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MỆNH ĐỀ/CỤM TỪ ĐỘC LẬP - ABSOLUTE CLAUSE

1. Mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute Clause là gì?


Mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute Clause là cụm từ bổ nghĩa cho nguyên một câu, miêu tả câu này chi tiết
hơn. Nó thường xuất hiện trong văn chương và thơ.
Ví dụ:
• Weather permitting we shall meet in the evening. (= If weather permits, we shall meet in the
meeting > Nếu thời tiết cho phép, chúng ta sẽ gặp nhau trong buổi họp)
• The sun having risen, we set out on our journey. (= After the sun had risen, we set out on our journey
> Sau khi mặt trời mọc, chúng ta sẽ khởi hành).
2. Cấu trúc Mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute phrase
a. Danh từ + phân từ (Noun + participle)
Ví dụ:
• Her homework completed, Robin went to bed at midnight. (Hoàn thành bài tập, Robin đi ngủ lúc nửa
đêm) > [noun: homework + past participle: completed]
• The girl stands alone by herself, her hair fluttering in the wind. (Cô gái đứng một mình, tóc dài bay
trong gió) > [noun: hair + present participle: fluttering]
b. Đại từ + động từ nguyên mẫu có to (Pronoun + to infinitive)
Ví dụ:
• We all filed out, some to come back home, others to gather at the gate. (Chúng tôi nối đuôi nhau đi
ra, 1 số trở về nhà, số khác tụ tập trước cổng trường) > [pronoun: some/others + infinitive: to come
back/to gather]
Danh từ/đại từ + cụm giới từ/ tính từ (Noun/pronoun + prepositional/adjective phrase)
Ví dụ:
• He was waiting, (with) his eyes on her back. (Anh ta đang đợi, mắt dán vào vào lưng của cô) > [noun:
eyes + prepositional phrase: on her back]
• Her determination stronger than ever, Lan decided not to give up until she had achieved her
dreams. (Lòng kiên định mạnh mẽ hơn bao giờ hết, Lan quyết định sẽ không bỏ cuộc cho tới khi đạt
được giấc mơ của mình) > [noun: determination + adj: stronger]
3. Một số lưu ý
Mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute Phrase không có quan hệ về chức năng ngữ pháp với các thành phần khác
trong câu, nó ở thể đứng trước, sau hoặc chen vào giữa câu mà không ảnh hưởng tới cấu trúc trong câu.
Ví dụ:
• Her arms folded across her chest, the teacher warmed the class about the bad results of the final
exam. (Khoanh tay trước ngực, GVCN cảnh báo cả lớp về kết quả thi cuối kỳ tồi tệ)
• The old man tried to get up, the young man helping him. (Ông lão cố gắng ngồi dậy, cậu thanh niên đỡ
giúp ông)
• Lacey, heart pounding, stepped into his embrace. (Lacey, tim đập thình thịch, ngả vào vòng tay ôm
của anh)
Mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute Phrase thường được phân biệt với các thành phần khác trong câu bằng
dấu phẩy “,” (hoặc 1 cặp dấu phẩy).
Ví dụ:
• The night air encapsulated by fog, she vanished like a ghost.
• They finished their first meal together, their tummies satisfied and their hearts satiated.
Mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute Phrase được dùng để bổ nghĩa cho cả câu, nên có thể loại bỏ mà không
ảnh hưởng tới cấu trúc của câu.
4. Một số mệnh đề/Cụm từ độc lập - Absolute Phrase thông dụng
Một số cụm từ thông dụng được sử dụng như cụm từ độc lập. Vì không đi kèm với 1 từ đặc biệt nào, chúng có
thể đặt ở đầu hoặc cuối câu:
Ví dụ:
• Roughly speaking, the coat cost about 1000 dollars. (Nói chung, giá của cái áo khoảng 1, 000 đô)
• Considering his abilities, he should have done better. (Xét đến khả năng của anh ta, anh ta lẽ ra đã có
thể làm tốt hơn)
• A storm is brewing, judging by the dark clouds. (Cơn bão đang tới, dựa trên những đám mây đen)
• To get back to the main point, the budget needs to be bigger. (Quay trở lại vấn đề chính, chúng ta cần
ngân sách lớn hơn)

EXERCISES
Ex 1: Underline each absolute phrase. Do NOT underline any participial phrase that is directly
grammatically related to the rest of a sentence.
1. Her suspicions confirmed, the police officer made the arrest.
2. Backing out of the driveway, I hit the mailbox.
3. They will take the daytime train, the landscape inviting.
4. My doubts relieved, I gained confidence as the game progressed.
5. Peering through a microscope, the scientist identified several microbes.
6. His dogs panting with exertion, Hagos took a break from his run.
7. Its shutters hanging limply in the wind, the house looked abandoned and forlorn.
8. The car rusted and worthless, I left it at the junkyard.
9. Wearing a red plaid outfit, Lydia looked like a character in a novel.
10. Everything planned in advance, the party went like clockwork.
11. We scrambled from the car, racing to the amusement park gates.
12. Moving quickly, the lion cut off the fleeing zebra.
13. My garden is dying, pesticides having been applied by mistake.
14. As the parole board met to decide the fates of several people, the prisoner was hoping for parole.
Ex 2:

1) Combine the two sentences below. Turn the second sentence into an absolute phrase and place it in
front of the first sentence.

The storks circled above us. Their slender bodies were sleek and black against the orange sky.

2) Combine the two sentences below: Turn the second sentence into an absolute phrase and place it
after the first sentence.

On the tops of the hills, the grass stands at its tallest and greenest. Its new seed plumes rise through a
dead crop of last year's withered spears.

3) Create two absolute phrases by eliminating the words in bold.

Odysseus comes to shore, and the skin is torn from his hands, and the sea water is gushing from his
mouth and nostrils.

4) Combine the three sentences below: Turn the second and third sentences into absolute phrases, and
position them at the start of the sentence to establish a clear cause-effect relationship.

Norton vowed never to marry again. His first marriage ended in divorce. His second marriage ended in
despair.

5) Omit the word "when" and turn the main clause—in bold—into an absolute phrase.

When the double giant Ferris wheel circles, the swaying seats are more frightening than a jet plane
flying through a monsoon.

6) Combine the following four sentences into a single sentence with a present participial phrase and
two absolute phrases.

All afternoon the caravan passed by. The caravan shimmered in the winter light. Its numberless facets
were gleaming. The hundreds of wagon wheels were turning in the dust in slow and endless motion.

7) Combine the following five sentences into a single sentence with a present participial phrase and
three absolute phrases.

Six boys came over the hill. The boys were running hard. Their heads were down. Their forearms
were working. Their breaths were whistling.

8) Begin your new sentence with "The buildings sit empty," and turn the rest of the sentence into an
absolute phrase.

Jagged pieces of glass stick out of the frames of the hundreds of broken windows in the buildings that
sit empty.

9) Combine these sentences by replacing the period with a comma and eliminating the word in bold.

Proud of my freedom and bumhood, I stood in the doorway of the boxcar, rocking with the motion of
the train. My ears were full of the rushing wind and the clattering wheels.

10) Combine these three sentences by turning the first sentence into an absolute phrase and the third
into a subordinate clause beginning with "where."
His hair was wet from the showers. He walked in the icy air to Luke's Luncheonette. There he ate
three hamburgers in a booth with three juniors.

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