Chapter 53

Challenges and Opportunities

for Information Resource Management
for E-Governance in Bangladesh

Md Nazirul Islam Sarker, Min Wu, Runqiu Liu and Chenwei Ma

53.1 Introduction

Information resource management (IRM) can be defined as a philosophy which

recognizes and invites creation, selection, development, and management of infor-
mation for enabling policy and effective decision-making as corporate assets [9]. It
has a long history and may be traced in England and France during 15th and 16th
centuries. After second world war, a number of new government departments and
agencies in western democracies began to increase and introduce the prolific use of
new information and communication technology (ICT) such as the telephone, type-
writer and the monograph in the early 20th century increased the information volume
and storage by the government [18]. The western democracies also carefully recorded
and managed documents and information for effective public administration. In the
1970s, the computer was installed in various organizations to rapid production of
information and effective storage which subsequently emerged the digital age [10].
It provides an integrated view of managing the entire lifecycle of information that
means from information generation to dissemination for maximizing overall useful-
ness, speeding service delivery, and program management. IRM covers a vast area
of management, organizational and information technology issues. It recognized
information as a valuable entity which has a significant effect on the organization
as like people, machines, and capital. Therefore, it receives emphasize from a man-
agement perspective. The emergence of IRM is on two phenomena like the notion
of knowledge in the 1960s, followed by the concept of the “post-industrial soci-
ety” in the 1970s. In information economics, information considered as a resource
like other resources of an organization. It is elaborately described in the 1970s as
the information age and the information economy. Lindgren and Jesson [17] have

M. N. I. Sarker (B) · M. Wu · R. Liu · C. Ma

School of Public Administration, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065,
People’s Republic of China
e-mail: sarker.scu@yahoo.com
© Springer International Publishing AG, part of Springer Nature 2019 675
J. Xu et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the Twelfth International Conference on Management
Science and Engineering Management, Lecture Notes on Multidisciplinary
Industrial Engineering, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-93351-1_53
676 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

categorized two types of e-services like private and public. The New Public Man-
agement (NPM) paradigm of public sector organization recently converted into elec-
tronic governance. Public sector organization requires digital era governance which
synonymously known as e-governance [11]. Subsequently, e-governance is already
dead because of its inability to manage the transformational change with the use of
information technology (IT) in public sector organization. Various research shows
that the rate of e-service and e-governance failure was very high and its rate up to
85% in the context of developing country. Since public organizations are wide and
complex, it requires organizational contexts, legal status, decision-making authority,
routines, hierarchy, skills, efficiency, and innovations at work [4]. An effective pub-
lic administration requires facilitating customer-centered, cost-effective and citizens
friendly public services for improving its governmental functions. Technology is the
only fundamental item for modernization and improvement of the government [10].
So, e-government enhances the capacity of public administration for satisfying pub-
lic values. The government can open their public services for 24 × 7 h by creating
an alternative delivery channel. So, e-government has received much attention from
practitioners and researchers for improving transparency and control corruption in
public administration. Poor governance of Bangladesh contributes severe poverty,
economic stagnation, increasing corruption, political instability, Chaos, and viola-
tion of law and order situation [16]. These situations created a central concern of
government, donor communities and civil society. Corruption prevails almost all
public sector organizations which created a safe zone of corruption in Bangladesh.
The Awami League (AL) led Bangladesh government has introduced “Vision 2021”
as long-term development strategy which declared as “Digital Bangladesh” in 2009.
All the policies and programs are being developed according to the framework of
“Vision 2021” for improving the quality of life of people of Bangladesh. The mod-
ernization of public administration by the adoption of big data technologies for IRM
in Bangladesh is far behind from expected level [8]. Public administration and man-
agement scholars think that introducing big data for IRM is necessary to modernize
public administration but it gets little concentration from academician and researcher
community [13]. This study is intended to fill the existing research gap. The gov-
ernment of Bangladesh has expressed its “Vision 2021” for transformation of public
administration into a citizen-friendly, accountable and transparent government by
installing ICT in its every sector [20]. Moreover, this article attempts to answer the
following research questions: (i) what is the current state of IRM for e-governance in
Bangladesh? (ii) does e-governance facilitate corruption control? (iii) what are the
problems and challenges for the adoption of big data technologies for e-governance
through IRM? The research questions lead us to explore challenges and opportuni-
ties of IRM and adoption of big data technologies for ensuring e-governance in
Bangladesh. The article highlights some major issues like present conditions of
IRM in various public sectors, challenges of government and citizens and some
IRM technologies adoption opportunities. The article describes the context of the
effort of modernizing public administration in its second chapter. Next, it provides
53 Challenges and Opportunities for Information Resource … 677

the literature review on big data, IRM and its role on e-governance. The following
sections describe the key challenges and opportunities and some recommendations
for improving the situation.

53.2 Review of Literature

E-government (Electronic government) is a system of government which enhances

the business processes and delivers public services to renovate relationship among
Government to citizen (G2C), Government to business (G2B), Government to the
employee (G2E) and various sector of Government to the government (G2G) through
connecting ICTs. There was a positive significant relationship between the learning
intensity of organization’s Information System (IS) business skills with competitive
advantages but has no significant effect on the relationship between the flexibility of
IT infrastructure and competitive advantages. Gasova and Stofkova [11] mentioned
that there was a strong relationship between an urbanized information system of
governance and its components (applications, software systems layers, components,
etc.). He also focused three categories of information systems integration like data-
based integration, process-based integration, and service-based integration which
directly related to government’s information system management. Silva and Pinto
[24] focused on the vulnerability theory of Information Systems (IS) and pointed out
that failure in which small damage can have disproportionate impact consequences
in terms of the functionality of the whole system which can lead to disproportioned
economic and social damages. There are some key driving forces like developments
in IS technology, end-user applications, and the strategic use of information systems
can lead a better way to use and manage the information system resources of an
organization [22]. There are very limited sources of Information flow and access from
more formal sources in Bangladesh. They also identified low literacy rates created
major barriers to use of non-interpersonal sources and channels. As a developing
country Bangladesh has been struggling to adopt information and communication
technology (ICT) and e-government in its public sector but due to lack of knowledge
and some ingrained attitudes of contributors hinder its progress [12]. Pathak et al.
[19] suggested that e-governance can help not only in wiping out corruption but also
in establishing a strong relationship between government and citizen. Pathak et al.
[19] also found in a similar but comparative study regarding Fiji and Ethiopia that
there was a positive significant relationship between e-governance and the reduction
of corruption. They also suggest that e-governance initiatives can make important
contributions to improving public services. The citizens’ e-readiness is resistance to
due to change, the absence of opportunities for e-participation and e-consultation, and
lack of awareness. Holliday [15] reported that e-governance activity is highly diverse
in East and Southeast Asia, dazzling national strengths and weaknesses rather than
regional capacity for policy change. Similarly, the ICT is being used by the public
sectors in Malaysia for improvement of quality of governance especially providing
quality customer services and customer satisfaction. Heeks [14] outlined three key
678 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

contributions of e-governance: improving government process (e-administration),

connecting citizens (e-citizens and e-services), and building external interactions by
analyzing case studies from countries such as the Philippines, Honduras, Chile, and
South Korea. According to Bertot et al. [6], the potential of big data is to increase more
interaction among government, citizens and other agencies through e-government
services, transparency, accountability and openness. Literature survey shows that
a number of models have been developed to explain e-governance but systematic
research on challenges and opportunities of implementation of big data for IRM and
suitability of big data in the process of e-governance is still lacking.

53.3 Methodology

Research Design: The research is a descriptive as well as suggestive one along

with some characteristics of normative research. The study mainly focuses on chal-
lenges and opportunities of IRM and big data implementation for e-governance in
Bangladesh.
Sources of Data and Search Strategy: This article mainly used secondary
sources especially ICT related government report and policy documents published
by the international organizations and Bangladesh government, some survey like the
Global e-Government Readiness Report 2015, the UN e-Government Survey 2016,
the ITU (International Telecommunication Union), ICT Development Index 2016,
and journal articles. The analysis has been confined to Bangladesh but it is appli-
cable for other developing countries. An extensive review is done by using Google
scholar, a web of science, science direct, Springer link, banglajol website and some
keywords like “IRM, big data, information, resource, management, e-government,
public administration, Bangladesh” have been used to get the latest research related to
the topic. Sixty-nine journal articles, working papers and books have been reviewed
to explore the challenges and opportunities for implementation of big data for IRM
for e-governance in Bangladesh. The data collection and analysis for this study have
been done from July to August 2017.
Data Analysis: Data is analyzed from different perspectives of government con-
sidering IRM and big data for implementation of e-governance. A conceptual model
has been developed for big data implementation for e-governance through IRM.
53 Challenges and Opportunities for Information Resource … 679

Fig. 53.1 Flow diagram of study selection

53.4 Barriers to Implementation of Big Data

for E-Governance Through IRM

53.4.1 Cultural and Social Constraints

The attitude of a change agent is one of the vital factors for adoption of new technol-
ogy. There are some other social and cultural factors such as gender, poverty, level of
education, class, caste, age, and social exclusion can all directly hinder the adoption of
ICT for improving government [7]. Some people feel uneasy about using computers
and the internet. Some seniors who possessing top in the hierarchy in bureaucracies
feeling ICTs as a threat for decentralizing access to information onto the desks of
all employees so they usually block adoption of ICT [11]. The government agencies
of Bangladesh are not well prepared to adopt the big data technology due to lack of
skills. Now the government takes initiative to digitalize all the government agencies
by installing IRM. Since big data technology is relatively new and little complex,
the employees of the government agencies need to learn about the technology for
improving skill. It is necessary to update the academic syllabus of secondary, higher
secondary and university level for producing learned manpower. Government agen-
cies need to make an effective collaboration among scientists, vendors and service
providers for getting the immediate benefit of big data technology [21] (Fig. 53.1).

53.4.2 Constraints Related to Political Consensus and

Security of Data

The present government of Bangladesh takes a strong political initiative to implement

IRM in every sector of government services. The people voted the present ruling party
into power to digitize Bangladesh [12]. Though there is always a conflict between
680 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

ruling party and opposition in Bangladesh, all the parties have given consent to digi-
talize Bangladesh. The opposition always walkout from parliament, as a result, they
cannot take part in the IRM related discussion. There was no effective initiative from
the government to invite opposition for giving their suggestions for implementing
IRM in every sector of government. So, a mutual understanding between power and
the opposition is needed to implement capital-intensive e-Government projects for
the purpose of uninterrupted future journey [7].

53.4.3 Constraints Related to Human Resources

Public administration of Bangladesh still suffers from a severe shortage of qual-

ified, trained and dedicated personnel, which hinders efficient implementation of
e-governance. A limited number of quality human resources and lack of good train-
ing are the key reasons for the smooth development of e-governance in developing
countries. There were 25% of them are system analysts, 2% web developers, 2%
web administrators, and 11% IT trainers among ICT related manpower in various
ministries and divisions of Bangladesh [12]. But number of system analysts and web
developers are required to achieving “Vision 2021”.

53.4.4 Constraints Related to Digital Divide

The digital divide means a gap between the “haves” and “have-nots” with respect
to ICT across the world. The digital divide is created due to lack of infrastructure
of the power supply, access to modern technology such as the internet, computers,
mobile phones in developing countries like Bangladesh. The other reasons of the
digital divide are low literacy rates, high poverty rates, slow adoption of technology,
the lack of initiative for infrastructural development, and high corruption which are
available in Bangladesh.

53.4.5 Constraints Related to Infrastructural Development

Infrastructure is an essential part of big data technology adoption. In Bangladesh, it

is the main challenge for the government to develop robust physical infrastructure
for big data technology. Big data platform requires a special server which made by
thousands of nodes with multiple processors and disks connected by a high-speed
network to perform the rigorous analytics. Sometimes large internet companies are
offering their services for big data projects like Google, Microsoft, Amazon, and
Yahoo throughout the world [13]. The poor telecommunication infrastructure of
Bangladesh is a barrier for adoption of IRM for e-governance and quality electronic
service delivery.
53 Challenges and Opportunities for Information Resource … 681

53.5 Opportunities for Big Data Implementation for

E-Governance Through IRM

53.5.1 Suitability of Big Data in E-Governance

The government agencies can easily get benefit from big data through the transfor-
mation of information. Some key important sector like the security of the country,
administrative decision making, medicine, science and education, healthcare, com-
munication, infrastructure and meteorological systems can get advantages from big
data analysis. Bangladesh attempts to grow the benefits of ICT use to transform tra-
ditional public administration to a modern, transparent, and citizen-centered public
administration to ensure cost-effective and cost-efficient delivery of public services
[7]. A political agenda of the Government of Bangladesh is to digitize the country to
accelerate “Digital Bangladesh” movement so as to achieve “Vision 2021.” Big data
is one of the key instruments of the government due to growing demand of informa-
tion for decision making at the top level of government. Generally, there is no fixed
definition of big data. Information management is an important task for governance
which can be easily done by data acquisition and strategic decision making. Big data
technology can economically extract value from a long volume of discovery, capture
and analysis [1]. Government can utilize big data for the aims of supporting policy
development, system planning, resource allocation and performance monitoring.

53.5.2 IRM for E-Government Readiness

Bangladesh has gained a mentionable position with a global ranking of 124th in

the 2016 Survey, partly due to the fact that the role of e-government is recognized
at the highest level of its administration, with the Prime Minister of Bangladesh
highlighting its “state of the art” digital technology [12]. People in Bangladesh are
today receiving more than 200 services from 4,582 digitalized Union Services and
Information Centers [12]. The number of subscribers for both land (fixed line) and
mobile phones has recently remarkably increased, though the position of Bangladesh
at the bottom of the rankings by ITU ICT Development Index 2016. The total number
of internet subscribers has reached 67.245 million at the end of February 2017 (BTRC
website: www.btrc.gov.bd). Government agencies can save a lot of cost and time for
IRM through using big data analysis strategy. They can easily get data from various
sources like individual level, public development sector, the private sector, social
networking sites, government websites and regular queries from various stakeholders,
Big data provides an opportunity to reuse the data for policy and decision making
[5]. It will ensure full-fledged transparency of the work of government agencies.
682 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

53.5.3 Policies Related to IRM in Bangladesh

Nowadays, Bangladesh has been concentrated to implement IRM for e-government

to improve old administrative practices and to establish a transparent relationship
between the government and its stakeholders [7]. The government of Bangladesh
publicized its first ICT policy in 2002 aimed at “building an ICT driven nation
comprising of knowledge-based society by the year 2006” for achieving 100% IT-
based public administration. The government of Bangladesh also adopted its National
ICT Policy 2009 and are trying to diversify the use of ICTs to establish a transparent,
responsive, and accountable government, to develop skilled human resources, to
enhance social equity, to ensure cost-effective delivery of citizens services through
public-private partnerships, and to support the national goal of becoming a middle-
income country in 10 years and so join the ranks of the developed countries within 30
years [23]. The key objectives of national ICT policies are for improving, enchaining
and managing social equity, increasing productivity, integrity, higher education and
research, employment generation, exports, quality health care, primary education for
all, environment, climate and disasters, and supporting ICT [20].

53.5.4 Initiation of E-Services in Public Institutions

The internet penetration rate in Bangladesh is about 0.35%, which is at the low-
est compared to other South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC)
countries. The country stands 144th in 2016 while India in 131th, Sri Lanka in 115th,
the Maldives in 119th, Nepal in 136th and Pakistan in 143rd position. The govern-
ment of Bangladesh has been implemented online public procurements through e-
tendering from June 2010. E-tendering is being practiced in four departments such
as roads and highways, local government engineering, the water development board,
and the rural electrification board [3]. As an agro-based country, 70% of people are
involved with agriculture and land in Bangladesh. So, land and land records related
services are important for all. Land records services are delivered from public sec-
tor organizations. Land records are inevitably needed for legal, financial, welfare
services, development planning, and transfer of land ownership, determination of
ownership and size of land parcels and resolving of land litigation [3]. Thus, a ser-
vice delivery of land records has become a core service to citizens from the public
organizations, even the service is not satisfactory level and under the control of mid-
dlemen. The land offices of Bangladesh are identified by the most corrupted office of
Bangladesh public administration. Only E-service has been identified as an impor-
tant mechanism for making this service effective, bringing this service to the citizens
doorstep and removing complicacy and middlemen from this service [2]. Human
Resources Information System (HRIS) is a good initiative for a public organization
to manage recruitment, promotion and other related affairs which obviously control
corruption at different levels. The overall efficiency and effectiveness of an organi-
53 Challenges and Opportunities for Information Resource … 683

200
Rank
150
Score
Score & rank

Change
100

50

0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
-50
DuraƟon

Fig. 53.2 Position of Bangladesh in E-government development index during 2008–2016

150
Rank
100
Score
Score & rank

Change
50

0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016
-50

-100
DuraƟon

Fig. 53.3 Position of Bangladesh in E-participation index during 2008–2016

zation can only be reached through strategic deployment of the information provided
by an HRIS. Administrative HRIS is used in day-to-day operations and it is usually
in the form of records that hold employee information. In Bangladesh, the police to
people ratio are very low, that is why the police cannot provide desirable services to
the public. The police service can be improved by adopting the e-police system. In
capital city Dhaka, the police department already installed IRM at its various level
for detecting criminals and offenses easily. The police administration can be easily
improved by adopting the e-police system (Fig. 53.2 and 53.3).

53.5.5 SMS and Online Banking Services as an Alternate

Delivery Channel

Most of the public universities, all education boards, and other public organization
are recruiting their students and employees and providing education and recruit-
ment results through SMS under the “Digital Bangladesh” initiative [12]. People can
easily pay their various utility bills through SMS by mobile phone. Various pub-
lic universities already adopted IRM software and digitalize their library. By 2021
684 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

2020 PenetraƟon
2015 rate (%)
2010
DuraƟon

2005
2000
1995
1990
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16
PenetraƟon rate (%) of total populaƟon

Fig. 53.4 Internet penetration rate during 1990–2016 Data Source Estimate as on June 30, 2016;
http://countrymeters.info/en/Bangladesh

all universities, colleges, high schools, primary schools and madras has (religious
educational institutions) will have computerized connectivity [7]. Both public and
private commercial banks are providing online services such as account operations
and inquiries, fund transfers and payments, utility bill payments, deposits and loans
including the issuance of plastic cards to their clients in the financial sector. In so far
as 59 commercial banks issued thousands ATM cards and installed thousands ATM
(Automated Teller Machine) for providing alternative delivery services of Bank.
The government still faces challenges to establishing a full-scale operation of e-
commerce due to poor ICT infrastructure of the country through the overall progress
of e-banking goes on well. The government agencies can provide services to the
individual or a group by using big data analytics. Big data easily give the useful
information to the user from a complex set of heterogeneous data. So, government
agencies easily take the opportunity of big data for effective, efficient and timely
service delivery. Big data allow government agencies to provide personalized ser-
vices by its effective analytics through identifying eligibility for specific entitlements
(Fig. 53.4).

53.5.6 Control of Corruption and Increasing Productivity

Through Big Data Implementation

Corruption is characterized by the abuse of public power for private gain through
bribery, extortion, influence selling, nepotism, fraud, or deceitful which not only
undermines investment and economic growth but also intensify poverty. Cordella
and Iannacci [8] observed that corruption is happened for personal gain using public
assets. It is not only local problem but also global problem. Bribery has become a
trillion-dollar industry, and caused far more wealth to flow from poor countries to rich
countries than those same poor countries receive in foreign aid according to a report
of World Bank 2004. According to Transparency International’s CPI for 2002–2008,
53 Challenges and Opportunities for Information Resource … 685

SAARC member states were most corrupted where Bangladesh stands at the bottom
of all these countries. The bureaucrats of Bangladesh is largely involved in petty
corruption for discharging daily duties, such as issuance of birth and death certificates,
filing a complaint with the police, obtaining a passport, getting a driving license,
registering a vehicle, and getting admission into public hospitals. The productivity of
a government agency can be increased easily by adopting big data. Big data analytics
help to save cost and money. It also gives the opportunity to increase productivity
and efficiency by identifying the key factors.

53.5.7 Collaboration Among Public Sector Organizations

Big data analytics facilitates the government agencies to collaborate various internal
and external stakeholders for the smooth running of the organization. It also provides
an opportunity to government agencies for increasing knowledge, solving problems
and taking a proper decision within the organization and international level [3]. Big
data technology helps to open up a window for collaboration among various agen-
cies which strengthen the organizational network and improving the relationship
with a new partner. The main goal of e-service in public sector organization is to
provide citizens with easy access to services with reducing costs and time and more
conveniently. It is not only a technological issue but also closely connected with
organizational, social, economic and user contexts [2]. Thus, designing e-service
applications in public sector organizations is complex and involves many phases,
processes, actors, roles and practices [3]. Consequently, technological design alone
cannot ensure effective and efficient public services but public administrators. Public
sector information systems (PSIS) can provide services in terms of quality i.e. conve-
nience, accessibility and affordability; and quantity i.e. more services within a short
period of time and at a ‘one stop shop’; and in terms of availability i.e. twenty-four
hours in seven days of a week [2].

53.6 Recommendations

• Social equality should be ensured by engaging people from all income groups,
facilitating participation at local and national level of government, focusing chil-
drens issues and stimulating public-private partnership. Most of the people use
mobile phone in Bangladesh. The government agency can use sensor data and
associated data for big data analytics. This data capturing system can be less
expensive and helpful to maintain IRM for effective e-government.
• Government agency of Bangladesh can use the infrastructure of various pri-
vate companies for their big data project which will be a great initiative for e-
government in Bangladesh. The productivity of government should be increased
686 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

Data source

Individual face to face

interview by government
office
- Crowd source
information, data exhaust

Public development sector

census data, health
indicators, tax
information, facility data
Sectors of government
- Constituent sentiment Data Major task of
- Fraud detection Outcome
government
Data warehouse - Healthcare - Quick response
- Policy
(volume, velocity, - Economic analysis - Identity change
development
Private sector value & variety) - Tax collection behaviors
- resource
Transaction data, spending - Open government Data mining - Identity service
allocation
upper information - Threat detection & needs
- System
- Cyber security analysis - Able to predict
planning
- Financial service demand & supply
- Performance
- Agriculture for future
Technology Analysis monitoring
Social networking sites

Government websites
queries

Regular queries from

various stakeholders to
local & divisional
administration via mail.

Fig. 53.5 A conceptual model for implementation of big data for e-governance through IRM

by maximum utilization of ICT services, disseminating latest technology, encour-

aging e-commerce, m-commerce, and e-transactions.
• Integrity, transparency, and accountability should be ensured through the imple-
mentation of big data in every public institution, strengthening connectivity among
all public institutions, reducing hassle, cost, time and corruption in public service
delivery. The government official should be trained and made a team of data scien-
tist for the smooth running of big data project and e-government. The government
of Bangladesh can take help from a non-profit organization for creating an efficient
workforce.
• ICT literacy should be strengthened through improving ICT skills of public offi-
cials, maintaining integration and collaboration among various agencies of gov-
ernment and external stakeholders, research and academia, enhancing quality ICT
education at all levels and maintaining a global standard for smooth implementa-
tion big data technologies for e-government.
• Institutional capacity should be buildup by providing financial, social, cultural
and institutional support for developing ICT expert team and increasing employ-
ment opportunity. Citizens personal information should be secured by adopting
technology and it should use according to rules and regulations of the government.
• ICT sectors should be developed in a holistic manner which can meet domestic as
well as global IT demand and promote market and healthcare facilities. Modern
and improved technology related to big data and IRM should be adopted by the
government agency for effective implementation of e-government. The govern-
ment of Bangladesh can get benefit by maintaining collaboration among different
stakeholders and engaging various public and private organizations.
• Environmental protection should be ensured during the planning of e-governance
through proper implementation of big data, eco-friendly technology and promoting
administrative resilience.
53 Challenges and Opportunities for Information Resource … 687

53.7 Conclusion

The Information Resource Management (IRM) can cover the challenges to man-
agement, education, individual information discipline and nations information disci-
pline. The public administration of Bangladesh already introduced IRM in its various
organizations but still suffers some difficulties due to structural and cultural barri-
ers. The government of Bangladesh declared “Vision 2021” as the part of Digital
Bangladesh i.e. digitalization of all public-sector organizations through adopting
big data technologies for e-government through IRM. The paper provides an out-
line for the formulation of long-term strategies for the successful implementation
of big data for IRM to the public sector organizations and introduces a basis for
further theoretical development. The government should be taken the proper initia-
tive by investing more finance, adopting modern technology, making infrastructure,
training public officials and administrative reform through decentralization and easy
access of citizens to information for better implementation of IRM. This research
reveals that utilization of big data for IRM in e-governance can play a significant
role in controlling corruption, reducing poverty and cost-effective services to citi-
zens. The article argues that IRM and big data has the potential to lead the better
implementation of public e-services as a people-centric, accountable, and transpar-
ent management. Though there is no satisfactory progress in the area of IRM for
e-governance still have the opportunity to do it. A lack of knowledge and nega-
tive attitude and mindsets of higher level public officials i.e. contributors hinder the
expected progress in modernizing e-governance through proper implementation of
big data for IRM. The article suggests that public service information system (PSIS)
for land management, e-police system, human resource information system (HRIS),
electronic human resource management (eHRM), SMS as an alternative acceptance
and delivery channel, e-commerce, and e-payment system should be adopted at all
levels of public sector organizations for better implementation of IRM and big data
which can control corruption, alleviate poverty and delivering cost-effective public
services (Fig. 53.5).

Acknowledgements This article is the research achievement of Sichuan System Science and Enter-
prise Development Research Center (Xq13B03) and of 2018 Chengdu Social Sciences Planning
Project (No. 2018R25).

References

1. Al-Sai ZA, Abualigah LM (2017) Big data and e-government: a review. In: International con-
ference on information technology
2. Alam MS, Brooks L (2014) Identifying a public sector information systems (PSIS) for E-
service: a case of land records E-service in Bangladesh. Springer, Berlin
3. Ashraf M, Hanisch J, Swatman P (2009) ICT intervention in the ‘Chandanbari’ village of
Bangladesh: results from a field study. Kluwer Academic Publishers
 688 M. N. I. Sarker et al.

4. Axelsson K, Melin U, Lindgren I (2013) Public e-services for agency efficiency and citizen
benefit-findings; From a stakeholder centered analysis. Gov Inf Quart 30(1):10–22
5. Bertot JC, Choi H (2013) Big data and e-government: issues, policies, and recommendations.
In: International conference on digital government research, pp 1–10
6. Bertot JC, Gorham U et al (2014) Big data, open government and e-government: issues, policies
and recommendations. Inf Polity 19(1):5–16
7. Bhuiyan SH (2011) Modernizing Bangladesh public administration through e-governance:
benefits and challenges. Gov Inf Quart 28(1):54–65
8. Cordella A, Iannacci F (2010) Information systems in the public sector: the e-government
enactment framework. J Strateg Inf Syst 19(1):52–66
9. Caron DJ, RB (2012) Information resource. Encyclopedia Dictionary of Public Administration
10. Foley P, Alfonso X (2009) E-government and the transformation agenda. Public Adm
87(2):371C396
11. Gasova K, Stofkova K (2017) E-government as a quality improvement tool for citizens’ ser-
vices. Procedia Eng 192:225–230
12. Zaman H(2015) Acieving digital Bangladesh by 2021 and beyond. 7th Five Year Plan, Dhaka,
Bangladesh
13. Hardy K, Maurushat A (2016) Opening up government data for big data analysis and public
benefit. Comput Law Secur Rev 33(1):30–37
14. Heeks R (2001) Understanding e-governance for development. Phi Learning Pvt Ltd
15. Holliday I (2002) Building e-government in East and Southeast Asia: regional rhetoric and
national in action. Public Adm Dev 22(4):323C335
16. Kashem MA, Akhtar N, Rahman A (2014) An information system model for e-government of
digital Bangladesh. Int J Comput Sci Netw Secur
17. Lindgren I, Jansson G (2013) Electronic services in the public sector: A conceptual framework.
Gov Inf Quart 30(2):163–172
18. Meijer A (2015) E-governance innovation: barriers and strategies. Gov Inf Quart 32(2):198–
206
19. Pathak RD, Singh G et al (2007) Governance & corruption c developments and issues in ethiopia
20. Rahman T, Khan NA (2012) Reckoning electronic government progress in Bangladesh. Int J
Public Adm 35(2):112–121
21. Rajagopalan MR, Vellaipandiyan S (2014) Big data framework for national e-governance plan.
In: International conference on ICT and knowledge engineering, pp 1–5
22. Shakhawat M, Bhuiyan H (2011) Public sector eservice development in Bangladesh: status,
prospects and challenges. Electron J E-Gov
23. Sharma R MR (2017) Investigating the role of intermediaries in adoption of public access outlets
for delivery of e-government services in developing countries: an empirical study. https://doi.
org/10.1016/j.giq.2017.10.001
24. Silva PS, Pinto J (2010) Simulation in information systems: potential of the vulnerability theory.
Commun Comput Inf Sci 109(4):219–229

View publication stats