Fluid Flow-I

Subject Code: ChE-102

Dr. Asif Jamil

Department of Chemical, Polymer and Composite

Materials Engineering
 Turbulence
Turbulence: is a mass of eddies of various sizes
coexisting in the fluid stream, large eddies are
continually formed, they break down to smaller eddies
and finally disappeared.

eddies

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 Nature of Turbulence

 Turbulent flow consists of mass of eddies of

various sizes coexisting in flowing stream.
 Larger eddies break down into smaller one and
finally disappear.
 Flow within an eddy is Laminar.
 Diameter of the smallest eddies is 10 to 100 μm.
 The smallest eddies contain 1012 molecules, hence
all eddies are of macroscopic scale.
 Upon eddies disappearance, the mechanical
energy is converted to heat and does not available
to maintain pressure or to overcome resistance to
flow.
Deviating Velocities in Turbulent Flow
 The instantaneous local velocities at a given point can
be measured by Laser-Doppler anemometers.
 Local velocities can be analyzed by splitting each
component of the total instantaneous velocity in two
parts;
◦ A) Time average or mean value of velocity
◦ B) Deviating velocity, the instantaneous fluctuations
around the mean value

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Deviating Velocities in Turbulent Flow
 Components of instantaneous velocity in x,y and z
directions are ui, vi, and wi,
 The bulk flow is in x direction.
ui = u+u’ vi = v’ wi = w’
ui, vi, wi = instantaneous velocity in (x,y,z) dimensions
u = const. net velocity of stream in x direction
u’, v’, w’ = deviating velocity in (x,y,z) dimensions

 Due to random nature of fluctuations, the time avg. of

the fluctuating components of pressure and velocity
become zero over a time period to the order of few
seconds.

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Deviating Velocities in Turbulent Flow
 However, the time average of the mean square
of any one of these velocity component is not
zero.
𝒕𝒐
𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒕 𝟐
𝒖′ = 𝒖′
𝒕𝒐 𝟎

 The mean square is not zero, as squared value

always give positive values.
 In Laminar flow, no eddies form, so the
deviating velocities and pressure fluctuations
do not exist.
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 Statistical nature of turbulence
 Measuring u’, v’, & w’ at different places and over varying
time period, two kind of data are obtained.
 Three deviating velocity component at single point can be
measured as function of time.
 The value of the single deviating velocity can be measured
at different positions over the same time period.

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Statistical nature of turbulence
 U’ measured at two different positions.
 The correspondence b/w velocities at two stations varies
from a very close relationship at very small value of y to
completely independence when y is large.
 It is expected that at small y value it’s a single eddy.
 At large separating distance (y), the measurements are
made for two different eddies and the correlation
disappears.
 These observations are quantified by defining correlation
coefficients.

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Statistical nature of turbulence

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Intensity & Scale of Turbulence
Intensity of Turbulence

Turbulence fields are characterized by two average

parameters.
1st: measures intensity of the field, speed of rotation of the eddies and
energy contained.
2nd: measures the size of the eddies.
 Intensity is measured by root mean square of a velocity
component.
 Average mean velocity as

 Turbulence fields just below the turbulence producing grids,

intensity may reach 5 to 10 %.
 In an unobstructed flow, intensities are less and of the order
of 0.5 to 2 %.
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Intensity & Scale of Turbulence
Scale of Turbulence
The scale of turbulence is based on correlating coefficients
such as Ru’, measured as function of the distance b/w stations.

The scale Ly of the eddy in the y direction.

Each direction usually gives a different values of Ly.
 For air flowing in pipes at 12 m/s, the scale is about 10 mm,
and this is a measure of the average size of the eddies in the
pipe.

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ISOTROPIC TURBULENCE
 The root-mean-square components are equal
for all directions at a given point.

 The turbulence is said to be isotropic.

 Isotropic turbulence exists when there is no
velocity gradient, as at the center-line of a pipe.
 Small eddies, especially near obliteration from
viscous action, are practically isotropic.

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Reynolds Stresses
 Shear forces much larger than laminar flow exists in
turbulent flow, whenever there is velocity gradient
across a shear plane.
 The mechanism of turbulent shear depends upon
the deviating velocities in anisotropic turbulence.
 Turbulent shear stresses are called Reynolds
stresses.

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Reynolds Stresses
 Fluid in turbulent flow moving in positive x-direction.
 Plane S is parallel to the flow.
 Instantaneous velocity in the plane is ui,
 Mean velocity is u.
 An eddy moving towards the wall has a negative value of v’.
 Mass flow rate ρ(-v’) into the fluid below plane S.
 Rate of momentum transfer per unit area ρ(-v’)u’.
 This momentum flux, after time averaging of all eddies, is a
turbulent shear stresses or Reynold stress given by the
equation,

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Eddy Viscosity

 μ & υ are True properties of fluid and average values of the molecules.
 Eυ and ƐM are not true but depends upon velocity and geometry of the system.
 Eddy viscosity (Eυ) and eddy diffusivity (ƐM)are difficult to determine and
measured by means of special instruments.
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