HEATING & COOLING

HEATING & COOLING

LOAD CALCULATIONS

1
 Overview
• Purpose
• Thermostat Setpoint
• Heat Loss and Heat Gain
d G i
– Weather Data
– Equations

2
 Purpose of Calculating Load
Purpose of Calculating Load
• Determine peak heating & cooling loads
Determine peak heating & cooling loads
• Used to size & select equipment
• Dependent on:
d
– Room Conditions
– Occupancy
– Building Construction
– Location

3
 Thermostatic Set Point
Thermostatic Set Point
• ANSI/ASHRAE
ANSI/ASHRAE Standard 55
Standard 55‐2010
2010 ‐‐ Thermal 
Thermal
Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy 

“Thermal comfort is the condition of mind
that expresses satisfaction
that expresses satisfaction
with the thermal environment.”

4
Factors Affecting Human Comfort
Factors Affecting Human Comfort
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Air speed
Air speed
• Personal parameters
• Clothing (insulation)
Clothing (insulation)
• Metabolic rates
• Age
• Gender
• Weight
• Activity
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 General Practice Comfort Limits
General Practice Comfort Limits
• Air temperature maintained between 68
Air temperature maintained between 68˚‐ 80
80˚FF
– Summer: 74˚‐ 80˚F @ 50% RH
• Max 60% RH
Max 60% RH
– Winter: 68˚‐ 75˚F 
• Min 35% RH 
Min 35% RH
• 3˚F maximum head‐to‐foot temperature gradient
• Air Speed in occupied zone: 
Air Speed in occupied zone: 50 fpm cooling
50 fpm cooling
30 fpm heating

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Comfort Index
Comfort Index

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Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss

Envelope Heat Loss: 
• Walls
• Floor
• Windows
• Roof

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations: 
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT
A U ΔT
qfloor = Perimeter x F x ΔT

Envelope Heat Loss: 
• Walls
• Floor
• Windows
• Roof
R f

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations: 
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT
A U ΔT
qfloor = Perimeter x F x ΔT
q = Load 
→Unit: BTUh
U = U value as calculated based on material properties
U = U‐value as calculated based on material properties
→Unit: BTUh/(ft2∙˚F)
Fp = Heat loss coefficient of slab floor construction
→Determined using ASHRAE published table
→Unit: BTUh/(ft∙˚F)
ΔT Temperature difference between indoors and outdoors
ΔT =  Temperature difference between indoors and outdoors
→Determined using ASHRAE published weather tables
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ASHRAE Weather Table
ASHRAE Weather Table

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals
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Headquarter’ss 1st Floor Plan 
Headquarter Floor Plan

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Headquarter’ss 2nd Floor Plan
Headquarter Floor Plan

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ASHRAE Headquarter’ss Elevations
ASHRAE Headquarter

North

South

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ASHRAE Headquarter’ss Elevations
ASHRAE Headquarter

East

West

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations: 
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT
qfloor = perimeter x F x ΔT

ΔT=70˚F‐20.7˚F = 49.3˚F

20.7°F 70°F

55°F

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations: 
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT
qfloor = Perimeter x F x ΔT

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations: 
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT
qfloor = Perimeter x F x ΔT
Area
7’ 40’ Awall = 13.5’ x (57’+40’+40’+7’)     
= 1,944 Ft2
Aroof = 40’ x 57’
= 2,280 Ft2
57’ Awindow = 0 Ft2

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations: 
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT
qfloor = Perimeter x F x ΔT
Area
7’ 40’ Awall = 13.5’ x (57’+40’+40’+7’)     
= 1,944 Ft2
Aroof = 40’ x 57’
= 2,280 Ft2
57’ Awindow = 0 Ft2
Pfloor = 57
= 57’+40’+40’+7’
+40 +40 +7
= 144 Ft

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 Heating – Heat Loss
Heating  Heat Loss
Equations:  Thermal Transfer
Thermal Transfer
qwall = qwindow = qroof = Area x U x ΔT Uwall = 0.059 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) 
qfloor = Perimeter x F x ΔT Uroof = 0.029 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F)
Uwindow = NA
NA
ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals Fp = 0.53 BTUh/(ft∙˚F)

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 Heat Loss – Total
Heat Loss 
qwall = Area x U x ΔT
= 1,944 ft2 x 0.059 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) x 49.3˚F
= 5,655 BTUh
qwindow = Area x U x ΔT
A U ΔT
= 0 BTUh
qroof = Area x U x ΔT
Area x U x ΔT
= 1,822 ft2 x 0.029 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) x 49.3˚F 
= 2,280 BTUh
qfloor = perimeter x F
i t Fp x ΔT
ΔT
= 144 ft x 0.53 BTUh/(ft∙˚F) x 49.3˚F
= 3,763 BTUh
,
Total Heat Loss = qwall + qwindow + qroof + qfloor = 11,698 BTUh
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Questions?

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 Cooling – Heat Gain
Cooling  Heat Gain

Internal Heat Gain:  Envelope Heat Gain: 
People
•People C d ti
•Conductive
•Equipment •Walls
•Lights •Floor
•Windows
•Roof
75°F •Solar
•Windows

55°F

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 Heat Gain – Sensible vs. Latent
Heat Gain  Sensible vs. Latent
Sensible: Temperature
•Internal Loads
•Peoplel
•Lights
•Equipment
p
•Computer
•Coffee Maker Latent: Moisture
•Envelope Loads •Internal Loads
•Walls •People
•Floor •Equipment
•Windows •Coffee Maker
•Roof •Envelope Loads 
•None

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 Heat Gain
Heat Gain
Space Heat Gain: Rate that heat enters space

Cooling Load: Rate that heat must be removed to maintain set 
space conditions
space conditions

• These are not the same due to building thermal capacitance – time 
lag
• Results in more complicated load calculation
• Computer analysis most accurate using Transfer Function Method
l f h d
• Many methods: TETD/TA, Radiant Time Series Method, Admittance 
Method, CLTD/SCL/CLF Method
Method, CLTD/SCL/CLF Method

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 CLTD Method
CLTD Method
• CLTD 
CLTD ‐ Cooling Load Temperature Difference
Cooling Load Temperature Difference

• Use tables created and published by ASHRAE
bl d d bli h d b S

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 Equations
• qs,wall = UxAxCLTDwall
– CLTDwall depends on: construction (mass), orientation, 
latitude, time, Δt

• qs,roof = UxAxCLTDroof
– CLTDroof depends on: construction (mass), time, Δt

• qs,window‐cond = UxAxCLTDwindow
– CLTDwindow cond depends on: construction, time, Δt
window‐cond p

• qs,window‐solar = UxSCxSHGF
– SHGF depends on: orientation, time
SHGF depends on: orientation time
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Heat Gain – Design Conditions
Heat Gain  Design Conditions

Envelope Heat Gain: 
C d ti
•Conductive
•Walls
•Windows
•Roof

75°F

Internal Temperatures: ASHRAE Standard 55
Outdoor Conditions Dependent on Location 

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ASHRAE Weather Table
ASHRAE Weather Table

ASHRAE Handbook – Fundamentals
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Heat Gain – Design Conditions
Heat Gain  Design Conditions

Envelope Heat Gain: 
C d ti
•Conductive
•Walls
DB: 91.5°F •Windows
MCWB: 74°F
•Roof

75°F

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 Equations
• qs,wall = UxAxCLTDwall
– CLTDwall depends on: construction (mass), orientation, 
latitude, time, Δt

• qs,roof = UxAxCLTDroof
– CLTDroof depends on: construction (mass), time, Δt

• qs,window‐cond = UxAxCLTDwindow
– CLTDwindow cond depends on: construction, time, Δt
window‐cond p

• qs,window‐solar = UxSCxSHGF
– SHGF depends on: orientation, time
SHGF depends on: orientation time
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 Example
Areas & U‐Values same as the heat loss calculation

Area Thermal Transfer
Thermal Transfer
Awall‐NE = 769.5 Ft2 Uwall = 0.059 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) 
Awall‐SE = 540 Ft2 Uroof = 0.029 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F)
= 94 5 Ft2
Awall‐SW = 94.5 Ft
Uwindow = NA
Awall‐NW = 540 Ft2
Aroof = 2,280 Ft2 Fp = 0.53 BTUh/(ft∙˚F)
Awindow = 0 Ft2
Pfloor = 144 Ft

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 Example – CLTD Value
Example  CLTD Value
• CLTD Values are attained from ASHRAE tables
CLTD Values are attained from ASHRAE tables
• Difficulty determining the peak time of day
• Tables have limited values
Tables have limited values

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Example – CLTD Value
Example  CLTD Value

CLTDroof (type 4) = 76˚F

76˚F

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 Example – CLTD Value
Example  CLTD Value

NE = 28˚F
CLTDwall ‐ NE  
CLTDwall ‐ SE = 31˚F
CLTDwall ‐ SW = 67˚F
CLTDwall ‐ NW = 49˚F
N
CLTDroof = 76˚F
CLTDwindow = NA
 Example
• qs,wallll = UxAxCLTD
= UxAxCLTDwallll
• qs,roof = UxAxCLTDroof
• qs,window‐cond = UxAxCLTDwindow
• qs,window‐solar
s window solar = UxSCxSHGC
UxSCxSHGC

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Example – CLTD Value
Example  CLTD Value

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 Example
qs,wall = UxAxCLTDwall
qs,wall = UxAxCLTDwall‐ NE  = 0.059 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) x 13.5’(57’) x 28˚F
= 1,271 BTUh
qs,wall
s wall = UxAxCLTDwall
wall‐ SE /( 2∙˚F) x 13.5’(40’) x 31˚F 
= 0.059 BTUh/(ft ) ( )
= 988 BTUh
qs,wall = UxAxCLTDwall‐ SW = 0.059 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) x 13.5’(7’) x 67˚F
= 374 BTUh
qs,wall = UxAxCLTDwall‐ NW  = 0.059 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) x 13.5’(40’) x 49˚F
= 1,561 BTUh

qs,roof = UxAxCLTD
U A CLTDroof 0 029 BTUh/(ft2∙˚F) x 2280ft
= 0.029 BTUh/(ft ˚F) 2280ft2 x 76˚F 
76˚F
= 5,025 BTUh

qenvelope= 9,220 BTUh
h
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Heat Gain – Internal
Heat Gain 

Internal Heat Gain: 
• People
• Equipment
• Lights
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Internal Heat Gain – People
Internal Heat Gain 

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 Internal Heat Gain – People
Internal Heat Gain 
• Determine number of people
Determine number of people
– Local code (International Mechanical Code)
– ASHRAE Standard 62.1, Ventilation for Acceptable 
ASHRAE Standard 62 1 Ventilation for Acceptable
Indoor Air Quality
– Owner / Architect input 
Owner / Architect input
• Occupancy density  

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42
 Internal Heat Gain – People
Internal Heat Gain 
• Exercise: Calculate for Room (exclude storage)
Exercise: Calculate for Room (exclude storage)
– Multi‐Use Assembly: 
• 62 1 Density Table: 100 people/1000 ft2 
62.1 Density Table: 100 people/1000 ft
• Area: 1,822 ft2 (does not account for the storage room 
area)
• Often the same value as IMC

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Headquarter’ss 1st Floor Plan 
Headquarter Floor Plan

260

Architectural Life Safety Plans
260 for fire code; 208 chairs 44
 Internal Heat Gain – People
Internal Heat Gain 
• Exercise: Calculate for Room (exclude storage)
( g )
– Multi‐Use Assembly: 183 people
– Architectural Life Safety Plans: 260 people
– Floor Plan: 208 Chairs
l l h

• Heat gain from people:
Heat gain from people:
qs, people = 208 People x 245 BTUh/person = 50,960 BTUh
ql, people
l people = 208 People x 155 BTUh/person = 32,240 BTUh
08 eop e 55 U /pe so 3 , 0 U
qt, people = 50,960 BTUh + 32,240 BTUh = 83,200 BTUh

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Internal Heat Gain – Equipment
Internal Heat Gain 

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Internal Heat Gain – Equipment
Internal Heat Gain 

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Internal Heat Gain – Equipment
Internal Heat Gain 

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 Internal Heat Gain – Equipment
Internal Heat Gain 
• Likely
Likely when space has 208 people very little 
when space has 208 people very little
equipment will need to be considered 
(not enough space for each person to have a laptop)
(not enough space for each person to have a laptop)
• Computer for presenter and (4) projectors 
– Laptop computer = 40 W
– Projector = 300 W x 4
• Total equipment load = 1,240 W
– Convert: 1,240 W x 3.412 BTUh/W = 4,230 BTUh
, / ,

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 Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Internal Heat Gain 
qs, lights
li h = 3.412WF
= 3 412WFullFsaN
W = Wattage
Ful = Lighting use factor (Ratio of wattage in use)
i hi f ( i f i )
Fsa = Lighting allowance factor (Ballast + Lamp)
N = Number of lights

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Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Internal Heat Gain 

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Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Internal Heat Gain 
 Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Pendants
d
qs, lights
s, lights = 3.412WFulFsaN
W = Wattage 
2 lamps/fixture input watts: 63 Watts/fixture
Ful = Lighting use factor
Li hti f t
All fixtures on: 1.0
Fsa = Lighting allowance factor
Lighting allowance factor
From ballast cut sheet: 1.03
N = Number of lights
18 fixtures

qs, lights = 3.412(63)(1.0)(1.03)(18) = 3,985 BTUh
3 412(63)(1 0)(1 03)(18) 3 985 BTUh
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Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Internal Heat Gain 

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Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Internal Heat Gain 

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 Internal Heat Gain – Lights
Cans
qs, lights
s, lights = 3.412WFulFsaN
W = Wattage 
1 lamps/fixture x 31 Watts = 31 Watts/fixture
Ful = Lighting use factor
Li hti f t
All fixtures on: 1.0
Fsa = Lighting allowance factor
Lighting allowance factor
From ballast cut sheet: 1.0
N = Number of lights
15 fixtures

qs, lights = 3.412(31)(1.0)(1.0)(15) = 1,587 BTUh
3 412(31)(1 0)(1 0)(15) 1 587 BTUh
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 Heat Gain – Total
Heat Gain 
Example:
p
• qs = qenvelope + qs, people + qs, equipment + qlights
= 9,220 BTUh + 50,960 BTUh + 4,230 BTUh + 5,570 BTUh
= 69,980 BTUh

• ql = q
ql, people
l people + q
+ ql, equipment
l equipment
= 32,240 BTUh + 0 
= 32,240 BTUh

• qt = qs + ql
• qt == 69,980 + 32,240 BTUh
69 980 + 32 240 BTUh = 102,220 BTUh
= 102 220 BTUh
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Questions?

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 Ventilation
• Introduction of outdoor air into a building
Introduction of outdoor air into a building
• Natural Ventilation
– Intentional air flow through doors, 
I t ti l i fl th hd
windows, vents, grilles, etc., by means 
of pressure differential
of pressure differential 
• Mechanical (Forced) Ventilation
– Introduction of outside air through the use of fans
I d i f id i h h h ff

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 Infiltration
• Unwanted/uncontrolled
Unwanted/uncontrolled outside air that 
outside air that
enters the building
– Doors, cracks and unintentional openings
Doors cracks and unintentional openings
• ‘Air leakage’
• Climate strategies

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 Purpose of Ventilation
Purpose of Ventilation 
• Why do the codes all address ventilation?
Why do the codes all address ventilation?
– Life, safety and welfare of building occupants
• Indoor contaminants:
Indoor contaminants:
– Chemicals 
– VOC (volatile organic compounds)
VOC (volatile organic compounds)
– Viruses and bacteria
– Odor 
• Dilution 
– Bring in OA that is cleaner than space air
Bring in OA that is cleaner than space air
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 Ventilation Rates
Ventilation Rates
• Why not use 100% OA?
Why not use 100% OA?
↑ Heating and cooling equipment size
↑ Energy consumed 
Energy consumed
• Minimums dictated by local code
– Most based on Standard 62.1 
 Purpose of Ventilation
Purpose of Ventilation
• Pollutants generated from two sources:
g
– People
– Building
• Dependent on space size and density of people

V RpPz+ R
V = R RaAz
Rp = Outdoor flow rate per person (CFM)
Pz = Number of people
Ra = Outdoor flow rate per area (CFM)
= Floor area (ft2)
Az = Floor area (ft

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Minimum Ventilation Rates

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65
 Ventilation Rate Example
Ventilation Rate Example

From Heating & Cooling Load ‐
Multi‐Use Assembly:
62.1 Density Table:
y
100 people/1000 ft2 
Area: 1,822 ft2
(often the same value as IMC)
(often the same value as IMC)
183 people
Architectural Life Safety Plans: 
260 people
l
Floor plan: 208 Chairs

66
 Ventilation Rate Example
Ventilation Rate Example
V = RpPz+ R
V = R + RaAz

Rp= 7.5 CFM/person
= 7 5 CFM/person = 0 06 CFM/ft2
Ra= 0.06 CFM/ft
Pz = 208 people Az= 1,822 ft2

V= (7.5)(208)+(0.06)(1,822)
V = 1670 CFMOA

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Questions?

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