Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Retrofit Construction and Supervision of Reinforced Concrete Buildings PDF

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous ddAndJ
    53 views168 pages

    Original Title

    Retrofit_Construction_and_Supervision_of_Reinforced_Concrete_Buildings.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    53 views168 pages

    Retrofit Construction and Supervision of Reinforced Concrete Buildings PDF

    Uploaded by

    Anonymous ddAndJ

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 168
    @ Sonor ite MANUAL FOR RETROFIT CONSTRUCTION AND SUPERVISION OF REINFoRcED CONCRETE BUILDINGS Public Works Department MANUAL FOR RETROFIT CONSTRUCTION AND SUPERVISION OF REINFORCED CONCRETE BUILDINGS PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT ‘GOVERNMENT OF BANGLADESH PREPARED UNDER PROJECT FOR CAPACITY DEVELOPMENT ON NATURAL DISASTER RESISTANT ‘TECHNIQUES OF CONSTRUCTION AND RETROFITTING FOR PUBLIC BUILDINGS (encrr) ATECHNICAL COOPERATION PROJECT BETWEEN PWD AND JICA, 2015 © Public Works Department All rights reserved. No part of this publication shall be reproduced, stored in retrieval system, reprinted or transmitted in any form by any means electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or ‘otherwise without permission in writing fom the Chief Engineer, Public Works Deparment. Published by: Public Works Department Parta Bhaban, Segunbagicha Dhaks-1000 STRICTLY FOR OFFICIAL USE First Paton June 2015 ‘The contents of this book are related to retrofiting constuction process generally undertaken by Public Works Department which have been deseribed hereinafter in brief theoretical form with ‘examples as guidelines. As such no chapter, atte, clause, sub-lause thereof, be referred 10 as VALID DOCUMENTS in the event of any arbitration, litigation, dispute, claim case, whatsoever secured, made or claimed by any person as the case may be under any circumstances. However this may be used by other Government departments, private bodies and individuals also at their own discretion, ‘Utmost cae hasbeen taken to overcome printing and other mistakes. Even then there may always be chances of unintended mistakes. ‘Any mistakes and suggestions to update! revise may please be addressed to ‘The Chief Engineer, Public Works Department Price: Taka, 1000.00 Cover design: Nipun/Team Engine Limited Production: ‘Team Engine Limited A.J Tower (1th foot) 4, Kawran Bazar, Dhaka 1215 Bangladesh ‘yw tm-enginecom Foreword Bangladesh is a disaster prone country. The country is frequently affected by floods, cyclones and cyclone induced sorm surges and tornados. The country is also under threat of malerate to strong earthquakes due tothe geographical postion. Due to is proximity to the plate baundaris, active faults and track reords of bistorcal damaging earthquakes in and around Banglades, probability of ‘oveurtence of strorg earthquake is high. ‘The risks of loss of life and damage to property due to earthquake are almost entirely associated with ‘manmade structures. Earthquake doesn't kill peopl, buildings do. The rapid urbanization of several ities especially Dhaka, Chittagong and Sylhet during the last 25 years with most af the buildings being non-eaginesred isa big concern Public Works Demartment (PWD) with a history of over 150 years isthe Government Department Which owns almest all the public buildings of the country in connection with construction and maintenance. The department inherit the legacy from British India through Pakistan period to present independent Bangladesh. A major portion ofthe huge building stock is uneinfrcel brick masonry ‘buildings with low concrete strength, inadequate column section and non ductile RC famed structures. ‘The Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC) was formulated in 1993 and enacted in 2006. PWD ‘has been following American Concrete Institute (ACT) code till 1993 and the BNBC subsequently for structural design purpose. But striet adherence tothe code especially the seme provisions came into practice very recently. As ares, a staggering numberof existing buildings do not meet the seismic ‘demand and capacity requirements of the curent BNBC 2015 (Final Dra July 2015), ‘The Government of Bangladesh has taken a strong stand with disaster risk reduction. Government’ success in certain areas of disaster risk mitigation such as flood, cyclone is acclaimed by the world fand taken ab role model in many courtres. In case of earthquake disaster, the county is not sufficiently prepared to reduce the risk The min reason is thit earthquake is not a frequent phenomenon in Bangladesh. The country had experienced the last devastating earhquake in 1897 (The Great Indian Earthquake with magnitude 8.9). Inthe Standing Order on Disaser (SOD) of the Government, PWD is entrusted with the task to promote seismic resistant building and to revofit public buildings which ae vulnerable to earthquake. Due 10 the lack of technical know-how, PWD could not undertake projets for retofiting, To overcome tis deficiency, PWD has undertaken a project with the technical cooperation of JICA titled “Projet for Capacity Development on Natural Disaster Resistant Techniques of Construction and Retrofitng for Public Buildings (CNCRP)". The main purpose of the four year long projet is 10 enrich the technics! knowledge and working capacity ofthe engincers of PWD for sesmic assessment, rerrofining designand construction of existing RC framed public bung (One of the oupus of this project isto develop 6 (sx) individual manuals and gilelines as stated ‘unde for fare references: “Manual for Seismic Evaluation of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings ‘Manual fr Seismic Retrofit Design of Existing Reinforced Concrete Bulings “Maru for Retoit Construction and Supervision of Reinforced Concrete Buildings Guidelines for Quality Control of Design nd Consrution of Reinforced Conrete Buildings ‘Manval for Seismic Design of Reinforced Conerete Buildings 6 Mamal for Vulnerability Assesment and Damage Prediction of Reinforced Concrete ‘Buildings agnnst Non Seismic Hazards ‘The series of manuals and guidelines ae the outcome of fur yearlong experiences of CNCRP project, ‘The engincers of PWD with technical assistance of the JICA experts tried to adapt the Japanese retrofit technology to local constuction conditions and practices. Seismic rtrofiing is @ specialized ‘ype of job. The professionals and practicing engineers are requested fo go through the manuals carefully and apply thei engineering judgments before application. ‘The current edtion ofthe manuals and guidelines area modest beginning. Extensive research on local conditions suc as construction materials, techniques, and practices in the light of loeal seismicity are necessary 10 upgrade the manuals. We, as professionals, believe that manuals are only a guide or ‘outline and its the expert who will have to tke the final decision about actual extent of work to be done. We expect feedback from all quarters o enc the future editions ofthe manuals ‘The Bangladesh National Building Code (BNBC 2015) does not contin any special provision for retrofit consrction. Throughout he projet duration the engineers of PWD studied and practiced the retrofit constrtion technique right from planning to supervision ofthe work. Retrofit construction is somewhat diferent from normal construction because of ts job nature. In comparison with normal ‘building constuction work, rerofiting is generally carried out under Some restrained conditions. In most of the cases the constuction is done Keeping the building operational. So the work has to be doe par by part within ie init, Bnvonmenal issues such as dust and noise comolis of umes, importance. Safety for workers as well as inmates of the building isto be ensured. Special attention i needed not to ntrrup the building services and not to ineur any damages to utility service lines such as clectiity, water, gus ec. Selection of right materials and construction techniques considering the svailabilty and suitability to local conditions are major concern. PWD engineers learat a lot expecially thraugh actual retrofitting works of one pilot project, a fre sttion and one garment factory building and various tet works while working hand in hand with Japanese counterpart. This “Masial {for Retrofit Construction Supervision of Reinforced Concrete Buildings” is the outcome of hard work arin the project tenure. The manval is equally applicable or noemal constuction supervision. ‘We deeply acknowledge the Editorial Advisory Board for ther valuble contribution. The authors fiom JICA expert team needs special mention for formulating the manuals. We also thnk all the ‘CNCRP team members for their hard work which eventually helped in publishing these manuals and guidelines. Finally I want to thank the Government of Japan and JICA for their whole hearted support and cooperation in all phases ofthe project CNCRP. Engr. Md. Kabir Ahmed Bhuiyan, Chief Engineer Public Works Department Dhaka, Bangladesh, PREFACE ‘This manual has boon prepared to assist the engineers in Bangladesh in the eonstnction and supervision of the trot works specially for RC buildings ‘This Manual const of two parts, Partl describes the revofting construction teehnology where Part-I covers to iprove the supervision skills ofthe field engineers. Although there are a number of publications in this regard available on the subject of seismic strengthening work outside Bangladesh like FEMA, ASCE, JBDPA guideline, those ae not suitable in the Bangladeshi context, Considering this issue, through the technical cooperation aroject CNCRP, between PWD and JICA, this initiative has been taken to publish a manual on seismic retrofit construction and sypervsion “The manual has besn prepared based on the studies ofthe international manuals and guidelines on this aspect and subsequently ffom the comprehensive experience gained through the implementation of retrft test work and a pilot project retrofit constuction and supervision work through the project cNCRR, The retofiting materials and methods recommended in this manual are comgatible with the sustainable use ofthe most commonly available materials and workmanship we are cenversant with in Bangladesh. ‘The manual contin sketches and detailed step by step instructions and actual remit construction photographs that wil be required by the engineers as well asthe contractors It abo contains case study of building that were restored and retrofited though the projet CNCRP, te ficilitate beter understanding of he concepts andthe system, In principle, a cocstaction supervisor is responsible for checking construction performance against design documents and building codes, the work of whom covers a wide range of areas Such as Schedule managenent, quality control of buildings, and safety management and checking the quality of building materials o be used Inthe curent ENC (BNBC 2006) construction supervision are not described in detail In reality, a ‘method of constuction supervision varies fom one supervisor to another, as the supervisors rather refer to their own experience when supervising, Consequently, the quality control for buildings is inconsistent in the country Considering the reality of construction supervision in Bangladesh as one ofthe fist outputs of the Projeet namely CNCRP, this Manual picks up and introduces the minimum requirements of supervision and most important items for the constraction supervisors. The Projet sall further develop a new manual, the contents of which shall focus more on “howto-practce” the supervision ‘work, by showingexamples and actual experiences. [eis therefore hoped tha this manual wil be useful to engineers, architects, contactors, masons and people who may be planning to retrofit existing houses and public buildings to reduce their vulnerability to frre earthquakes, Seiichi Horikoshi “Member, JICA Expert Team, CNCRP. & Senioe Manager, OYO International Corporation. ‘Md, Sobel Rahman Executive Engines, PWD Design Division IV & ‘Team Leader, Working Team-3, CNCRP. i Authors : Coauthors = ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Selict Horikoshi ‘Memer,JICA Expert Team, CNCRP & Senior Manager, OYO International Corporation (Ma. Sobel Rahman Excouive Enginees, PWD Design Divsion-4, Dhaka & ‘eam Leader, Working Team-3, CNCRP Karuna Kolzumi Director, MOHRI Architects & Associates Inc. Japan. ‘Takeshi TAKESHITA, Enginer, MOHRI Architects & Associates In. Japan ‘Md, Shameu! Islam ‘Sub Divisional Engineer, PWD Design Divisior3, Dhaka & ‘Member, Working Team-3, CNCRP. CONTENTS FORWARD, pi PREFACE, pif ACKNOWLEDGMENT, p.¥ CONTENTS, p. i PART-: RETROFIT CONSTRUCTION CHAPTER I. GENERAL?.3 CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS. 5 2.4 CONCRETE, p. 5 22 STEELREBAR, p.5 23 STEEL PLATES, p.5 24 CONNECTION BOLTS, p. 5 2.5 ADMIXTURE, p.6 2.6 NON-SHRINK GROUT, p.6 261 Materials, .7 262 Submittals, p.7 2.7 MICRO CONCRETE, p.7 2.8 BONDING AGENT FOR OLD CONCRETE TO NEW CONCRETE, p.8 2.9 ANCHORING ADHESIVE FOR POST-INSTALLED ANCHOR, p. 9 2.10 POSTINSTALLED ANCHORS, p. 9 2.11 SHEAR STUD, p. 10 2.12 CFRP (CARBON FIBER), p. 10 2.13 CURING COMPOUND, p. 11 CHAPTER 3. COMMON OPERATIONS REQUIRED IN RETROFIT WORKS, p. 13, 3.1 PREPARATION FOR RETROFITTING WORK: DISMANTLING AND REMOVAL, p. 13, 3.2 POST-INSTALLED ANCHOR WORK, p. 13 321 Procedure of postinstalled anchor work, p. 14 5.22 Strength confirmation and inspection of anchor work, p15 33 REINFORCEMENT WORK, p. 15 34 CONCRETE WORK, p. 15 3.5 NON-SHRINK GROUT WORK, p. 16 36 STRUCTURAL STEEL WORK FOR STEEL FRAME BRACING p. 17 361 Welding p.17 3.62 ining of headed stud, p. 18 363 Marking, p18 364 Storage and Handling Requirements, p.18 3.65 Fixing of connection bolts, p. 19 366 Surfice coatings (pains), p.19 3.6.7 Notes for Erection p. 20 3.68 Responsibility ofthe fabrication contractor, p. 20, sii ‘CHAPTER 4. -RETROFITTING METHODS, p, 21 ‘41 RETROFITTING WITH RC COLUMN JACKETING,p. 22 42 RETROFITTING WITH RC SHEAR WALL, p. 25 43 RETROFITTING WITH RC WING WALL, p. 30 44 RETROFITTING WITH STEEL FRAME BRACING p. 34 45 RETROFITTING WITH CARBON FIBER WRAPPING p. 39 45.1. Temperature, humidity and moistre considerations, p. 40 4.5.2 Substate repair and surface preparation, p. 40 453° Primer and put, p. 42 454 Mixing of resin, p. 43 455 CFRPlayyp. p43 4.5.6 Alignment of CFRP materials, p. 43, 45.7 Protective coatings, p. 44 45.8 Curing of resins, p. 44 45.9 Multiple plies and lp splices, 9.48 4.5.10 Temporary protection, p. 44 46 RETROFITTING WITH STURCTURAL SLIT, p48 47 RETROFITTING WITH RC BEAM JACKETING p. 51 48 RETROFITTING WITH RC LAMINATION OF BRICK WALL, p 53 49 RETROFITTING WITH STEEL PLATE JACKETING p. 56 4 1ORETROFITTING WITH EXTERNAL BUTTRESS, 9. 58 ‘PART-II: CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION “CHAPTERS. “GENERAL, 61 S\1 PURPOSE OF PART-II OF THIS MANUAL, p. 61 ‘52 DEFINITION OF TERMS, p61 52:1 Construction supervision p. 61 52.2 Construction supervisor, p. 61 52.3 Clien, . 61 524 Contactor, p61 52.5 Drawings and specifications, p 61 526 Quality contol record, p. 61 52.7 Attendant inspection, p. 61 528 Document Check, p. 61 529 Work performed, p. 61 53. PRINCIPLES AND BASIC WORKFLOW OF THE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION, pe 53:1 Priniples of the construction supervision, p. 62 532 Basie workflow of the construction supervision (Refer toFigure $3.1) p. 62 CHAPTERS. CONSTRUCTION PLANNING, p. 65 61 POINTS TO CONFIRM BEFORE CONSTRUCTION, p. 65 6.1 Construction planing, p. 65 6.12 Outstanding Issues unsolved from the Design Stage, p. 65 613 614 61s 616 wi7 618 619 Schedule Planning, p. 66 (Organization of Construction, p. 66 Construction work method, p. 6 ‘Temportry Installation Planning, p. 69 (0€ Program and progress management. p69 Procurement Planning, p. 70 Security and Safety Control Planning, p. 70 62 POINTS TO CONFIRM DURING CONSTRUCTION, p.71 62.1 622 623 624 625 626 CHAPTER 7, ‘Monthly reprt, p. 71 Progress Schedule contol, p. 71 (Quality and performed work progress contol, p. 71 Design Changes (Variation order] and Concerns, p. 79 (Confirmation and corespondence by documents, p. 79 Security and Safety Control, p. 79 CONSTRUCTION INSPECTION, p. 81 17,1 STEPS OF CHECKING CONSTRUCTION WORKS AGAINST DRAWINGS AND: SPECIFICATIONS, p. 81 Tad 12 ‘Bases of Checking, p81 Checking Steps, p- 81 7.2 MAJOR RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISIOR, p81 724 722 723 724 728 726 ‘Quality Control (QC), p. 81 Control of Work Performed, , 82 Schedule Management, p. 82 Regular Meetings, p. #2 Safety Control, p. 83, “Taking Photographs ofthe Construction Woeks,p 83 17.3 ITEMS TO BE INSPECTED AND INSPECTION METHOD, p. 83 174 COMPLETION INSPECTION (AT THE TIME OF COMPLETION OF THE CONSTRUCTION), p. 90 74 142 143 144 Purposes, p. 90 ‘Timing, p. 90 Methods, p. 90 Items tobe checked, p. 90 115 KEEPING THE CONSTRUCTION PROGRESS RECORD, p. 90 7.6 REPORT, p.90, Appendix T,p.91 Quality conizo table, p. 93 ‘Cheek Ist for work performed, p. 94 Appendix, p.95 Daily report, p.97 ‘Weekly report, p. 98 Overall Progress Report, p.99 Appendbs TM 107 Material submission form p. 109 Request fr inspection, p. 110 Tnepection and Testing Record p. 11 Appendix IV, p.113 ‘Photographic monitoring in construction work p. 115, ‘Appenais V, p. 19 ‘Minimum requiremeats for quality contro, p. 121 Appendix Vi, p31 List of BDS and other Adopted Standard, p. 133, Index of Figures, p.151 Index of Tables, 153 PARTI: | RETROFIT CONSTRUCTION tat Sana ete ae CHAPTER 1. GENERAL ‘This par ofthe manual coves only the constrction ofthe erofiting work. No design of etefiting is scused inthis manual. It is suggested thatthe rerofiting design of an exiting building shal be carried out by a qualified structural engineer. He may take necessary guideline from the “Mana for Seismic Retofit Design of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buildings” published by CNCR?, The retrofit construction work shall be implemented as per retrofit design through the materi specification and work procedure discussed in this manual. The specification and issues not ewvered in this manual shal be cosidred according to the latest version of “Schedule of Rates of PWD" and “Bangladesh National Building Code BNE” In comparison with general building construction work, rofiting work is generally carted out under some restrained conditions. Because, in most of the cases, this construction has tobe done on. bouldings shat ae ic use, So the work shall be de part by art within time Hit eons dering «svironmental sues uch 8 dst and nie conto Sufficient measures shall be taken for the safety ofthe occupants and wser. In aditon, special attention bas tobe given so thatthe building services ae not interupted due to constuction werk Moreover t shall be ensured that there is no damage in lity sevice lines such as eet ie, gas line, water ine ‘An adequate ‘Consttion Plan’ fr reofiting work shall be done withthe following conidetons 4) Limited acoes tothe builing and prt by part construction it) _Redvcton of time period ii) Minimum dist ad noise contol jw) Adequate survey of existing piping and electrical wiring system, ensuring safety. ‘CHAPTER 2. MATERIALS ‘The selection of the right materials 10 be used in the setmic revofiting of @ given structure consideing the quali, eval, suitability to the local condition has been & major challenge. The seleton of materia tobe used depends on many aspects including applicability and suitability of saterals for the target structures. Using standard and innovative rerofit materials, appropriate technology, workmahip, and quality contol during implementation are the key fotos fora sccestful epi, strengthening and restoration of vlnerable or damaged structures Some of materials tat have ben used for seismic retoiting in ilferent seismic trotting methods ae specialized and ferent from traditional materials which are normaly used for new building consrton. In these section materials that are specially used fr sesmie ert constuction hav been discussed. For materials that are common for seismic rerofiting as well as new building construction, specifications in BNBC and PWD “Schedule of Rates” shall be used. 24 CONCRETE ‘Thecement an fine aggregates tobe used in conerete for seismic retrofitting work are the same as wed {or new building construction and the specification in NBL and FWD Schedule ot Kates stall be followed. But for coarse aggregate itis desirable to use a slightly smaller diameter than which has been sed for new building construction a there are major restrictions on conerete casting and consolidation in reeofiting work, 22 STEELREBAR Stel rebar material hal be the same as used for new building construction and specification shall he as indicated io BNBC and PWD Schedule of Rats, 23° STEEL PLATES Stel plates that are tobe used for retrofit construction especially for ste! frame bracing shall conform to ether ASTM A36 or ASTM AS72. 14 CONNECTION ROTTS Strvtual connection bolts oe used for retrofit construction shall conform to ASTM A307, ASTM. 325 or ASTM A449 as specified by the structural designer. Mortar ard conerete to be usd for rerofiting works are required to have good workability, higher strength while aggregate must have minimal segregation and voids, as wll as minimal water content ‘To ensure thes, in normal situations water reducing admixture may be used “The major reasons for using admixtures in retrofit construction conerete are: ‘+ Toxmake the concrete workable in the restited area, + To-ensure proper compaction in restricted are. ‘© To maintain the quality of concrete during the stages of mixing transporting, placing, and curing in edverse weather conditions ‘+ To overcome certain emergencies during concreting operations Despite these considerations, it should be bore in mind tht no admixture of any type or amount can be considered a substitute for good concreting practice. The effectiveness ofan admixture depends ‘pon factors such a type, brand, and amount of cementing materials; water content; aggregate shape, ‘gradation, and proportions; mixing time; slump: and temperature ofthe concrete Admixtures being considered for use in conerete should meet applicable speifications 2s in ASTM C494 (Type A to Type G) slong with BDS EN 934-1:2008 for conventional mixes, ASTM C 260 far Airenloing admictues and ASTM C 1017 fr owing concrete. Trial mixtures should be made with the ‘admixtures and the job materials at temperature and humidity anticipated on the job. In this way the compatibility ofthe admixture with other type admixtures and job materials, as wel as the effets of ‘he adminture on the proportion of the eth and hardened concrete, can be observed, The amount of admixture recommended by the manufacturer or the optimum amount determined by laboratory tests should be used. 26 NON-SHRINK GROUT. For the purpose of specifications, "aon-shrink grout” can be defined as a high-strength mortar or grout hich doesnot shrink inthe plastic stat, i dimensionally stable in the hardened, and bonds permanently to clean metal plate and concrete substrate, Retrofit constriction i creating walle inside existing fame, gape between sisting commections and attached surfaces can easily be open due to drying shrinkage ofthe concrete. tis important fo use non shrink coneretein this context in these locations. Chup? Materials 26.1 Materials [Non-shvink, non-metallic, non-corrosive cement-based grout shall conform to the following requirements: = Applicable Standards; ASTM C1107 ‘© Grout shall be manvfactured specially for use in supporting heavy loads (loads in excess ‘300 pounds per square foot concentrated load of 100 pounds per square fot uniform load). Grout: ASTM C1107, Grade A,B, oC, as appropiate for the condition or ‘© Shrinkage at 28 days: No shrinkage before hardening (0.00 shrinkage when tested in accordance with ASTM C827}; no shrinkage after hardening (0.00 shrinkage when tested in accordance with ASTM C827), “© Compressive strength, minimum: a) Atseven days: 3500 psi 1b) AL28days: 5000 psi Initial setting time, afer addition of water: approximately one hour at 70 degrees F. ‘© Flow ability should be ensured as necesary forthe particular aplication. 2.6.2 Submittals 2) Product Dat: Submitmanufacture’s product data and installation instructions, '¥) Cotifcaton: Submitcrtiicates of compliance or laboratory test reports which indicate the following: ‘+ Materials used in the grou ate fee from metalic components and corosion producing elements ‘+ Materials meet specif shrinkage and compressive strength requirements 2.7 MICROCONCRETE For par sections generally deeper than 100mm it may be necessary to mix the nonshrink grout (see section 2.6) with properly graded Smm to 12mm silt-ce aggregate to minimize temperature rise: The ‘quantity of agerezate required may vary depending onthe nature and configuration ofthe repair location. The typical results wih afew aggregate proportions, for varios applications are furnished below for guidelines [Non shrink Grout Powder: Coarse aggregate (SSD) (By weight)~1 :0.75 ‘Water: Powder rato (By weight) ~0.16 (shall not be increased in any circumstances) 1 Chapter? Materials ‘Table 2.7.1. Compressive strength of Micro Concrete compan tng tne) Smeneen Tamm com mom aoe _ Se swngh 2am ge ‘The miero concrete inthe flowable consistency should achieve a compresive strength of not less than TN mm? after 24 hous, 4ONiman? after 7 days and $0 Ninn after 28 days a 300 C. Most importantly, the cured miro-conerete shall contain no metalic aggregates, of chlorides ‘nd shall be shrinkage compensated inthe plastic state. The unrestrained expansion shall be between | 4%. The flexural strength shall not be less than S Nimun? @ 28 days, The miro-coneete shall have cooficcn of thermal expansion similar to that of the hoitconcrte, The mined deasity of | ricro-conerete shall exceed 2100 kg/m at 27°C, 2.8 BONDING AGENT FOR O1.D CONCRETE. TO NEW CONCRETE Fresh wet concrete docs not normally bond well to existing dey concrete, So it is sual to apply bonding agent on old concrete before lying new conrete and bonding sh plastic concrete ool, hardened concrete increases the strength of he composite materia. Fresh patches, concrete adjacent to constrction jis, and overlay all benef from bonding tothe hardened concrete substrate: Bond is ot, however, guaranteed It ust be ensured though proper surface preparation, material choice and ‘se, and caring Ignoring one ofthese componcnts my result in dhe ota uss of bo Material specication shall conform to ‘+ ASTM C1089: Standard Speciation for Latex Agents for Bonding Fresh to Hardened Concrete + ASTM C1S63: Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Consrte Surfaces andthe Bond Strength of Tensile Strength of Conerete Repair and Overlay Materials by Dirt Tension (Pull, ff Method, + ACI 503R-80: Use of Epoxy Compound with Conerete. Chaptor’2 Materials 2.9 ANCHORING ADHESIVE FOR POST-INSTALLED ANCHOR Adhesive to be ued for anchoring studype anchors consisting of threaded steel tod, ut and washer or deformed reinforcing bar ec. a indicated in drawings and specifications shall be epoxy adhesive conforming ASTM C881 Type, Il, Vand V Grade 3, Class Band C. Adhesive shall bea caridge ‘ype, two-component, sold epoxy based system dispensed and mixed trough a static mixing nozle supplied by the manuficturer, Acceptable instalation and performance temperature ranges shall be verified with manufacturer's iterature prior to instalation, 2.10 POST-INSTALLED ANCHORS “There are two types of postnstalled anchors: Mechanical and Bonded anchor. Mocianial anchors comprise undcut anchors, expansion anchors and screw anchors. Inher form, undret snchors inerlock wih the concrete atthe base ofthe dill hole They derive tension resistance by bearing. Expansion anchors derive tension resistance vie the fiction generated by expansion forces aginst the wall the riled hole. Screw anchors derive enion resistance via the fntrock ofthe srew threads with he concrete Aaesive anchors are anchors in concrete or masonry that derive ter esitance to applied tension loud by adhesion or bond. The adhesive fr ataching bots, rods t,t the concrete savalble in bth carige and capsule configurations. Each type consists of vo este pat, a sin and a harden. In the cate format, the two components are contained in separate parallel tubes connected on the nd by a manifold tha allows the materia tobe proportioned in the proper ratio and mixed together ‘The are tol forces th mater out ofthe tubes, ough the manifold, nto and trough mixing nozzle and it the dried hole. The mixing nozle assures thatthe components ae well mike andthe adhesive resin i activated by the hardener. With «capsule anchor, the resin and hardener are kept, separate, but ae contained within ingle elas or fil capsule. The enti capsule i inserted into the (U)Replacing infilled brick wall by RC shear wall Figure 4.2.1 Rewrofiting by Installing Shear Wall In general post installed anchors are placed along boundary columns and beams to make the connection between the new installed shear wall 1nd the existing beam column frame. Strengthening gains concrete spliting shall be sufficiently provided by using spiral hoops (see figure 4.2.4) or Jndder-shaped reinforcing bar (see figure 4.2.5) Figure 4.22 and figure 42.3 show the typical details of retrofting by installing shear wall After completion of reinfocement work the conerete casting of shear wal shal be done upto sround 20cm below the beam. The remaining part of shear wall shal be carried cut by non-hrink grout work with pressure nt fo leave un led gaps andlor opening below beam. In most ofthe cases shear wall is stated ffom the foundation level, At thet ease, dismantling and removal work shal be done carefully as per provision of section 3.1 ofthis manual. When tel frame bracing is placed in en open frame as retofiting method the botom part of the frame ie. the part below rade beam to foundation may be filled by TC shear wal, 6 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Mathods Delals of RC Shear wall Figure 4.2.2 Typical Detils of Shear Wall Section CC Figure 4.23 Connection Deals of Shear Wall with Existing Beam 27 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods LZ. ep re ad fasng at ‘SOURCE: Guidelines for Seismic Revofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Buldings, 2001, Published by- “The Japan Bulding Disaster Prevention Association Figure 4.2.4 Strengthening against Spliting with Spiral Reinforcing Bars ‘SOURCE: Guidelines for Selamic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Concrete Builings, 2001. Published by- ‘Te Japan Bung Disaster Prevention Associaton Fiqure 4.2.5 Strengthening against Splitng with Ladder Type Reinforcing Bars 28 ‘Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods This pr sintonionaly kept open to eshbt he renforcement dtalls Frovidng RC Shear Wallin a open frame: ‘Test Work of CNCRP in 2012 Figure 4.26 Photograph of KC Shear Wall Insertion [ROC Shear Wall under constuction Figure 4.27 Photograph of RC Shear Wall Insertion during Construction of Plot Work of 2 ‘Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods Plaster removal and chipping | Dring work L = | | Shuttering and form work | ‘Concreting up to around 20cm blow the hea | Non-shrink grout work at remaining poet Figure 4.14 Standard Construction Flow Chart for Retrofiting by Shear Wall 43 RETROFITTING WITH RC WING WALL ‘In this retrofiting method small panels are installed with column which may not be considered as ‘shear wall (See figue 4.3.1). The objective of this retrofiting method is to increase seismic performance ofexstisg building by changing the exiting independent columns to columns with wing ‘wall for upgrading ther strength, % ‘As per Section 3.1 ‘As per Section 3.2 As perScction 2.2 AsperSection 2.3 Asper Section 3.4 ‘sper Section 35 Chapter 4, Retrofitting Methods tie hoop for prevention of spitting ‘SOURCE: Guideline fo Seismic Retrofit of Existing Reinforced Conrete Buildings, 200. Published by ‘Tae Japan Bilin Distr Prevention Assocation Figure 43.1 Retrofiing by Tnstlling Wing Wall “These wing walls ae generally connected wit the existing column and beam by using pos-instaled anchor work Tv hoop can be wed for prevention of siting. The conerete work and non-shink rout work shall be same as discussed in RC shear wall method. Figure 43.2 and figure 43.3 show the types details ofthis method at Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods Details of RC Wing wall Figure 43.2 Rewofiaing by Installing Wing Wall Post install anchor Blt eos ih), ° Es ene Vi a Section D-D Figure 43.3 Retrofting by Installing Wing Walt 29, Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods ‘Thi prt kept open Intron te etl tho ‘elsforcomentdetais RC Wing WelProvded at ‘an eisting column | ‘Test Work of CNCRP in 2012 Figure 4.24 Photograph of Wing Wall 98 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods Plaster removal and chipping As per Section 3.1 Anchoring work As pes Section 32 | ! Assembling ofRe-bar As per Section 33 |__sotene at irmart | [contig po srond ten | et | Non-sbink grout work at As perSection 24 Asper Section 35 I remaining part Figure 4.3.5 Standard Construction Flow Chart for Retrofitting by Wing Wall 44 RETROFITTING WITH STEEL FRAME BRACING Retrofitng with tel sections isa seismic upgrade technique of existing RC frames by steel braces or steel panels, Connection details may have the following two schemes; direct connection boking, welding ace vod ail inncet eoaecton Ugh ates anclas provided between RC ‘ame and stel ame. To ensure the secured connection iis strongly recommended use the second ‘one ie, indirect connection with existing RC members along their four interfaces of ste! frame using ‘ost installed anchor and non-shrink grout. cy Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methoda etna (Xtyetace —_) Kye trace (©) mumand ype (© damond 9p igure 441 Different Types of Stel Frame Bracing Ste! fame bracing may be internal ste! frame bracing or external te frame bracing. In both cases, ‘he connection dish be sume Postinstalled anchor shal be placed along boundary columns and coms, Headed std ball be connected with the peripheral members ofthe ste frame bracing Spiral hoops or lade shaped reinforcing brs shal be wsed to prevent spliting a the connections ofall four Sides, The interfaces between the existing RC fame and steel fame shall be filled by non-shvink szout Tee typical connection details of tel frame bracing i shown in figure 6.4.20 figure 4.4.4, 38 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods Pestinstalled anstor — Non shin Grout Detale of Steel Frame Bracing Figure 44.2 Detail of Sect Frame Bracing Figure 44.3 Connection Detils between Existing RC Frame and Steel Frame Bracing 36 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods Det of spiral ber Figure 444 Details of Spiral Hoops to Prevent Split Intemal Stee! Frame Bracing under Invomal Stee! Frame Bracing ator ‘construction construction ‘Figure 44:5 Phorographs of Steet Frame Bracing from Plot Work of CNCRP a7 Chapter 4. Retrficting Methods Rag peepee 9 ee eee eens) a er ‘OUatrersity Building (with Exterior Panels) )Blementary Schol Balding (with Balconies) Figure 4.4.6 Photographs of Steet Frame Bracing External Stal Eran Bracing i appliad ae rtafiting ins bling of Tohuku University Figure 44.7 Photographs of Steel Frame Bracing (External) 8 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods Plaster removal and chipeing ‘Welding of headed al 7 Anchoring work it Erection of ste! frame l ‘Assembling of pr Shuttering and form work [__ seutns ‘igure 44.8 Standard Construction Flow Char for Steel Frame Bracing 45. RETROFITTING WITH CARBON FIBER WRAPPING Procedures for installing Fiber Reinfered Polymer (FRP) systems have been develaped by the system manufacturers and often differ between systoms. In addition, installation procedures can vary within a system, depending on the type and condition ofthe structure. Contractors trained in accordance with the installation procedures developad by the system manufacturer shovld install FRP systems. Deviations from the procedures developed by the FRP system manufacturer should not be allowed without consulting with the manufacturer 39 Chapter 4, Retoficting Methods 48.1 Temerarure, humidity, and mokture considerations Temperature, relative humidity, and surface moisture at the time of installation can affect the performance of the FRP system. Conditions to be observed before and during installation inchude surface temperature ofthe concrete, ir temperature, elative humidity, and corresponding dew point ‘+ Primers, saturating resins, and adhesives should generally not be applied to cold or frozen surfaces. When the surface temperature ofthe conrete surface fils below a minimum level a specified by ‘he FRP system minufsetrt, improper Saturation ofthe bers and improper curing of he resin constituent materials can occur, compromising he integrity of the FRP system. ‘+ Resins and adhesives should generally not be applied to damp or wet surfaces unless they have been formulated for such applications ‘+ FRP systems should not be appliod t0 conte surices that are subject to moisture vapor tuananiasion, The Wansnission of cise vapur Guns « vntsee sualve Ung he wimax resin materials typically appears as surface bubbles and can compromise the bond beoween the FRPsystem and he substrate, 452 Substrate repair and surface preparation ‘The behavior of concrete members strengthened or retrofited with FRP systems ic highly dependemt fon a sound concrete substrate and proper preparation and profiling of the concrete surface. An improperly prepared surface can result in de bonding or delaminating of the FRP system before achieving the design load transfer. The general guidelines presented in this chapter should be applicable to all exterally bonded FRP systems, Specific guidelines for @ particular FRP system shouldbe obtained from the FRP system manuficturer, 45.2.1 Substrate repair All problems associated withthe condition of the origina concrete and the concrete substrate that ean compromise the integrity ofthe FRP sysem should be addressed before sufice preparation bepns. All concrete repairs should met the requirements ofthe design drawings and project specifications ‘The FRP system manficturer should be coneulted on the compattbility of the FRP system with ‘atrils used for repairing the substrate, 45.22 Corrosion-elated deteriora ‘Externally bonded FRP systems should not be applied to concrete substrates suspected of containing ‘corroded reinforcing stel. The expansive forces associated with the eorasion process ae dificult to ‘determine, and could compromise the struct integrity ofthe externally applied FRP system, ‘The cause(s) ofthe corrosion shouldbe adiresed, ad the crrosionselated deterioration should be repaired before the aplication oF any externally honded FRP sytem, 0 Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods =s 4523 Injection oferacks Cracks that re 0.010 in, (0.3 mn) and wider ean afet the performance of the externally bonded FRP system tough delamination or fiber crushing. Consoquety, crack wider han 0.010 in, (0.3 mn should be pressure injected with epoxy before FRP installation in accordance with manufacturers guideline. Smaller cracks exposed 1 aggressive environments may requre resin ijetion oF sealing to prevent ‘corrosion of existing sel reinforcement 45.24 Surface preparation Surfice preparation requirements should be based on the intended applization of the FRP system. Applications canbe categorized as Bond critical or Contact-ritcl ‘Bond:-critca applications, such as flexural or shear strengthening of beans, slabs, columns, or val requie an adhesive bond between the FRP system and the conerete Contact-eritical applications, such as confinement of clus, ony requir intimate contact between ‘he FRP syxem and the conesste Contateritical applieations da not rire an adhesive hot Deiween the FRP system and the conerete substrate, although itis oten provided to facilitate instalation, ‘+ Bond-rticalapplicaions Surface preparation for bond-ritcal applications should be in accordance with recommendations of ACI S46R and ICRI 03730, (© The concrete or repaired surfaces to which the FRP system i to be applied shoud be feshly exposed and free of lose or unsound material (© Where fibers wraparound the comers of rectangular cross Seton, he comer: shouldbe rounded toa minimum 0 in (13 mm) rads to preven stress concentrations in the FRE system and voids between the FRP system and the concrete, Rougheved comers houlé be smoothed with pty © Obstructions, inside corners, concave surfaces, and embedded objets can affect the performance of the FRP system, and should be addressed. Obstrustions and embedded objets may need toe removed before isang the FRP sytem, © Inside corners and concave surfaces may require special dealing to ensure thatthe bond of the FRP system othe substrate is maintained © Alliance, dust, dit, i, curing compound exiting coatings, andany other rater that ‘could interfire with the bond ofthe FRP sytem to the concrete should he removed. © Bug hoes and other small surface voids shoud be completely exposed during sure profiling an Chapter 4. Retrofitting Methods (© After the profiling operations are complete, the surfice shouldbe cleaned and proectod before FRP instalation so that no materials tat can interre with bond ae e-depsited con the sre. © The concrete surfice should be prepared o # minimum concrete surface profile (CSP) 3 3s defined by the ICRI surfce-profile chips. The FRP system manufacturer should be consulted to determine if more aggressive surfice profiling is necessary. Localized ‘uot plane variations including form lines, should not exceed 1/32 in. (mam) othe tolerances recommended by the FRP system manufacturer, Localized out-of-plane ‘variations ean be removed by grinding, & ean be smoothed over using resin-based puty ‘ifthe variations are very sl ‘© Bug ole and voids shouldbe filed with resin based put © All surfaces to receive th stengthening system should be as dry as recommended by the RP system manufacture. ‘© Water inthe pores can inhibit resin penetration and reduce mechanical trlock, Moisture content shold be evaluate in acordance withthe requirements of ACI 5034 "+ Conacterieal applications ‘Ic applications involving confinement of structural concrete members, surface preparation should Promote continuous intimate contact between the concrete surface andthe FRP system. Surfaces ‘ce be wrapped should, at a minimum, be flat or convex to promote proper loading ofthe FRP system. Large void in the surface shouldbe patched witha repair material compatible withthe sisting concrete, Materials with low compressive strength and elastic modulus, such as plaster, can reduce the effectivenes of the FRP system and should be removed 453 Primer and putty ‘Where required prim should be applied a all areas onthe conerete surface where the FRP sytem is to be placed, The primer should be plced uniformly on the prepared surface atthe manufacturer's specified rte of coverage. The applied primer should be protected from dust, moisture, and other contaminants before applying the FRP system. Putty should be used in an appropriate thickness and sequence with the primer at recommended by the FRP manufacturer. The system compatible puty, ‘which is typically a thickened resn-based paste, shouldbe used only to fill voids and smooth surface discontinuities before the application 0” other materials. Rough edges or trowel lines of cured putty should be ground smooth before contining the installation. Before applying the saturating resin ot saesive, the primer and putty should be allowed to cure as specified by the FRP system manuficturer. If the putty and primer are fully cured, additonal surface preparation may be required before the pplication ofthe saturating resin or adhesive. Surface preparation requirements should be obtained from the FRP system manufacturer a ‘Chapter 4, Retrofitting Metho 4540 Mixing of resins Mixing of retine should be dane in acenrdance withthe FRP system manufacturer's recommended procedure. All resin components shouldbe atthe proper temperature and mixed in the correct ratio ntl there is a uniform and complete mixing of components. Resin componens are often contrasting colors, so fll mixing is achieved when color streaks are eliminated. Resins should be mined for the prescribed mixing time and visually inspected for uniformity of color. Te materis! manufacturer should supply reccmmended batch sizes, mixture ratios, mixing methods, and mixing times. Mixing ‘equipment can incude small electrically powered mixing blades or specialty units, or resins can be mixed by hand sting, if needed. Resin mixing should be in quantities sufficiently small to ensure ‘at all mixed resin can be used within the resin’ pot life. Mixed resin tht exceeds is pot life should not be used because the viscosity wil continue to increase and will adversely affect the resins ability to penetrate the surface or saturate the fiber shet, Fumes can accompany the application of some FRP resins, FRP system should be selected with consideration for their Impact on the environment, {including emission of volatile organic compounds and toxicology 458. Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) layup “The CFRP available in Bangladesh are known as Wet layup FRP systems and are typically installed ‘by and using dry fiber sheets and a saturating resin, typically per the manufacturer’ recommendations, The saturating resin shouldbe applied uniformly to all prepared surfaces where the system is to be placed, The fibers can also be impregnsied in a separate process wing « resimimpregnating machine before placement on the concrete surface. The reinforcing fibers should be gently pressed into the uncured saturating resin in a manner recommended by the FRP system ‘manufactre. Entrapped sir between layers should be released or rolled out before the resin sel Sufficient saturating resin should be applied to achive fll saturation ofthe fibers. Sucessve layers of saturating resin and fiber materials shouldbe placed before the complete cure ofthe previous layer of resin, If previous layers are cured, interlayer surface preparation, such as light sanding or solvent pplication as recommended by the system manufacturer, may be required, 45.6 Alignment of CFRP materials ‘The FRP-ply orientation and ply:stackng sequence shouldbe specified. Smal variations in angle, a8 litle as 5 degrees, from the intended direction of fiber aligament can cause a substantial reduction in strength and modulus. Deviations in ply orientation should only be made if approved by the licensed.

    You might also like