations, smart cars of the

future will also be able to
✓✓Use real‐time information about weather, traffic, and road

conditions collected from sensors — for example, to map
actual icing on specific roads and bridges, tune engine
Chapter 6: Ten Ways 5G Will Shape the Future 39
operating parameters to reduce fuel consumption and
emissions, and automatically time your arrival at an
intersection so you don’t have to wait for a light change
✓✓Not only self‐park, but also drop you off at a building or
mall entrance and find a parking spot for itself, then find
you and pick you up when you’re ready to leave
✓✓Automatically synchronize speed and movement to
maintain a closer but safe distance with other vehicles in
order to reduce traffic congestion and accidents
✓✓Proactively diagnose engine problems and automatically
schedule maintenance and repairs at your preferred
dealer or automotive repair shop at a time that’s con-
venient for you, based on your online calendars, social
media, and direct feedback
Healthcare: Live Long

and Prosper
For anyone who’s confused about the origins of the Vulcan
salute, it’s the roman numeral five — as in 5G! Spock of course
understood that 5G connectivity, together with the IoT and
nanobiotechnology (which he discovered during his five‐year
mission to explore strange new worlds, when he met Mork
from Ork, who greeted him with “Nano, Nanobiotechnology”),
would enable medical advances that allow people to “live long
and prosper.”
5G connectivity will enable wearable medical devices such

as pacemakers and insulin pumps to transmit critical patient
data to a secure cloud for physicians to monitor and adjust
treatment plans for patients in real time. Future wearable
health and medical devices will also enable medical personnel
to monitor a wide array of physiological effects and the effec-
tiveness of prescription drugs. This data can then be automat-
ically uploaded to individual electronic health records (EHRs)
and sent (after being anonymized) to prescription drug manu-
facturers to further improve the quality of those drugs.
Nanobiotechology will enable physicians and surgeons to

implant or have patients ingest microscopic sensors that are
less intrusive than today’s medical examinations and surgical
procedures to help diagnose and treat illness, injury, and

disease at a cellular level.
Manufacturing: Domo Arigato

Mister Robot‐o
Robotics have been used extensively for various manufactur-
ing processes — such as in the automotive industry — to
perform repetitive tasks for many decades. With the advent
of 5G and the IoT, smart manufacturing that uses automation
and sensor information to operate manufacturing facilities
more efficiently will become ubiquitous in many more indus-
trial environments.
Remotely controlled or semi‐autonomous robots will increas-

ingly be used in areas that are hazardous or inefficient for
people to operate, including mining and forestry opera-
tions. 5G networks with high reliability and low latency will
be critical for communicating with the underlying control
systems for these applications in challenging environments
such as underground, at sea, beneath the ocean, and in other
remote areas.
Farming: Old McDonald

Had a Drone
You knew farming had gone high‐tech when you saw your first
commercial for the FarmersOnly.com online dating website.
5G technology will make it even easier for single farmers to
use their mobile devices to meet others with broad network
coverage across amber waves of grain. But there’s much more
that 5G will bring to farming as well.
5G connectivity will enable high‐tech sensors to measure

moisture and nutrient levels in the soil. Aerial drones and
heavy farm equipment will be remotely operated over 5G net-
works for planting, fertilization, irrigation, and harvesting.
Livestock can also be monitored over 5G networks with sen-
sors and drones that monitor characteristics and activities
such as
✓✓Body temperature, weight, and nutrition levels

✓✓Illness and disease
✓✓Fertility and milk production
✓✓Feeding, activity, and movement
Wireless Communications:
“Five Bars” Everywhere
5G will provide mobile broadband coverage in challenging
environments such as trains, planes, and in remote areas,
including underground and at sea. More seamless connectiv-
ity between Wi‐Fi and cellular networks (and mobile devices)
will also emerge as mobile network operators (MNOs) use a
broader mix of technologies to meet the increased demand
for wireless services.
Mobile Devices: There’s

a Device for That
Improved battery life will also play a significant role in
increasing the practicality of wireless‐enabled mobile devices.
From a smartphone user’s perspective, the seamless mobility
could be envisioned in a variety of different ways: a mobile
phone with more than one number; a mobile phone that can
“impersonate” your office phone or home phone; or the abil-
ity for any device (for example, a tablet, desktop PC, or televi-
sion) to impersonate your mobile phone.
This multi‐device, multi‐ID environment won’t be d ependent

on 5G technology. Instead, it will be a result of the mobile
ubiquity that 5G will bring. As people become more dependent
on mobile devices for work, home, and personal use, the abil-
ity to access these services on a multitude of devices w
ithout
logging in each time will become an u nderlying requirement.
Security: The 5G “Safety Net”

5G will enable increased use of video for security purposes,
including surveillance and live monitoring, to improve emer-
gency and government services. Real‐time transmission of
high‐resolution video feeds to secure clouds for analysis
employing facial recognition technology, for example, will
enable security personnel to identify and neutralize poten-
tial threats. The existence of this technology alone will deter
many types of criminal activity.
This capability will also allow better communications during

natural disasters. For example, there will be less risk of
emergency services losing cellular service during a flood,
earthquake, or hurricane. Video feeds from remote‐controlled
drones will enable search and recovery teams to quickly
locate trapped victims, airlift critical lifesaving supplies, and
perform otherwise dangerous rescue operations.
Energy: 5G Goes Green

Smart meters will be used for all our utilities in the future —
electricity, gas, and water — giving us more information and
control over how we use these resources. Beyond simply
programming a thermostat with preset times, you’ll be able to
selectively control the temperature in different rooms through-
out your home or different offices throughout your building,
and you’ll have your home automatically adjust the tempera-
ture to your desired setting before you arrive home — based
on your actual location rather than a preset time.
Smart LED lightbulbs will automatically turn on or off when

someone enters or leaves a room, adjust the brightness or
dimness in the room, and change colors based on the occu-
pant’s preference.
Smart appliances will be able to communicate with each other

to manage consumption more efficiently. For example, your
washer and dryer will automatically run when they detect a lull
in energy consumption, not only in your home but throughout
your neighborhood grid. Your water heater will be able to
heat up just the right amount of water to your preferred tem-
perature just in time for your shower, rather than heating the
entire tank to a preset temperature periodically throughout
the day. And your furnace will automatically alert you when
it’s time to change the filter so you can always ensure it’s run-
ning cleanly and efficiently.
Smart grid applications will collect data from smart meters

installed in businesses and residences throughout the grid
in real‐time. This information will enable electrical co‐ops to
better manage the safe and efficient distribution of electricity
to anticipate demand surges and avoid service disruptions.
This capability will, in turn, enable broader use of alternative —
but less predictable and controllable — sources of electricity
generation, such as solar and wind power.
A smart city grid will also help reduce traffic congestion,

which reduces energy consumption, carbon emissions — and
stress levels. Traffic signals will not only detect when a car
is present — they will also be able to determine how many
cars are present, where they’re going, and how best to time
different signals throughout the city to get every vehicle to its
destination in the safest and most efficient manner.
Repair Services: Don’t Call Us,

We’ll Call You
Your appliances will be able to initiate service calls for you
when a component fails or an impending malfunction is
detected. The service technician will then call you to schedule
the repair when it’s convenient for you (rather than the other
way around) — or your appliance can access your online cal-
endar and automatically schedule the service technician for
you. In many cases, the service technician may be able to per-
form a repair remotely over the 5G network or provide inter-
active video instructions for you to do some repairs yourself.
And cars will be able to download new software updates right
in your driveway — no need to schedule an expensive mainte-
nance visit to your mechanic.
Television: The “Idiot Box”

Gets Smart
As mobile broadband streaming becomes faster, the smart
television simply becomes one more display screen from
which to view content. The idea of dedicated, stand-alone
electronics for audio or video will become antiquated, as
consumers will increasingly be able to access rich multimedia
content on any number of devices, from televisions to smart-
phones, tablets, and wearables.
This trend is already evident in Millennials, who largely prefer

streaming their favorite programs, movies, and videos over
a smartphone or tablet — wherever they happen to be and
whenever they want — rather than sitting down in front of a
television and waiting for their program to air. Today, much of
this content is streamed or downloaded as IPTV or video on
demand, and 5G connectivity will increase that aspect of view-
ership as well, possibly sounding the death knell for broad-
cast television as we know it today.
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Mitel Special Edition

LIMIT OF LIABILITY/DISCLAIMER OF WARRANTY: THE PUBLISHER AND THE AUTHOR MAKE

Project Editor: Carrie A. Burchfield Business Development Representative:

Chapter 1: Welcome to the 5G Evolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Chapter 2: Looking at the Driving Forces behind

Chapter 3: Navigating the 5G Journey. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Chapter 4: Transforming Service Delivery for

Chapter 5: 5G Technology Innovation for

Chapter 6: Ten Ways 5G Will Shape the Future. . . . . . . 37

✓✓Faster mobile connections in more places (such as on

5G will enable the Internet of Things (IoT) and will transform

About This Book

✓✓What 5G is all about and what’s been done so far

✓✓How enterprises can leverage 5G for their business

If any of these assumptions describe you, this book is for

Icons Used in This Book

This icon points out information that you should commit

If you seek to attain the seventh level of NERD‐vana, perk up!

This icon points out helpful ­suggestions and useful nuggets of

I n this chapter, you take a high‐level look at the exciting

Faster Than a Speeding

✓✓Be more than 300 times faster with download rates of

✓✓Significantly reduce latency to less than 1 millisecond

Table 1‐1 compares some of the features and technologies of

Table 1-1 3G to 5G Features Comparison

Are We There Yet? Current 5G

First, it’s important to understand that mobile technology

To many casual observers, it may seem like 4G LTE has been

In fact, according to the June 2016 Ericsson Mobility Report, 4G

(see Figure 1‐1). Several carriers have already gotten an

Figure 1-1: 5G standards development timeline.

5G won’t replace 4G overnight, but instead it will coexist

Several network equipment vendors have also launched their

Vendors will need to work closely with different industry

N ot unlike the four Vs of big data (volume, velocity, vari-

12 times to approximately 50 EB by 2021. Mobile voice traffic

A terabyte (TB) is equal to 1024 gigabytes (GB), a petabyte

The amount of mobile data being generated is also growing —

Some estimates suggest that 5G will need to accommodate

5G networks will need to not only scale more cost‐effectively

Velocity: Slower Traffic

Small data is data that’s generated by IoT sensors and

Thus, 5G needs to support different velocity requirements for

The Next‐Generation Mobile Network (NGMN) Alliance has

✓✓Evolved Mobile Broadband (eMBB) provides ultra‐high

Variety: Connected Devices and

For example, nanobiotechnology (discussed in Chapter 6)

Of course, these IoT applications will require some sort of an

Video: Can You See Me Now?

According to Cisco’s Visual Networking Index, 55 percent of

Vision: Creating the 5G Future

5G is a transformative technology that will change the world.

Figure 2-1: 5G enables enterprise verticals.

I n this chapter, you take a look at several new and develop-

In a nutshell, it can’t. Thus, 5G proposes multiple radio access

RATs are the underlying physical connection methods (for

This flood of traffic will also require opening up the available

CA combines multiple 4G LTE/5G carrier signals (currently up

The continued development of Voice over LTE (VoLTE, dis-

Download your free copy of Voice Over Wi‐Fi For Dummies,

Redefining Networks: Software‐

This icon points out helpful suggestions and useful nuggets of

Figure 1-1: 5G standards development timeline.

Figure 2-1: 5G enables enterprise verticals.

Figure 3-1: Comparing server virtualization and SDN.

Figure 3-2: An NFV architectural framework.

Figure 3-3: The contextual cloud network enables mobility‐as‐a‐service,

Figure 4-1: The VoLTE architecture creates secure interconnected

Figure 4-2: Logical 5G network slices partition different performance

Figure 5-1: Comparing today’s enterprise mobility/UCC efforts and a

Figure 5-2: The Mobile Enterprise Services Architecture (MESA).