Problem 1 - Hydraulics

If 6 m3 of soil weight 47 kn , calculate the following.

a) specific weight
47 c) specific gravity:
y = 6 = 7.833 kN/m3 7.833
b) Density: sp.gr. = 9.81 = 0.80

7833
p = 9.81 = 798 kg/m3

Problem 2 - Hydraulics

For the open tank with piezometers attached on the side, contains two different
liquids.
➀ Find the elevation of the liquid in piezometer A.
➁ Find the pressure at the bottom of the tank.
➂ Find the elevation of the liquid in piezometer B.
Solution: A B
➀ Elevation of liquid at piezometer A = 2m. El. 2.0m

➁ Pressure at the bottom of the tank: A(0.72)

Pbottom = 9.81(0.72)(2 - 0.3)
+ 9.81(2.36)(0.3) El. 0.3m h

Pbottom = 18.95 kPa B(2.36)

➂ Elevation of the liquid at piezometer B:

0 + 9.81(0.72)(1.7) + 9.81(2.36)(0.3)
- 2.36(h)(9.81) = 0
h = 0.819
Elevation 0 + 0.819 = 0.819 m.
Problem 3 - Hydraulics

Oil of sp.gr. 0.750 flows through the nozzle shown and deflects the mercury in the
U-tube gage.

➀ Determine the value of h if the pressure at A is 142 kPa.

➁ What is the pressure at B.
➂ If the diam. at A is 200 mm, compute the velocity at A if oil flows at a rate of
36000 liters per minute.

Solution:
➀ Value of h:
142 + 9.81(0.75)(h + 2.75) A
- 13.6(9.81)(h) = 0
2.75
142 - 126.0585h + 20.233 = 0
D
h = 1.29 m. h
B C

➁ Pressure at B:
Hg(13.6)
PB = 142 + (9.81)(0.75)(2.75 + 1.29)
PB = 177.72 kPa

➂ Velocity at A:
Q = 36000 liters/minute
Q = 0.60 m3/s
Q = AV
π
0.60 = (0.2)2 V
4
V = 19.10 m/s
Problem 4 - Hydraulics

A cylinder glass tubing 2.8 cm. inside diameter and 90 cm long with one end closed is immersed
vertically with the open end down into a tank of cleaning solvent (sp.gr. = 0.73) until only 5 cm. of
its length remain above the liquid surface. If the barometric pressure is 1 kg/cm2 and neglecting
vapor pressure,

➀ How high will the fluid rise in the tube? 2.8cm

➁ Compute the height of air inside the glass.
➂ What force required to maintain equilibrium. 5cm

Solution: 90cm
➀ Height of fluid rise in the tube: h
P1 = 1 kg/cm2 Cleaning
solvent
P2 = P1 + wh x (S=0.73)

1000(0.73)(h) Kg m3
P2 = 1 + ( )
(100)3 m3 1003 cm3
P2 = 1 + 0.00073h kg/cm2
π
V1 = 4 (2.8) 2 (90)
V1 = 554.18 cm3
π
V2 = 4 (2.8) 2 (h + 5)
V2 = 6.158 (h + 5)

Using Boyle's Law:

P1V1 = P2V2 ➁ Height of air inside the glass:
1(554.18) = (1 + 0.00073h)(6.158)(h + 5) h + 5 = 85 cm.

554.18 ➂ Force required to maintain

6.158 = (1 + 0.00073h) (h + 5) equilibrium:
89.99 = h + 0.00073h2 + 5 + 0.00365h ρA = γ h A
89.99 = 0.00073h2 + 1.00365h + 5 π(0.028)2
h2 + 1374.86h - 116424.657 = 0 F = 9810 4 0.80
h = 80 cm.
F = 4.83 N
x = 90 - 5 - 80
x = 5 cm.
Problem 5 - Hydraulics

The 8 ft. diam. cylinder weighs 500 lb. and rests on the bottom of a tank that is 3 ft. long.
Water and oil are poured into the left and right portions of the tank to depths of 2 ft. and 4 ft.
respectively.

➀ Find the horizontal component of the force that will kept the cylinder touching the tank at
B.
➁ Find the vertical component of the force that will push up the cylinder.
③ Compute the force that will keep the cylinder touching the tank at B.

Solution:

➀ Horizontal component of the force that will kept the cylinder touching the tank at B:
P1 = γw h A 500 lb
P1 = 62.4 (1) (2) (3) Oil
P1 = 374 lb. 4
(0.75)

H 2O 2
60˚ 4
2 P1 2 P2
P2 = γw h A B
Fv1 Fv2
P2 = 62.4 (2) (4) (3) (0.75)
500 lb
P2 = 1123 lb.
Ph = P2 - P1 4
Oil
(0.75)

Ph = 1123 - 374 H 2O 4
60˚ 2
4
Ph = 749 lb. 2 2
B
➁ Vertical component of the force that will push up the cylinder: Fv1 Fv2

π(4)2
(3)(0.75)
Fv2 = 62.4 4 = 1764 lb.
π(4)2 (60
2(4)Sin 60˚
Fv1 = 62.4 [ 360 - 2 ] (3)
Fv1 = 920
Fv = 1764 + 920
Fv = 2684 lb.
③ Force that will keep the cylinder touching the tank at B:
FB + 500 = 2684
FB = 2184 lb. (downward)
Problem 6 - Hydraulics

The 6 ft. diameter cylinder weighs 5000 lb. and is 5 ft. long.

➀ Determine the upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side.
➁ Compute the horizontal reaction at A.
③ Compute the vertical reaction at B.

Solution:
➀ Upward force due to the effect of oil in the left side:

E C

Pv = γw V Oil D A
2
(0.80)
(π)(3)
(5)
Pv = 62.4(0.8) 2 B
Pv = 3529 lb. (upward)

➁ Horizontal reaction at A:
Ph = γw h A
Ph = 62.4 (.80)(3)(6)(5)
Ph = 4493 lb. 5 E C
RA = 4493 lb. to the left.
6 D RA
A
Ph

③ Vertical reaction at B: B
Pv
RB + Pv = 5000 RB
RB = 5000 - 3529
RB = 1471 lb. (upward)
Problem 7 - Hydraulics

From the figure shown.

➀ Compute the horizontal component of the hydrostatic force.

➁ Compute the vertical component of the hydrostatic force.
③ Compute the location of the vertical component horizontally from B.

Solution:
➀ Horizontal component of the hydrostatic force: Hinge
1 6’
Ph = γw h A
A C
4’
Ph = 62.4 (3)(6)(1) 6 Ph 6’
Ph = 1123 lb. 1/3(6)=2
B
R
Pv
➁ Vertical component of the hydrostatic force: x

(π)(6)2
(1)
Pv = 62.4 4
Pv = 1764 lb.

③ Location of the vertical component horizontally from B:

4r
x = 3π
4(6)
x = 3π
x = 2.55 ft. from B
Problem 8 - Hydraulics

A wooden storage vat, 20 ft. outside diam. is filled with 24 ft. of brine sp.gr. = 1.06.
1
The wood staves are bound by flat steel bands 2 in. wide by 4 inch thick, whose
allowable stress is 16,000 psi.

➀ What is the bursting pressure?

➁ What is the tensile force of steel bands.
➂ What is the spacing of the bands near the bottom of the vat, neglecting any
initial stress?

Solution: 20’

➀ Bursting pressure:
2T = F T

2T = P D(S) 24’ sp.gr.=1.06 1/4” D

T 2”
1/4”

P = γw h
P = 62.4 (1.06)(24) T

P = 1587.5 psf. F
T
D
S

➁ Tensile force of steel bands:

T = Ss A
⎛1⎞
T = 16000 (2) ⎜⎜4⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
T = 8000 lb.

➂ Spacing of the bands near the bottom of the vat:

2T = P D S
2(8000) = 1587.5 (20) S
S = 0.504 ft.
S = 6.05 inches
Problem 9 - Hydraulics

A concrete dam retaining water is shown. If the specific weight of concrete is 23.5
kN/m3.

➀ Find the factor of safety against sliding.

➁ Find the factor of safety against overturning if the coeff. of friction is 0.48.
➂ Find the max. and min. pressure intensity

Solution:
➀ Factor of safety against sliding: 2m

Considering 1 meter strip:

___ 7m
6m
P=γhA
P = 9.79 (3)(6)(1) 4m
P = 176.20 kN 2 2
3
2(7) W2
w1 = 2 (1)(23.5) 7m
W1
6m
P
w1 = 164.5 kN 2

w2 = 2 (7)(1)(23.5) 1.333
x R
w2= 329 kN y
2 2
Ry = 164.5 + 329
Ry = 493.5 kN Pmax
Pmin

Factor of safety against sliding: 1.73 e

uRy Ry
F.S. = P
0.48 (493.5)
F.S. = 176.20
F.S.= 1.34
Problem 9 – Hydraulics (Continuation)

➁ Factor of safety against overturning.

O.M. = P(2)
O.M. = 176.20(2)
O.M. = 352.4 kN.m.
R.M. = w1 (1.333) + w2 (3)
R.M. = 164.5 (1.333) + 329(3)
R.M. = 1206 kN.m.
R.M.
F.S. =
O.M.
1206
F.S. =
352.4
F.S. = 3.42

➂ The max. and min. pressure intensity:

___
Ry x = R.M. - O.M.
1206 - 352.4
x=
493.5
x = 1.73
e = 2 - 1.73
e = 0.27
Ry ⎛ 6e⎞
Pmin. = B ⎜⎜1 - B ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
493.5 6(0.27)
Pmin. = 4 [1 - 4 ]
Pmin. = 73.4 kN/m2.
R ⎛ 6e⎞
Pmax. = B ⎜⎜1 + B ⎟⎟
⎝ ⎠
493.5 6(0.27)
Pmax. = 4 [1 + 4 ]
Pmax. = 173.34 kN/m2.
Problem 10 - Hydraulics

A prismatic object 200 mm thick by 200 mm wide by 400 mm long is weighed in

water at a depth of 500 mm and found to be 50 N.

➀ Find its weight in air.

➁ Find its specific gravity.
➂ Find its specific weight.

Solution:
➀ Weight in air:
W = BF + 50
BF = 0.2(0.2)(0.4)(9810)
BF = 156.96 N
W = 156.96 + 50
W = 206.96 N

➁ Specific gravity:
206.96
Sp.gr. = 156.96
Sp.gr. = 1.32

➂ Specific weight:
Sp.wt.
9.81 = 1.32
Sp.wt. = 12.94 kN/m3

Check:
206.96
3
0.2(0.2)(0.4) = 12935 N/m
= 12.94 kN/m3
Problem 11 - Hydraulics

➀ What fraction of the volume of a solid object of sp.gr. 7.3 floats above the
surface of a container of mercury?
➁ If the volume of the object below the liquid surface is 0.014 m3, what is the
wt. of the object.
➂ What load applied vertically that would cause the object to be fully
submerged?

Solution:

➀ Fraction of vol. of a solid object above the mercury:

W = BF
(7.3)(V)(9.81) = V1 (9.81)(13.6)
V = 1.863 V1
V1 = 0.536 V V2
V2 = V - 0.536 V
V2 = 0.464 V V1
V2
V = 0.464
Mercury (13.6)

➁ Wt. of object:
V1 = 0.014
V = 1.863(0.014)
V = 0.026 m3
W = 0.026(9.81)(7.3)
W = 1.86 kN

➂ Load to cause the object to submerged:

P = V2 (9.81)(13.6)
P = 0.464(0.026)(9.81)(13.6)
P = 1.61 kN
Problem 12 - Hydraulics

A hydrometer weighs 0.002 kg has a stem at the upper end, which is 3 mm in

diameter. How much deeper will it float in oil (sp.gr. = 0.78) than in alcohol having
sp.gr. of 0.82?

Solution:
In alcohol: (sp.gr. = 0.82)
BF = W
h
(9810)(0.82)V1 = 0.002(9.81)
V1 = 2.44 x 10-6 m3
V1 = 2440 mm3
w.s. w.s.

In oil (sp.gr. = 0.78)

BF = W
9810(0.78)V2 = 0.002(9.81)
V2 = 2.56 x 10-6 m3 Alcohol (sp. gr. = 0.82) Oil (sp. gr. = 0.78)

V2 = 2560 mm3

V = V1 – V2
V = 2560 – 2440
V = 120 mm3
π 2
(3) h = 120
4
h = 16.98 mm
Problem 13 - Hydraulics

A piece of wood of sp.gr. 0.651 is 3 in. square and 5 ft. long.

➀ What is the volume of lead having a unit weight of 700 pcf that should be
fastened at one end of the stick so that it will float upright in 1 ft. out of
water?
➁ Determine the weight of the lead?
➂ Determine the total weight of lead and the wood.

Solution:
➀ Volume of lead: W1
3”
w1 + w2 = BF1 + BF2 3”
1’
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞
0.651 ⎜⎜12⎟⎟⎜⎜12⎟⎟ (5)(62.4) + 700 V
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
BF1
⎛ 3 ⎞⎛ 3 ⎞ 4’
= ⎜⎜12⎟⎟⎜⎜12⎟⎟(4) 62.4 + 62.4 V W2
⎝ ⎠⎝ ⎠
V = 0.00456 ft3.
Lead
➁ Weight of lead: BF2
w=VxD
w = 0.00456 (700)
w = 3.19 lb.

➂ Total weight:
3 3
= 3.19 + 0.651 (12 )(12 )(5)(62.4)
= 15.88 lb.

Problem 14 - Hydraulics
A piece of wood floats in water with 50 mm projecting above the water surface.
When placed in glycerine of sp.gr. 1.35, the block projects 75 mm above the liquid
surface.

➀ Find the height of the piece of wood.

➁ Find the sp.gr. of wood.
➂ Find the weight of the wood if it has a cross sectional area of 200 mm x 200
mm.

Solution:
➀ Height of wood:
W = 9.81(A)(h - 0.05)
S h (9.81)(A) = 9.81A (h - 0.05)
S h = h - 0.05
W = 9.81(1.35) A (h - 0.075)
S h (9.81) A = 9.81(1.35) A (h - 0.075) 0.05

S h = 1.35(h - 0.075) h-0.05

h - 0.05 = 1.35 (h - 0.075)

0.35h = 0.05125 water

h = 0.146 m.
0.075

➁ Sp.gr. of wood: h-0.075

S h = h - 0.05
S (0.146) = 0.146 - 0.05 Glycerine

S = 0.658

➂ Wt. of wood:
W = 9.81(0.658)(0.146)(0.2)(0.2)
W = 0.038 kN
W = 38 N
Problem 15 - Hydraulics

An open horizontal tank 2 m high, 2 m. wide and 4 m. long is full of water.

➀ How much water is spilled out when the tank is accelerated horizontally at 2.45 m/sec2 in a
direction parallel with its longest side?
➁ What is the force acting on the side with the greatest depth?
➂ Compute the required accelerating force.
Solution:
Water spilled out:
Volume of water spilled
➀
a θ
tan θ = g
x=1
θ 2

2.45 1
tan θ = 9.81
4
1
tan θ = 4
x 1 2m

4 =4
1m
F1 F2

x = 1 m. 4
1(4)(2)
Vol. of water spilled = 2
2m
Vol. of water spilled = 4 cu. m. F1 F2 1m
➁ Force acting on the side with the greatest depth.
F1 = γw h1 A1
F1 = 9.81 (1)(2)(2)
F1= 39.24 kN
➂ Required accelerating force:
F2 = γw h2 A2
1
F2 = 9.81 (2 ) (1)(2)
F2= 9.81
Accelerating force = 39.24 - 9.81
Accelerating force = 29.43 kN
Check:
F=ma
W
F = (g ) a
[2(2)(4) - (4)] (9.81)
F= 9.81 (2.45) = 29.4 kN
Problem 16 - Hydraulics

A 75 mm diameter pipe, 2 meter long is just filled with oil, specific gravity is 0.855 and then capped.
Placed in a horizontal position, it is rotated at 27.5 rad/sec. about a vertical axis 0.5 meter from one
end.
➀ What is the pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe?
➁ What is the pressure in kPa at the other end of the pipe?
➂ What is the pressure at the midpoint of the pipe?
Solution:
➀ Pressure in kPa at the far end of the pipe:
P2 = γw h
h = y - y1
ω 2 r2 ω
y = 2g
rad
ω = 27.5 sec
h
2
(27.5) (2.5) 2 y
y = 2(9.81)
h1
y = 240.9 m. 1 2 y2
ω 2 r1 2 y1
y1 = 2g r1
0.5m 2m
(27.5)2 (0.5)2 r=2.5m
y1 = 2(9.81)
r =1.5 m.
y1 = 9.64
h = 240.90 - 9.64 = 231.26 m.
P2 = γw h
P2 = 9.81(0.822) (231.26) = 1864.8 kPa
➁ Pressure in kPa at the other end of the pipe:
P1 = 0
➂ Pressure at the midpoint of the pipe:
ω 2 r2
y2 = 2g
(27.5)2 (1.5)2
y2 = 2(9.81)
y2 = 86.73
Pm = γw h1
Pm = 9.81(0.822)(86.73 - 9.64) = 621.6 kPa
Problem 17 - Hydraulics

A turbine is rated at 450 KN when the flow of water through it is 0.609 m3/s.
Assuming an efficiency of 87%, what head is acting on the turbine?

Solution:
Power = QWE x Efficiency
450 = 0.609(9.81)E(0.87)
E = 86.6 m.

Problem 18 - Hydraulics

Oil of sp.gr. of 0.75 is flowing through a 150 mm pipe under a pressure of 103 kPa.
If the total energy relative to a datum plane 2.40 m. below the center of the pipe is
17.9 m. kN/kN, determine the flow of oil.

Solution:
V12 P1
Energy = + +Z
2g w
V2 103
17.9 = + + 2.40
2(9.81) 0.75(9.81)
V = 5.43 m/s
Q = AV
π
Q = (0.15)2 (5.43)
4
Q = 0.096 m3 / ss
Problem 19 - Hydraulics

A 150 mm diameter jet of water is discharge from a nozzle into the air. The
velocity of the jet is 36 m/s. Find the power in the jet?
Solution:
V2
E=
2g
(36)2
E= = 66.06
2(9.81)
Power = QwE
Q = AV
π
Q = (0.15)2 (36) = 0.636 m3 / s
4
Power = 0.636(9.81)(66.06)
Power = 412 kN

Problem 20 - Hydraulics

For laminar conditions, what size of pipe will deliver 0.0057 m3/s of oil having
viscosity of v = 6.09x10-6 m2/s.
Solution:
Q = AV
π 2
0.0057 = dV
4
0.00228
V=
πd2
Rendds no. for laminar flow = 2000
Vd
R=
V
⎛ 0.0228 ⎞ (d)
2000 = ⎜
⎝ πd2 ⎟⎠ 6.09x10 −6
d = 0.596 m.
Problem 21 - Hydraulics

A 1m. diameter new cast iron pipe C = 130 is 845 m. long and has a head loss of
1.11 m. Find the discharge capacity of the pipe according to Hazen Williams
Formula?

Solution:
10.64LQ1.85
HL =
CD4.87
10.64(845)Q1.85
1.11 =
130(1)4.87
Q1.85 = 0.016
Q = 1.01 m3 / s