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Basics of Magnetism

Chapter · January 2016

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 CHAPTER 1

Basics of Magnetism

I.O. Abu Aljarayesh

Physics department, Yarmouk University, Irbid, Jordan
ijaraysh@yu.edu.jo

Abstract
This chapter is dedicated to the discussion of the basic principles related to magnetism.
The origin of magnetic dipole moments for free atoms was reviewed. Magnetic ordering
and the main classes of magnetic materials were defined. The essential magnetic energy
terms (exchange, anisotropy, magnetostatic) were briefly explained. The magnetic
domain theory together with the hysteresis loop were also explained. The demagnetizing
curve, together with its relevant magnetic parameters were explained. Also, the basic
design parameters of a permanent magnet were discussed. Finally, a derivation of the
conversion relations of the magnetic units was carried out.

Keywords
Magnetic Dipole Moments, Magnetic Materials, Free Energies of a Ferromagnet,
Domains, Hysteresis, Permanent Magnets

Contents

1. The Origin of Magnetic Moments ...........................................................2

2. Classification of Magnetic Materials ......................................................7
2.1 Diamagnetism ............................................................................................7
2.2 Paramagnetism .........................................................................................7
2.3 Ferromagnetism ........................................................................................9
2.4 Ferrimagnetism .......................................................................................14
2.5 Antiferromagnetism ...............................................................................15
3. Exchange Interactions ............................................................................16

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4. Magnetic Anisotropy ..............................................................................20

4.1 Magnetocrystalline Anisotropy .............................................................20
4.2 Shape Anisotropy ....................................................................................25
4.3 Induced Anisotropy ................................................................................26
6. Hysteresis Loop .......................................................................................29
7. Magnet Design .........................................................................................34
8. Magnetic Units ........................................................................................38
8.1 Charge, Current, and Magnetic Field ..................................................39
8.2 Magnetic Moment ...................................................................................40
8.3 Magnetization ..........................................................................................41
8.4 Magnetic Flux Density (B) .....................................................................41
8.4 Energy Product .......................................................................................43
References ..........................................................................................................43

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