ANATOMY EVALS 5

RATIO
RESPIRATORY HISTOLOGY, CHEST WALL, THORACIC CAVITY,
PLEURA AND LUNGS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
1. Most numerous cells in olfactory epithelium: a. Goblet cells
A. goblet cells Absent in olfactory epithelium
B. serous cells
C. granule cells b. Serous cells
D. ciliated columnar cells present in olfactory epith.

c. Granule cells
absent in olfactory epith.

d. Ciliated columnar cells

Most numerous accdg to doc Ed’s book.

2. Cell whose olfactory vesicle is provided with long, non- SUSUSTENTACULAR CELLS
motile cilia that serves as receptors for the sense of smell:
A. sustentacular cell -Tall; broad at apex, narrow at base
B. olfactory cell - long, slender microvilli
C. granule cell - nucleus- ovoid; off-center
D. basal cell       lipofuschin granules account for color of epithelium

OLFACTORY CELLS
·Bipolar neurons with nuclei between sustentacular and basal
cells
· Dendrite
o  Terminates in olfactory vesicle on surface epithelium
o  Olfactory cilia
o  6-10 radiate form olfactory vesicles
o  Non-motile but long actual receptors
·  Axons (olfactory nerve fiber)
o  Unmyelinated
o  form many small bundles (fila olfactoria or olfactory nerves)
enter cranial cavity through perforations in cribriform plate

GRANULE /KULCHITSKY CELL)

· small cell functionally similar to neuroendocrin
cells
·  look like basal cells
·  numerous dense secretory granules
·  helps regulate function of secretory & muscle cell

BASAL CELL
· Small, rounded or conical
· Deeply-staining
· Branching cytoplasmic processes o Nuclei dark and ovoid
·  Stem cell for the other two

3. Structure/s that is/are lined by nonkeratinized stratified Oropharynx - nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
squamous epithelium: True vocal cords - nonkeratinized stratified squamous
A. oropharynx epithelium
B. true vocal cords Paranasal sinuses - lined by mucous membrane that consists of
C. paranasal sinuses respiratory epithelium
D. A & B above
4. Laryngeal cartilage/s that is/are unpaired and hyaline: Paired : Corniculate, Cuneiform and Arytenoid
A. thyroid Unpaired: Thyroid, Cricoid, Epiglottis
B. epiglottic Elastic: Arytenoid Except for their tips, Epiglottis, Corniculate,
C. cuneiform Cuneiform
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RESPIRATORY HISTOLOGY, CHEST WALL, THORACIC CAVITY,
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D. A & C above Hyaline: Thyroid, Cricoid, Arytenoid
-CELL ANATOMY AND HISTOLOGY BOOK by Dr.
Gonzales
5. The following cells in respiratory epithelium are secretory in
nature, EXCEPT: A. basal cell
A. basal cell - Short, rounded
B. goblet cell - Serves as stem cells
C. serous cell B. goblet cell
D. granule cell - Secretes mucus
C. serous cell
- Serous secreting cells
D. granule cell
- Kulchitsky cell
- Helps regulate function of secretory and muscle cells
6. TRUE of the trachea: Epithelium of trachea:
A. It is lined by respiratory epithelium.  Respiratory epithelium
B. Its C-shaped cartilages are hyaline.  Thick basement membrane
C. Its glands (i.e., tracheal glands) are embedded in its  Abundant gobley cells
submucosa. Cartilage and muscle layer:
D. All of the above
 16-20 C-shaped, hyaline cartilages that are open
posteriorly and stacked vertically
Submucosa:

 Tracheal glands (bronchial submucosal glands)

o Tubuloalveolar
o Mixed

7. TRUE of the intrapulmonary bronchi: Intrapulmonary Bronchi:

A. They are lined by respiratory epithelium. -Secondary Bronchi
B. In LM preparations, their mucosa is seen to be thrown into -Tertiary Bronchi
folds.
C. A layer of circularly-arranged smooth muscle fibers separate Main Bronchi (Extrapulmonary Bronchi) Histological Layers:
the mucosa from the -is morphologically similar to the trachea except for:
submucosa.  smaller caliber
D. All of the above  thinner epithelium
Mucosa:
 Respiratory Epithelium (Choice A)
 Basal membrane
 Goblet cells
 fewer submucosal glands
 discontinuous smooth muscle layer instead of elastic
tissue separates mucosa from submucosa (Choice C)
 cartilages instead of C-shaped are in form of
discontinuous rings
Bigger Intrapulmonary
-Similar extrapulmonary except that:
 Mucous membrane thrown into folds (Choice B)
 Epithelium is lower
Smaller Intrapulmonary
 cartilage - irregular plates that form incomplete rings or
isolated plates in really small ones
 smooth muscle fibers -recognizable layer between
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RESPIRATORY HISTOLOGY, CHEST WALL, THORACIC CAVITY,
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SYSTEM
mucosa and submucosa
 goblet cells - fewer.
(PPT Slides: 43, 49, 58, 60)

8. The pulmonary capillaries that are in the interalveolar septa Pulmonary Artery:
arise from the terminal branches of the: *Branches
A. pulmonary artery -brings blood to lungs for oxygenation (Ratio #9)
B. bronchial artery
C. pulmonary vein -accompany bronchial tree up to respiratory bronchiole
D. A & B above
-then form capillary network in interalveolar septa

*venules in interlobular connective tissue collect oxygenated

blood

*from apex of lung lobule, veins accompany arteries

(PPT Slide: 91)

9. In the lungs, unoxygenated blood is carried by branches *See Ratio #8*

and/or tributaries of the:
A. pulmonary artery
B. pulmonary vein
C. bronchial artery
D. none of the above
10. Segment of the bronchial tree that supplies a
bronchopulmonary segment:
A. tertiary bronchus
B. lobular bronchiole
C. terminal bronchiole
D. respiratory bronchiole
11. Clara cells, which are cuboidal cells that secrete surface
active lipoproteins that reduce surface tension, form part of the
epithelial lining of:
A. intrapulmonary bronchi
B. terminal bronchioles
C. both
D. neither
12. This segment of the bronchial tree can directly give off
alveoli, alveolar sacs and alveolar ducts:
A. lobular bronchiole
B. terminal bronchiole
C. respiratory bronchiole
D. tertiary bronchus
13. Cells in respiratory tract that come from the bone marrow:
A. Clara cells
B. type II alveolar cells
C. dust cells
D. All of the above
14. Lamellar bodies, which are the secretory granules for
pulmonary surfactant, are distinctive cytoplasmic features of:
A. type I alveolar cells
B. type II alveolar cells
C. Clara cells
D. B & C above
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RESPIRATORY HISTOLOGY, CHEST WALL, THORACIC CAVITY,
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15. TRUE of the blood-air barrier in the lungs:
A. It consists of the type I alveolar cell, the endothelial cell of
the pulmonary capillary and the basal lamina between the two
cells.
B. It is located in the interalveolar septum.
C. It is permeable to molecular oxygen and carbon dioxide.
D. All of the above
16. A 40-year-old male was brought to the ER, conscious, pale,
with difficulty in breathing. History revealed that he was
involved in a vehicular accident and that he was the designated
driver at the time of the accident. Due to a high degree of
suspicion that he may have fractured ribs, he was brought to the
Radiology department for a chest x-ray. The most probable area
you may find a fracture would be:
A. along the shaft of the rib
B. the neck of the rib
C. along the anterior angle of the rib
D. along the subcostal groove
E. the sternal end of the rib.
17. Aspirated foreign bodies are more likely to enter the right
lung because of:
A. the right lung has a larger volume
B. the right lung is wider than the left
C. the orientation of the right bronchus
D. the number of lobes of the right lung
18. A bronchopulmonary segment is supplied independently by
a:
A. tertiary pulmonary vein and artery
B. tertiary pulmonary artery and segmental bronchus
C. segmental bronchus and tertiary pulmonary vein
D. segmental bronchus, tertiary pulmonary vein and artery

19. The intercostal neurovascular bundle is closely related to

the:
A. head of the ribs
B. sternal end of the ribs
C. tubercle of the ribs
D. subcostal groove
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20. At the level of the mid-axillary line the lower most part of
the costal pleura will reach the:
A. 6th rib
B. 8th rib
C. 10th rib
D. 12th rib

From Doc Tata’s PPT

21. The smooth muscles and secretory glands of the bronchial The parasympathetic fibers conveyed to the pulmonary plexus
tree are supplied by which of the following cranial nerves? are presynaptic fibers from the vagus nerve (CN X).
A. Trigeminal
B. Facial The parasympathetic fibers are motor to smooth muscle of the
C. Vagus bronchial tree(bronchoconstrictor), vasodilator, and secretory to
D. Hypoglossal the glands of bronchial tree(secremotor)

From Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy, page 338.

22. In physical examinations, it is most convenient to count the - The sternal angle is an important landmark that can easily be
ribs using the _____ rib as reference. felt and often be seen by the presence of a transverse ridge. The
A. 1st finger moved to the right or to the left passes directly onto the
B. 2nd second costal cartilage and then the 2nd rib. All other ribs can
C. 9th be counted from this point. The 12th rib can usually be felt from
D. 12th behind, but in some obese persons this may prove difficult.
( Snell Clinical Anatomy By Regions 9th ed 2012, page 54)

23. When one inserts a hypodermic needle through an

intercostal space, to avoid damage to the intercostal nerves, the
needle must be inserted:
A. superior border of the rib
B. inferior border of the rib
C. into the rib
D. medial to the rib
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24. The spinal nerve that supplies the area of skin at the level of
the nipple is:
A. T1
B. T4
C. T6
D. T9

25. The suprapleural membrane (Sibson’s fascia), strengthens The cervical pleura is reinforced by a fibrous extension of the
which part of the pleura? endothoracic fascia, the suprapleural membrane (Sibson fascia).
A. cervical The membrane attaches to the internal border of the 1st rib and
B. costal the transverse process of C7 vertebra. (Moore, page 109)
C. mediastinal
D. diaphragmatic
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26. Which of the following is the main muscle of respiration?
A. External intercostal
B. Internal intercostal
C. Innermost intercostal
D. Diaphragm

27. When ligating the internal thoracic artery via access through
the anterior thoracic wall, which of the following muscles may
the surgeon use to protect from accidentally puncturing the
pleura?
A. External intercostal
B. Internal intercostal
C. Transversus thoracis
D. Subcostalis

28. Which of the following structures is found immediately

posterior to the trachea in the area of the neck?
A. Thyroid lobes
B. Cervical vertebra
C. Esophagus
D. Carotid arteries

Esophagus is found immediately posterior to the trachea as it is

just separated by a thin layer of connective tissue. (Figure from
Snell’s Clinical Anatomy 9th ed, page 63)
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SYSTEM

29. Bronchoconstriction, increase mucus production and Parasympathetic effects are bronchoconstriction, vasodilation
bronchial vasodilation commonly seen in patients with stress and increase secretion. Sympathetic effects involves the
induced asthma attacks may be caused by the stimulation of opposite which are  bronchodilation and reduced secretion of
which of the following branches of the autonomic nervous the lung.(From Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy)
system that innervates the respiratory airways?
A. sympathetic
B. parasympathetic

30. Classification of the ribs into TRUE or FALSE is based on All 12 pairs of ribs are attached posteriorly to the thoracic
their attachment to which of the following vertebrae, and the true and false ribs are all attached to the
structures? body of the sternum.
A. sternum  True Ribs: Upper 7 pairs attached anteriorly to
B. costal cartilage sternum via costal cartilages
C. abdominal musculature  False Ribs: 8th, 9th, and 10th ribs are attached
anteriorly to each other and to the 7th rib by means of
their costal cartilages and small synovial joints
 Floating ribs: 11th and 12th ribs have no anterior
attachment

31. Which of the following structures is the most reliable According to Doc Tata’s lecture, the sternal angle (Arch of
landmark in the thorax? Louis) is the most reliable landmark since it marks where the
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A. nipples bifurcation of the left and the right principal bronchi
B. sternal angle (particularly at the level of the 4th thoracic vertebra). The
C. jugular notch nipples is not a reliable landmark especially for females. (From
D. xiphoid process Snell’s Clinical Anatomy 9th edition)
32. At the mid-axillary line, the neurovascular bundle can be
found in which of the following planes of
dissection?
A. between the parietal pleura & internal intercostal membrane
B. between the internal intercostals & innermost intercostal
muscles
C. between the external intercostals & internal intercostal
muscles
D. between the external intercostal membrane & internal
intercostal muscles
33. Insertion of a tube into the thoracic wall at the right mid- Major amounts of air, blood, serous fluid, pus, or any
axillary line to drain the pleural cavity of fluid is best done at combination of these substances in the pleural cavity are
which of the following interspaces? typically removed by insertion of a chest tube. A short incision
A. 3rd ICS is made in the 5th or 6th intercostal space midaxillary line
B. 5th ICS (approximately at the nipple level). (From Moore’s Clinically
C. 10th ICS Oriented Anatomy)
D. 12th ICS

34. In the hilum of the lung, the bronchus is usually situated

______ to the vessels.
A. anterior
B. posterior
C. superior
D. inferior
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Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy 7th ed. Page 179

35. The parietal pleura is:

A. Separated from the pleural space by the endothoracic fascia
B. Continuous with the visceral pleura at the hilum of the
lung
C. Sensitive to the sensation of stretch
D. Receives autonomic nerve supply from the pulmonary plexus

36. The caval opening of the diaphragm is at the level of which

of the following thoracic vertebra?
A. 6th
B. 8th
C. 10th
D. 12th

37. The anterior axillary line is a vertical line that runs

downward from the anterior axillary fold formed by which of Moore’s Clinically Oriented Anatomy 7th ed. Page 102
the following muscles?
A. Pectoralis major
B. Pectoralis minor
C. Serratus anterior
D. Subclavius
38. True of the trachea:
A. Begins at the level of the 4th cervical vertebrae.
B. Ends at the level of the sternal angle.
C. Lies posterior to the esophagus in the superior mediastinum
D. Blood supply of the upper two thirds is supplied by the
bronchial arteries.
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39. Which of the following statements is TRUE of the lungs?

A. The apex of each lung projects into the neck
approximately 2.5 cms above the clavicle.
B. The left lung is slightly larger than the right.
C. The horizontal fissure of the right lung runs horizontally
across the costal surface at the level of the 6th costal cartilage.
D. Both lungs have horizontal fissures.
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40. Which of the following statements correctly describe the

bronchopulmonary segments of the lungs?
A. Each segment is supplied by a segmental artery, bronchus
and vein
B. They are the anatomic, functional and surgical unit of the
lung.
C. Each segment is surrounded by visceral pleura.
D. The middle lobe of the right lung has a superior and inferior
bronchopulmonary segment.
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Langman’s
41. This is a case of “Arhinia”, a rare congenital defect of the
face where in the affected patient manifests literal absence of
the nose. What embryonic initial process has failed to
commence which led to this grotesque congenital insult to
patient’s face?
A. Failure of the “surface ectoderm” to protrude to form the
nose
B. Failure of the “neural crest cells” to condense and combine to
form the nose
C. Failure of the “neuroectoderm of the neural tube” to
transform into nose
D. Failure of the “placode” to invaginate and its borders to
evaginate to form the nose

Medical Embryology, 11th Edition, page 280

● The lateral nasal prominences are the embryonic origins

of the alae (roof) of the nose and the sides of the nose.  
●     The medial nasal prominence (upper and lower halves) is
not the embryonic origin for the sides of the nose, but instead
for the following:
a.    2 fused upper halves: the bridge of the nose, nasal cartilage,
crest and tip of the nose, and the columella.
b.    2 fused lower halves: philtrum, Cupid’s bow, and triangular
primary palate.
●     The lateral nasal prominence and maxillary prominences
unite to form the nasolacrimal duct, not the sides of the nose.
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42. This is one example of a rare-type of “Nasal Dysplasia” (or (Doc JA’s mock quiz)
under- and mal-developed nose). What embryonic structures
have failed to proceed or to develop which has led to this type
of congenital defect on the patient’s nose?
A. Failure of the left nasal placode to invaginate and left
lateral nasal prominence to evaginate
B. Failure of the right medial nasal prominence and right lateral
nasal prominence to form
C. Failure of the left lateral nasal prominence and left maxillary
prominence to unite
D. Failure of right nasal placode to invaginate and right nasal
borders to evaginate
A. Nasal prominences are involved in the formation of:
>Two fused upper halves
        >>which form nasal bone, simultaneous to the
formation of nacion, selion, rhinon
>Two fused lower halves
        >>which form intermaxillary segments which has three
components:
                    1. Labial = forms Philtrum and Cupid’s bow
(mid third) of upper lip
                    2.  Upper Jaw = forms Mid-upper jaw that
holds upper four incisors
                    3. Palatal = forms primary palate.

B. “Hypoplasia” means inadequacy of nutrients. Thus, we

can already conclude based from the context clues that this
patient has a condition involving the wings of the nose (Alar
Nasi). This disorder most likely involves  a problem with the
lateral nasal prominence since it is responsible for the
formation of the roof of the nostrils and side bars (hence the
term “lateral”). -based from doc Ja’s lecture.

C. Maxillary prominences are involved in the formation of the

lateral thirds of upper lip.

D. Mandibular prominences are involved in the formation of the

whole lower lip.

43. Common amongst these patients is absence of specific set of

embryonic structures which have failed to form during the
development of their noses, henceforth all diagnosed of having
“Hypoplastic Alar Nasi” congenital type of nasal defect.
A. Absence of medial nasal prominences
B. Absence of lateral nasal prominences
C. Absence of maxillary prominences
D. Absence of mandibular prominences
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> Forms the ala of the nose and the sides of the nose

> Forms the bridge of the nose, nasal cartilage, crest and tip
of the nose, and the columella

> Forms the “Cupid’s Bow” in the middle 3rd of the upper lip,
the Philtrum, and the Triangular Primary Palate

> Forms the lateral thirds of the upper lip and the upper jaw or
maxilla
44. The embryonic origin of the pointed skin fold between two
nostrils:
A. From two fused lateral nasal prominences
B. From two fused upper halves of medial nasal
prominences
C. From two fused lower halves of medial nasal prominences
called “intermaxillary segment”
D. From the fusion of ipsilateral lateral nasal prominence and
maxillary prominence
Figure A: 4% - 7.8%   SHAPE LOOKS LIKE LETTER “ I : ”
(LETTER I AND COLON)

Figure B: 0.8% - 1% SHAPE LOOKS LIKE

“ Y , ” (LETTER Y and COMMA)

Figure C: 85% - 90% SHAPE LOOKS LIKE

“ h ’ ” (small h and APOSTROPHE)

Figure D: 1% - 1.4% SHAPE LOOKS LIKE

“ K “ (CAPITAL K)
45. The MOST common type of Tracheoesophageal Fistula with
or without Esophageal Atresia: Figure E: 4% - 4.2% SHAPE LOOKS LIKE
A. Figure a “ H “ (CAPITAL H ALONE)
B. Figure b
C. Figure c
D. Figure d
E. Figure e
SEE RATIO # 45

46. The LEAST common type of Tracheoesophageal Fistula

with or without Esophageal Atresia:
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A. Figure a
B. Figure b
C. Figure c
D. Figure d
E. Figure e
47. The “Respiratory Epithelium” (Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar with Goblet Cells) and the entire epithelia of the
respiratory tract are derived from what germ layer?
A. Mesoderm
B. Ectoderm
C. Endoderm

(Doc JA’s mock quiz)

48. The “Smooth Muscles and Cartilages” of the respiratory Lateral Plate, Somatic Layer - Forms PARIETAL Pleura (
tract from nose down until alveoli are derivatives of what innermost covering of the thoracic cage)
embryonic mesodermal ridge?
A. Lateral Plate, Somatic layer Paraxial - Ventral half: “sclerotome cells”
B. Axial -  forms thoracic cage’s ribs & sternum.
C. Paraxial - Dorsal half of VLL: forms thoracic cage’s muscles of
D. Intermediate respiration
E. Lateral Plate, Splanchnic layer
Lateral Plate, Splanchnic layer - Forms Smooth
muscles/Bronchial Tree’s Hyaline Cartilages; Connective
tissues; & Involuntary Muscles
49. This specific type & set of “ectodermal cells” will A. Neural crest cells
participate DIRECTLY in the formation of the whole human
nose: -forms nose/nasal bones and other bones of the face
A. Neural crest cells
B. Cells of the placode/placodal cells B. Cells of the placode/placodal cells
C. Neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube
D. Surface ectodermal cells -Forms 3 parts:

>Otic (inner ear)

>Optic (lens)

>Olfactory (nasal cavity)

C. Neuroectodermal cells of the neural tube

D. Surface ectodermal cells

50. The “Physiologic Obstruction” (called Solid-Stage
Phenomenon) of all endoderm-derived organs such as bronchial
tree will start as early as:
A. Eighth (8th) week AOG
B. Tenth (10th) week AOG
C. Twelfth (12th) week AOG
D. Twentieth (20th) week AOG
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51. Sudden change of fetal respiration from IRREGULAR rate
& rhythm to a more REGULAR cycle that leads to “Physiologic
Aspiration” happens during:
A. Eleventh (11th) week AOG
B. Twentieth (20th) week AOG
C. Two weeks before Birth
D. Tenth (10th) week AOG

52. The “Cartilages of the Larynx” such as cuneiform,

corniculate, and arytenoids are derivatives of this pharyngeal
arch:
A. First
B. Second
C. Third
D. Fourth
E. Sixth

First
- the adult derivative is pharynx/pharyngeal wall
Second
- same as ratio for (a) the adult derivative is pharynx/pharyngeal
wall
Third
- same as ratio for (a) and (b) the adult derivative is
pharynx/pharyngeal wall
Fourth
- the adult derivative is thyroid cartilage and epiglottis

53. The only complete cartilaginous ring of the trachea called

“Cricoid” is derived from this pharyngeal arch:
A. Sixth
B. Fifth
C. Third
D. Second
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54. The following are anatomical structures derived from “TWO Anatomical structures derived from “TWO FUSED UPPER
FUSED UPPER HALVES of the Medial Nasal Prominences, HALVES OF THE MEDIAL NASAL PROMINENCES”
EXCEPT for:  Bridge of the Nose
A. Tip of the nose  Nasal Cartilage
B. Columella  Crest & Tip of the nose
C. Philtrum  Columella
D. Crest of the nose
Philtrum, middle-third of the upper lip, & triangular primary
palate, are derived from the 2 fused LOWER halves of the
medial nasal prominences

From: Doc Ja’s Mock Quiz for Respiratory Embryology

55. The following are anatomical structures derived from “TWO Anatomical structures derived from Mandibular Prominence.
FUSED LOWER HALVES of the Medial Nasal Prominences  The lower lip
(“Intermaxillary Segment”) , EXCEPT for:  Lower jaw
A. The whole lower lip
B. Philtrum
C. “Cupid’s bow” of the middle 3rd of the upper lip
D. That part of the Upper Jaw which holds the 4 incisors
E. The triangular palate
56. A derivative of LATERAL NASAL PROMINENCE: Anatomical structures derived from Lateral Nasal Prominence:
A. Philtrum  Ala of the nose
B. Columella  Sides of the nose
C. Ala of the nose
D. Nasion, rhinion, and sellion unit
57. The “Pseudoglandular Period” of Lung Development and Length of Each Period:
Maturation covers: 1. Pseudoglandular: 4th to 17th week AOG
A. Week 4 – 17 AOG 2. Canalicular: 17th to 27th week AOG
B. Week 17 – 27 AOG 3. Terminal Sac: 27th week AOG to birth
C. Week 27 – Birth 4. Alveolar/ Post- Natal: Birth to 7 or 8 years old
D. Birth – age 7 of childhood
From: Doc Ja’s Mock Quiz for Respiratory Embryology

58. The “Canalicular Period” of Lung Development and A. Week 4 – 7 AOG

Maturation covers: - Pseudoglandular, Embryonic period
A. Week 4 – 7 AOG B. Week 7 – 17 AOG
B. Week 7 – 17 AOG - Pseudoglandular Proper Period
C. Week 17 – 27 AOG C. Week 17 – 27 AOG
D. Week 27 – Birth - Canalicular Period
E. Birth – age 7 of childhood D. Week 27 – Birth
- Terminal Sac Period
E. Birth – age 7 of childhood
Alveolar/ Post Natal Period
59. Organs of Respiratory System that will form during A. Secondary Bronchi and Tertiary Bronchi
“Canalicular Period”: - Develops during the Pseudoglandular Period (4th -
A. Secondary Bronchi and Tertiary Bronchi 17th week)
B. Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveolar Ducts B. Respiratory Bronchioles and Alveolar Ducts
C. Trachea and Primary Bronchi C. Trachea and Primary Bronchi
D. Alveoli - Develops during Embryonic Pseudoglandular Period
(4th - 7th week)
D. Alveoli
- Immature alveoli develops during Terminal Sac Period
(27th week - birth) while maturation & septation of
alveoli increases during alveolar/postnatal period (birth
 ANATOMY EVALS 5
RATIO
RESPIRATORY HISTOLOGY, CHEST WALL, THORACIC CAVITY,
PLEURA AND LUNGS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
- 7-8 y/o)

60. The “Alveolus” will start to form as early as:

A. Pseudoglandular Period
B. Canalicular Period
C. Terminal Sac Period
D. Alveolar Period
61. The following anatomical structures of the bronchial tree D. Respiratory Bronchioles
will form during “Embryonic Sub-Period of Pseudoglandular - develop during canalicular period (17th - 27th week),
Period”, EXCEPT for: NOT in the pseudoglandular period (4th - 17th week)
A. Primary Bronchi
B. Secondary Bronchi
C. Tertiary Bronchi
D. Respiratory Bronchioles

62. How many formed and maturing “alveoli” do we have AT

THE TIME OF OUR BIRTH?
A. Approximately, ½ of the total adult number
B. Approximately, 90% of 600M-700M alveoli
C. Complete set at the time of birth
D. Approximately, 1/6th of the total adult number per lung

From: Doc Ja’s Mock Quiz for Respiratory Embryology

63. Master gene for “alveoli formation” through PRIMARY Genes for Alveolar Septation
SEPTATION of alveolar sac prior birth:
A. TBX-5 P311 (aka NRRP) - Responsible for “Primary Septation
B. P311 Process” of primordial alveolar sac prior to birth
C. Epimorphin
D. WNT-2b Fra-2 - Responsible for “Secondary Septation Process9 and its
cessation after birth

From: Doc Ja’s Mock Quiz for Respiratory Embryology

64. Master gene for “alveoli formation” through SECONDARY

SEPTATION of alveolar sac after birth until childhood only:
A. Fra-2
B. B-Catenin
C. NKX-2.1
D. Hox-b
65. The master gene and the key regulatory organic compound A. SHH + Vitamin A
which regulate exact location, exact appearance and midline - SHH is responsible for the midline positioning of
positioning of the “respiratory diverticulum”: the respiratory diverticulum while Vitamin A is
 ANATOMY EVALS 5
RATIO
RESPIRATORY HISTOLOGY, CHEST WALL, THORACIC CAVITY,
PLEURA AND LUNGS, AND DEVELOPMENT OF RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM
A. SHH + Vitamin A responsible for the exact location and appearance of
B. TGF-b + Collagen types I & II the respiratory diverticulum
C. WNT + B-catenin B. TGF-b + Collagen types I & II
D. TGF-b + Fibronectin + Proteoglycan - Responsible for the stabilization of already formed
structures, located on CROTCHES
C. WNT + B-catenin
- WNT + B-Catenin + SHH is responsible for
“Regulating the Branching Process” dictates STOP
D. TGF-b + Fibronectin + Proteoglycan
- Responsible for the stabilization of already formed
structures, located on CROTCHES
66. These genes regulate DIRECT “Trachea” development or ● SHH + WNT + B-Catenin: Responsible for
formation: “Regulating the Branching Process” dictates STOP
A. TBX-5 + BMP-4 ● EGF + FGF-8 + FGF-10 + TGF-b: Responsible
B. SHH + WNT + B-catenin for branching, growth, & aborization
C. EGF + FGF-8 + FGF-10 + TGF-b ● SOX-2 + SOX-9: Does not exist & function together
D. SOX-2 + SOX-9 (SOX-2 = Epithelial Cell Differentiation of “already-
formed” structures ; SOX-9 = Epithelial Cell
Differentiation of “actively-branching” structures)

67. Master gene for “already-formed” structures of the ● Hox-b: Responsible for “polarity” & “proximo-
Bronchial Tree: distal’/downward growth/patterning”
A. SOX-2 ● NKX-2.1: (1) Responsible for different types of cells,
B. Hox-b shape, size & apical modifications of respiratory cells
C. NKX-2.1 and (2) for inducing “PNEUMOCYTE TYPE 2”
D. FGF-8 for SURFACTANT Production
● FGF-8: Exist & functions with EGF + FGF-10 + TGF-
b which is responsible for branching, growth, &
aborization

68. Master gene for “actively branching” structures of the  P311 (also called NRRP) : Responsible for “Primary
Bronchial Tree: Septation Process” of primordial alveolar sac
A. P311 prior birth
B. Fra-2  Fra-2: Responsible for “Secondary Septation process”
C. SOX-9 and its cessation after birth
D. TBX-5  TBX-5: Direct “Lung Bud” specification/formation
from bilobed portion of Respiratory Diveritculum

69. Master gene for “LUNG” development or formation:  BMP-4: becomes vegf and is responsible for blood
A. TBX-4 vessel formation
B. BMP-4  B- Catenin: exist and functions with SHH + WNT and
C. B-catenin are responsible for “Regulating the Branching Process”
D. Epimorphin dictates STOP
 Epimorphin: Responsible for “EPITHELIAL
BRONCHIAL TUBE/DUCT” formation

70. The “vegf-gene” will promote formation of the following Alveolar capillaries form during Both Terminal Sac &
blood vessels during “Pseudoglandular Period”, EXCEPT for: Alveolar Period
A. Extrapulmonary arteries
B. Lobar arteries
C. Pre-acinar arteries
D. Alveolar capillaries