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2. VOWELS
For the sake of describing and identifying vowels, two criteria will be mentioned:
- Part of the tongue raised: according to this criteria, vowels can be front, back and central.
- Degree of raising which takes place: this criterion classifies vowels as close, half-close, open
and half-open.
Thus /i/ in <see> is a front close vowel, /ae/ as in <man> is a front half-open vowel, /a:/ as in
<half> is a back open vowel, /o/ as in <all> is a back half-open vowel, /u/ as in <book> is a
close back vowel, and /3:/ as in <bird> is a central half-open vowel.
Part and height of the tongue raised are the most common criteria used in the classification of vowels.
However, they can also be categorized according to the following criteria:
Tense and lax: it has to do with the degree of tension in the muscles.
Vowel length: this criterion classifies vowels according to QUANTITY. In this sense, they can
be LONG or SHORT.
Vowel strength: it classifies vowels according to QUALITY. In this sense, vowels can be WEAK or
STRONG. Generally, when they are in an unstressed position, the weak form is used. This, in turn,
tends to reduce to /a/.
Lip position: It refers to whether the lips are ROUNDED or UNROUNDED.
Nasalization: it has to do with whether the velum is raised or lowered. When it is raised the
vowel is ORAL. On the contrary, when it is lowered, the vowel is NASAL.
2.1. DESCRIPTION OF VOWELS
English, unlike Spanish, has 12 vocalic sounds. For the sake of clarity and economy, they will
be referred to with numbers. We can compile the following list of English vowels:
3. DIPHTHONGS
A diphthong is a vowel, which changes its quality in the course of its production; it begins as
one vowel and ends as another. There are 9 falling diphthongs in English, the first element being
louder than the second. This glide (or movement of the tongue, lips and jaw) is not usually completed,
unlike Spanish. Hence, a diphthong is a gliding sound: the tongue starts in one vowel position and
glides towards another vowel position by the most direct route. A diphthong is made by one impulse
of the breath, i.e, there is no diminuendo-crescendo of breath force.
English diphthongs, like those of most languages, are of the falling type, i.e. they have their greater
prominence at the beginning; they are decrescendo diphthongs. English diphthongs are usually
written phonetically with two letters, the first representing the starting point of the tongue, and the
second the direction in which it moves. In the diphthong /ai/, for example, the tongue starts at the
position of /a/, and moves towards, but does not actually reach, the /i/ position.
Diphthongs can also be CLOSING or CENTRING, depending on the final movement of the
glide:
• Closing: /ai, ei, oi, au, au/
• Centring: /ia, ea, ua, oa/
Following the same criteria established above, the English diphthongs will be given a number:
Diphthong n. 13, /eɪ/ is the sound of lady or make. The tongue starts in the position below vowel n.2,
and moves towards the position of /ɪ/. As the movement is through a very small distance, this
diphthong is said to be narrow. Its commonest spelling is a as in slate, safe, same and bathe. Further
examples of this spelling of this diphthong are: face, flame, pale, waste and change. Other spellings
are illustrated by day, pay, fail, wait. Note that /eɪ/ is spelt ea in break, steak and great. In certain
words of French origin, the ending -et, in imitation of French usage, is pronounced /eɪ/, as in ballet
and bouquet.
Dipththong n.14, /əʊ/: this is the diphthong that we use, for example in the word home. It begins
with a sound approximately midway between the half-close and the half-open positions of the tongue,
and it moves from there towards the position for vowel n. 8, /ʊ/. Like vowel n.8, the first element of
this diphthong is rather centralized; it is somewhat in advance of the true back vowels and is on or
near the boundary between back and central vowels. The lip position during the fist part of the
diphthong is neutral; there is some slight rounding as the sound proceeds and the tongue gets near to
vowel n.8. The spelling of this diphthong varies. It may consist of o alone, as in go, and so, or of oe,
as in foe. In a number of words, like hole, rose, hope and note, there is a final mute e serving a similar
purpose to that of the e in safe and same. Other spellings of the diphthong are seen in oat, load, own,
poultry, and dough, though. French spellings are seen in beau, mauve and depot where the diphthong
is used in imitation of the French pronunciation.
Diphthong n. 15, /aɪ/: this is the diphthong that we use, for example, in the word high. It begins with
an open vowel, somewhere between n.4 and n.5, and it moves towards n.2. It is unrounded. It is most
commonly spelt i, ie, or y, as in child, bind, kind, die, lie, tie and by, shy or try. Another common
spelling is igh, as in high, sigh, right, tight and alight. Less common spellings are seen in height,
sleight, eye, buy and guy.
Diphthong n.16, /aʊ/: this is the diphthong used, for example, in house and cow. It starts as an open
vowel at a point a little in advance of English vowel n.5 /a:/ and roughly half-way between n.4 and
n.5, and it moves from there in the direction of English vowel n.8, /ʊ/. The lips to begin with are
neutral, but become somewhat rounded as the sound proceeds. The chief spelling of /aʊ/ are ow and
ou, as in town, crowd, allow, brown, how, now; and mouse, sound, fountain, lud, out, thou. In a few
words, we have ough, as in bough, plough and drought.
Diphthong n.17, /ɔi/: this diphthong is found, for example, in boy and noise. It starts at a point about
midway, or a little above midway, between vowel n.5 and n.6, and it moves from there towards the
position of vowel n.2. The lips are rounded at the very beginning, but quickly move towards the
spread position. It is spelt oi or oy, as in choice, rejoice, coin, spoil; and joy, destroy, employ. An
exceptional spelling is found in buoy, which is pronounced exactly like boy.
Diphthong n.18, /ɪə/: examples of words with this diphthong are cheer and here. The glide
starts in vowel n.2 and moves to vowel n.12. It is unrounded. It is spelt in various ways. A common
spelling is ier, which is found, for example, in pier, brigadier and frontier. Two other common
spellings are seen in beer, queer, steer and engineer, and in here, mere and severe. The diphthong is
also sometimes spelt ea, as in idea, real, ant, theatre; and in a number of words it is spelt ear, as in
ear, hear, clear, gear and beard. Very rare spellings are seen in weird and museum. Notice that here
and hear are pronounced alike, and so are beer and bier, deer and dear, and peer and pier.
Diphthong n. 19, /ea/: this is the diphthong found in bare and hair. It begins with a half open
front vowel n.3, and moves from there to n.12 /ə/. It is unrounded. The commonest spellings of the
diphthong are are, air, as in care, mare, share, and air, chair, fair. Less common spellings are seen
in ere, there; heir, their; scarce; and aerodrome. In four words, bear, pear, wear and swear, the
spelling ear (which normally represents /ɪa/) stands for /ea/.
Diphthong n.20, /ʊə/: this is the diphthong is boor and tour. It starts at vowel n.8 and moves from
there to n.12, /ə/. The lips at first are rounded, but soon move to the neutral position. This diphthong
is spelt oor, as in boor, moor and poor, or our, as in tour, your and gourd.
But the commonest spelling is ur(e); in most words with this spelling the diphthong is
preceded by the consonant /j/, and ur (e) may thus be said to stand for /jua/. Examples of
this spelling are: cure, pure, endure, fury, curious, purity and endurance; and without /j/
rural and plural.
Diphthong n.21, /ɔə/: the tongue starts a little below /o/ position and moves towards the neutral /a/.
It is the sound in pure or your. The tongue starts from the /u/ position and moves to /a/.
4. TRIPHTHONGS
The group of vowel sounds /aia/ and /aua/, as in certain pronunciations of the words fire and power
are often considered triphthongs. They are not, however true triphthongs, for the first and last sounds
in each group are more sonorous than the middle one, that is, they belong to different syllables, having
a diminution of prominence between them. They often strike the ear, however, as one syllable, and
are treated as such in poetry. Nevertheless, it should be pointed out that they tend to reduce to
diphthongs and even vowels. These are the English triphthongs:
eɪ + ə = eɪə . as in layer, player əʊ + ə = əuə, as in lower, mower
aɪ + ə = aɪə. as in lire, fire aʊ + ə = auə, as in power, hour.
ɔɪ + ə = ɔɪə, as in loyal, royal
6. CONCLUSION
Over the course of this unit the main features of the English phonological system, regarding vowels,
have been pointed out, paying special attention to diphthongs and triphthongs too. Over the years,
phonology has played many different roles in the English language-teaching classroom, from a
virtually non-existent role in the traditional grammar translation method to being the focus of the
audio-lingual method through its emphasis on minimal pairs, phonemes, drills and dialogue work.
Yet, the current emphasis on pronunciation teaching is on the broader phonological aspects of
connected speech, and their link to meaning on discourse level, and has resulted in renewed interest
in the place of pronunciation in communicative language teaching. It is this holistic, integrated
approach to pronunciation teaching, through focus on the suprasegmental aspects of phonology that
linguists and teachers find particularly interesting.
7. BIBLIOGRAPHY
• FINCH, D.F. & ORTIZ LIRA, H.: A Course in English Phonetics for Spanish Speakers. Heinemann.
London, 1982.
• GIMSON, A.C.: An Introduction to the Pronunciation of English. Arnold. London, 1962.