Lab Name: Demonstration and study the different parts of car section model.

Course title: Internal combustion Engine (Lab) Total Marks: 20

Practical No. 2 Date of experiment performed: __________

Course teacher/Lab Instructor: Engr. Syed M. Kashif Shah Date of marking: __________

Student Name: __________________

Registration no.__________________

Evaluation Sheet
Taxonomy Contribution Max. Obtained
Knowledge components Domain
level marks marks

1. Student is aware with

requirement and use of Set (P2) 3
apparatus involved in
experiment
Psychomot
2. Student has conducted the
or
experiment by practicing
the hands-on skills as per 70%
Instructions.
Guided 11
3. Student has achieved Response
required accuracy in
performance. (P3)

4. Student is aware of
discipline & safety rules
Receiving (A1) 2
and followed the rules Affective
during experiment.
20%
5. Student has responded well
Respond (A2) 2
and contributed affectively in
Respective lab activity.
6. Student familiar with Comprehension
different parts of car
Cognitive (C2) 10% 2
section model.

Total 20

Signed by Course teacher/ Lab Instructor

 Experiment No.2
Title:
Demonstration and study the different parts of car section model.

Objective:
Learn the basic functions and mechanism of car engine parts.

Introduction:
Automobile Engine:
Internal Combustion Engines are engines or motors in which the fuel is burnt inside the engine itself, as
compared with External Combustion Engines like the steam engines where the fuel is burnt outside the
working cylinder of the engine. The petrol engine and diesel engine are used in modern automobiles are
both internal combustion engines. The chemical energy of the fuel is converted into heat energy by
combustion and part of this heat energy is converted into mechanical energy by the engine.

Working of Automobile Engine:

In IC Engines, the combustion take place inside cylinders, therefore the thermal energy of the fuel is directly
converted into mechanical work. The IC Engine has a higher thermal efficiency than the thermal
efficiency of EC Engines. In internal combustion engines, when the IC Engine is working continuously, we
may consider a cycle starting from any strokes. We know that when the engine returns to the strike
where it starts, we say that one cycle has been compared.
Strokes of IC Engine:
The IC Engines has four steps to complete one cycle.
1. Suction Stroke.
2. Compression Stroke.
3. Expansion Stroke.
4. Exhaust Stroke.

Suction Stroke: In this stroke, the fuel vapor in the correct proportion is supplied to the engine cylinder.
Compression Stroke: In this stroke, the fuel vapor is compressed in the engine cylinder.
Expansion Stroke: In this stroke, the fuel vapor burn by the spark plug is provided on the top of the engine
cylinder. When the fuel is burned suddenly raise the pressure, due to the expansion of the combustion
products in the engine cylinder.
Exhaust Stroke: In this stroke, the burnt gases are exhaust from the engine cylinder, so as to make space
available for the fresh fuel vapors.

Figure 1: Working of Automobile Engine

Car Section Model:

A car sectional model is used to observe the parts of a car and also the working of car engine.It is used for
learning the basic functions of every part of the car, its working and of what material it made of.some of
the main parts are mentioned below.

• Engine
• Tranmission
• Breaks
• Clutch
• Suspension
• Wheel mechanisim

Figure 2: Car Sectioned model

1. Engine block:

An engine block is the structure which contains the cylinders, and other parts, of an internal combustion
engine. In an early automotive engine, the engine block consisted of just the cylinder block, to which a
separate crankcase was attached. Modern engine blocks typically have the crankcase integrated with the
cylinder block as a single component. Engine blocks often also include elements such
as coolant passages and oil galleries.

The term "cylinder block" is often used interchangeably with engine block, although technically the block of
a modern engine (i.e. multiple cylinders in a single component) would be classified as a monobloc.
Another common term for an engine block is simply "block".
 Figure 3: Engine Block

2. Cylinder head:
In an internal combustion engine, the cylinder head (often informally abbreviated to just head) sits above
the cylinders on top of the cylinder block. It closes in the top of the cylinder, forming the combustion
chamber. This joint is sealed by a head gasket. In most engines, the head also provides space for the
passages that feed air and fuel to the cylinder, and that allow the exhaust to escape. The head can also
be a place to mount the valves, spark plugs, and fuel injectors.

Figure 4: Cylinder Head

3. Piston:
A piston is a component of reciprocating engines, reciprocating pumps, gas compressors, hydraulic
cylinders and pneumatic cylinders, among other similar mechanisms. It is the moving component that is
contained by a cylinder and is made gas-tight by piston rings. In an engine, its purpose is to transfer
force from expanding gas in the cylinder to the crankshaft via a piston rod and/or connecting rod. In a
pump, the function is reversed and force is transferred from the crankshaft to the piston for the purpose
 of compressing or ejecting the fluid in the cylinder. In some engines, the piston also acts as a valve by
covering and uncovering ports in the cylinder.

Figure 5: Piston

4. Piston ring:
To A piston ring is a metallic split ring that is attached to the outer diameter of a piston in an internal
combustion engine or steam engine.

The main functions of piston rings in engines are:

• Sealing the combustion chamber so that there is minimal loss of gases to the crank case.

• Improving heat transfer from the piston to the cylinder wall.

• Maintaining the proper quantity of the oil between the piston and the cylinder wall

• Regulating engine oil consumption by scraping oil from the cylinder walls back to the sump.
Most piston rings are made from cast iron or steel.

Figure 6: Piston Rings

5. Connecting rods:
A connecting rod, also called a con rod, is the part of a piston engine which connects the piston to the
crankshaft. Together with the crank, the connecting rod converts the reciprocating motion of the piston
into the rotation of the crankshaft. The connecting rod is required to transmit the compressive and
tensile forces from the piston, and rotate at both ends.

The predecessor to the connecting rod is a mechanic linkage used by water mills to convert rotating motion
of the water wheel into reciprocating motion.

The most common usage of connecting rods is in internal combustion engines or on steam engines.
 Figure 7: Connecting Rod

6. Crankshaft:
A crankshaft is a rotating shaft which (in conjunction with the connecting rods) converts reciprocating
motion of the pistons into rotational motion. Crankshafts are commonly used in internal combustion
engines and consist of a series of cranks and crankpins to which the connecting rods are attached.[1]
The crankshaft rotates within the engine block through use of main bearings, and the crankpins rotate
within the connecting rods using rod bearings. Crankshafts are usually made from metal, with most
modern crankshafts being constructed using forged steel.

Figure 8: Crankshaft

7. Engine bearings:
In a piston engine, the main bearings are the bearings which hold the crankshaft in place and allow it to rotate
within the engine block.
Main bearings are usually plain bearings or journal bearings, held in place by the engine block and bearing
caps. The number of main bearings per engine varies between engines, often in accordance with the forces
produced by the operation of the engine.
 Figure 9: Engine Bearings

8. Crankcase:
A crankcase is the housing for the crankshaft in a reciprocating internal combustion engine. In most modern
engines, the crankcase is integrated into the engine block.

Two-stroke engines typically use a crankcase-compression design, resulting in the fuel/air mixture passing
through the crankcase before entering the cylinder(s). This design of the engine does not include an oil
sump in the crankcase.

Four-stroke engines typically have an oil sump at the bottom of the crankcase and the majority of the
engine's oil is held within the crankcase. The fuel/air mixture does not pass through the crankcase in a
four-stroke engine, however a small amount of exhaust gasses often enter as "blow-by" from the
combustion chamber.

The crankcase often forms the lower half of the main bearing journals (with the bearing caps forming the
other half), although in some engines the crankcase completely surrounds the main bearing journals.

An open-crank engine has no crankcase. This design was used in early engines and remains in use in some
large diesel engines, such as used in ships.

Figure 10: Crankcase

9. Valves:
Pertains to valves or systems that control the flow of gases or fluids within an engine, particularly:

• steam to and from the cylinder(s) of a steam engine

• the fuel-air mixtures to, or exhaust gases from, internal combustion engines.
 Figure 11: Valves

10. Spark plug:

A spark plug (sometimes, in British English, a sparking plug, and, colloquially, a plug) is a device for
delivering electric current from an ignition system to the combustion chamber of a spark-ignition engine
to ignite the compressed fuel/air mixture by an electric spark, while containing combustion pressure
within the engine. A spark plug has a metal threaded shell, electrically isolated from a central electrode
by a ceramic insulator. The central electrode, which may contain a resistor, is connected by a heavily
insulated wire to the output terminal of an ignition coil or magneto. The spark plug's metal shell is
screwed into the engine's cylinder head and thus electrically grounded. The central electrode protrudes
through the porcelain insulator into the combustion chamber, forming one or more spark gaps between
the inner end of the central electrode and usually one or more protuberances or structures attached to
the inner end of the threaded shell and designated the side, earth, or ground electrode(s).

Spark plugs may also be used for other purposes; in Saab Direct Ignition when they are not firing, spark
plugs are used to measure ionization in the cylinders – this ionic current measurement is used to replace
the ordinary cam phase sensor, knock sensor and misfire measurement function. Spark plugs may also
be used in other applications such as furnaces wherein a combustible fuel/air mixture must be ignited. In
this case, they are sometimes referred to as flame igniters.

Figure 12: Spark Plug

11. Injector:
Fuel injection is the introduction of fuel in an internal combustion engine, most commonly automotive
engines, by the means of an injector.

All compression-ignition (diesel) engines use fuel injection, and many Spark-ignition engines use fuel
injection of one kind or another. In automobile engines, fuel injection was first volume-produced in the
 late 1960s, and gradually gained prevalence until it had largely replaced carburetors by the early 1990s.
The primary difference between carburetion and fuel injection is that fuel injection atomizes the fuel
through a small nozzle under high pressure, while a carburetor relies on suction created by intake air
accelerated through a Venturi tube to draw the fuel into the airstream.

Figure 13: Fuel Injector

12. Manifold:
In mathematics, a manifold is a topological space that locally resembles Euclidean space near each point.
More precisely, an n-dimensional manifold, or n-manifold for short, is a topological space with the
property that each point has a neighborhood that is homeomorphic to the Euclidean space of
dimension.

One-dimensional manifolds include lines and circles, but not figure eights (because no neighborhood of
their crossing point is homeomorphic to Euclidean 1-space). Two-dimensional manifolds are also called
surfaces. Examples include the plane, the sphere, and the torus, which can all be embedded (formed
without self-intersections) in three dimensional real space, but also the Klein bottle and real projective
plane, which will always self-intersect when immersed in three-dimensional real space.

Figure 14: Manifold

13. Camshaft:

A camshaft is a rotating object usually made of metal that contains pointed cams, which converts rotational
motion to reciprocal motion. Camshafts are used in internal combustion engines (to operate the intake
and exhaust valves), mechanically-controlled ignition systems and early electric motor speed controllers.
Camshafts in automobiles are made from steel or cast iron, and are a key factor in determining the RPM
range of an engine's power band.

Figure 15:Camshaft

14. Gudgeon pin:

In internal combustion engines, the gudgeon pin (UK, wrist pin or piston pin US) connects the piston to the
connecting rod, and provides a bearing for the connecting rod to pivot upon as the piston moves. In very
early engine designs, including those driven by steam, and many very large stationary or marine engines,
the gudgeon pin is located in a sliding crosshead that connects to the piston via a rod. A gudgeon is a
pivot or journal. The origin of the word gudgeon is the Middle English word gojoun, which originated
from the Middle French word goujon. Its first known use was in the 15th century.

Figure 16: Gudgeon Pin

15. Pushrod:
A push rod is a part of an internal combustion engine that rests in the top of a valve lifter and goes up into
the rocker arm. As the lifter follows the cam lobe, the push rod actuates the rocker arm and moves the
valve, opening and closing it to allow fuel and air in and exhaust out of the combustion chamber.

Figure 17: Pushrod

16. Flywheel:
A flywheel is a mechanical device specifically designed to efficiently store rotational energy (kinetic energy),
which is proportional to the square of its rotational speed and its mass. Flywheels resist changes in
rotational speed by their moment of inertia and in order to change a flywheel's stored energy (without
changing its mass) its rotational speed must be increased or decreased. Since flywheels act as
mechanical energy storage devices, they are the kinetic-energy-storage analogue to electrical inductors,
for example, which are a type of accumulator. Like other types of accumulators, flywheels smooth the
ripple in power output, providing surges of high power output as required, absorbing surges of high
power input (system-generated power) as required, and in this way act as low-pass filters on the
mechanical velocity (angular, or otherwise) of the system.

Figure 18: Flywheel

Interior parts of a car:

Interior of a car includes:

• Gear lever

• Seat belt

• Steering wheel

• Windscreen

• Speedometer

• Fuel guages, temperature guages, car trip meter, rev counter and horn

• Brake pads

• Clutch pad

• Accelerator

• Door handle

• Air vent

• Hand brake

• Heat rest

• Dashboard

• Glove box

Figure 19: Interior of a Car

Exterior parts of a car:

Exterier of a car includes:

• Hoods

• Header and nose panel

• Radiator support

• Grillers

• Bumpers

• Mirrors

• Headlights and tail lights

• Fenders

• Doors

• AC Condensers

• Step bumpers

• Tailgates

• Bonnet

Figure 20: Exterior of a Car

Conclusion:
• Introduction to automobile engines.
• Working of automobile engines.
• Major components of engines.
• Interior or exterior parts of a car.
Observations:
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 LAB REPORT
Prepare the Lab Report as below:

TITLE:

OBJECTIVE:

APPARATUS:

PROCEDURE:
(Note: Use all steps you studied in LAB SESSION of this tab to write procedure and to
complete the experiment)
 DISCUSSION:

Q1: What is the difference between intake manifold and exhaust manifold?

Q2: Explain the working crankshaft and piston.

Conclusion /Summary