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Ch 9 Nitrification 2014-2 (수정2)
Ch 9 Nitrification 2014-2 (수정2)
9.0
Nitrification
- The microbiological oxidation of NH4+-N to NO2--N and NO3--N.
chemolithotrophs,
Their chemolithotrophic
nature makes fso and Y still
smaller, because their
nitrogen e-donors release
less energy per electron
equivalent than do organic
e-donors, H2, or reduced
sulfur.
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
chemolithotrophs,
Of course, the low Y value translate into a small
∧
maximum specific growth rate ( ) and a large , Θx min .
Therefore, nitrifiers are slow growers.
∧ ∧
qY [3.7]
K S0
min 0 3.26
S Yqˆ b bK
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
obligate aerobes
- They use O2 1) for respiration (energy), and 2) as a direct
reactant for the initial monooxygenation of NH4+ to NH2OH
(hydroxylamine)
- The latter use of oxygen may be the reason why nitrifiers are
relatively intolerant of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations;
nitrifier catabolism is slowed by oxygen limitation at
concentration that have no effect on many heterotrophs.
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
20
(mgBODL/mgVSSa-d)
For nitrite oxidizers
fso: very low for each group, compared to the typical fos value of 0.6-0.7 for
aerobic heterotrophs
20
(mgBODL/mgVSSa-d)
For nitrite oxidizers
The low fso values translate directly to low Y values (Caution: Unit is different form
each other !!).
In units of g VSSa/ g OD, the difference of Y becomes greater.
Y = 0.1 for ammonium oxidizer, Y =0.45 for heterotrophs
Y =0.33x (14/6) / (32x1/4) = 0.1 (g VSS/g OD) [eq. 9.1]
1 1 1 1 1
NH 4 O2 NO 2 H H 2O [9.1]
6 4 6 3 6
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
Maximum specific growth rate of both organisms are low ( < 1 d –1 at 20oC ):
∧ ∧
qY [3.7]
Therefore, the limiting value of [ ]lim is large ( > 1 d). (See next slide)
min
1
[ min ]lim [3.27]
Yqˆ b
The relatively high values of Ko quantify that nitrifiers are not tolerant of low
DO concentrations
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
Θxmin =0.11 d
chemolithotrophs,
Their chemolithotrophic
nature makes fso and Y still
smaller, because their
nitrogen e-donors release
less energy per electron
equivalent than do organic
e-donors, H2, or reduced
sulfur.
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
Overall, balanced equation for the complete oxidation of NH4+ to
NO3-N by nitrifiers having x 15 d , f s 0.067
fe*Re: 0.02 C6H5COO- + 0.12 NO3- + 0.12 H+ -> 0.12 CO2 + 0.06 N2 + 0.002 HCO3-
+ 0.1 H2O
fs*Rs: 0.0133 C6H5COO- + 0.02 NH4+ + 0.0067 HCO3- -> 0.02 C5H7O2N + 0.0067 H2O
The overall reaction for net synthesis of bacteria that are using benzoate as
an e- donor, nitrate as an e- acceptor, and ammonium as nitrogen source.
9.1 Biochemistry and Physiology of Nitrifying Bacteria
Chemical inhibition
- Highly sensitive to chemical inhibition.
- The very slow growth rate of nitrifiers magnifies the
negative impacts of inhibition and, in part, makes it appear
that nitrifiers are more sensitive than are faster growing
bacteria.
- Furthermore, some apparent inhibitors are e-donors whose
oxidation depletes the DO and may cause oxygen limitation.
- Most relevant inhibitors are: unionized NH3 (at higher pH),
undissociated HNO2 (usually at low pH), anionic surfactants,
heavy metals, chlorinated organic chemicals, and low pH
9.2 Common Process Considerations
A successful nitrification process – suspended growth or biofilm-
must account for the reality that
- heterotrophic bacteria always are present
- and competing with the nitrifiers for dissolved oxygen and space.
two disadvantages
- The nitrifiers’ relatively high Ko value puts them at a disadvantage in
the competition for oxygen.
- Their slow growth rate is a disadvantage when competing for any space
that requires a high growth rate
- AS [Θx min ]lim for nitrification is 1-3 d, the reactor volume is too great when
the safety factor is greater than about 10, because the Θx / Θ ratio cannot
be increased indefinitely to compensate.
• One-sludge nitrification
• Two-sludge nitrification
- The first sludge is essentially free of nitrifiers, while the second sludge
has a major fraction of nitrifiers