12| ZvcgvÎv ‡gv: kvn& Rvgvj

mnKvix Aa¨vcK (c`v_©weÁvb wefvM )

(Temperature) we G Gd kvnxb K‡jR XvKv
‡dvb: 01670 856105, 9125630, 9115369
ZvcgvÎv (Temperature):

e¯‘i Zvcxq Ae¯’v‡K e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv e‡j| ZvcgvÎv ej‡Z e¯‘ KZUzKz Mig ev VvÛv Zv eySvq| ZvcgvÎv‡K  ev T Øviv
cÖKvk Kiv nq| ZvcgvÎvi GKK ºC, K, ºF BZ¨vw`|
Zvc (Heat): Zvc GK cÖKvi kw³| hv cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j e¯‘ Mig nq Ges wbM©Z Ki‡j e¯‘ VvÛv nq Zv‡K Zvc e‡j| Zvc‡K
Q ev H Øviv Kiv nq| Zv‡ci GKK Ryj ev K¨vjwi| 1 K¨vjwi = 4.2 Ryj|
c`v‡_©i DòZvwgwZ ag© I DòZvwgwZK c`v_© (Thermometric Property and Thermometric Substance ):
c`v‡_©i KZK¸‡jv ag© ZvcgvÎv cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ cwiewZ©Z nq| †hgbt ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ Zi‡ji AvqZb ev‡o,
M¨v‡mi Pvc e„w× cvq, cwievnxi †iva e„w× cvq BZ¨vw`| c`v‡_©i †h me ag© ZvcgvÎvi mv‡_ wbqwgZ cwiewZ©Z nq †mB me

om
ag©‡K DòZvwgwZ ag© e‡j| †h mKj c`v‡_©i g‡a¨ DòZvwgwZ ag© we`¨gvb Zv‡`i‡K DòZvwgwZK c`v_© e‡j| c`v‡_©i
DòZvwgwZ ag© Kv‡R jvwM‡q _v‡g©vwgUvi wbg©vb Kiv nq|

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24
ˆÎa we›`y (Triple Point): GKwU wbw`©ó Pv‡c †h ZvcgvÎvq †Kvb c`v_© KwVb, Zij I evqexq GB wZb iƒ‡c mvg¨ve¯’vq
_v‡K Zv‡K H c`v‡_©i ˆÎa we›`y e‡j|

bd
cvwbi ˆÎa we›`y (Triple Point of water): ‡h wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎvq I Pv‡c cvwb KwVb (eid), Zij (cvwb) I evqexq

|e
(Rjxqev®ú) GB wZb Ae¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv‡K cvwbi ˆÎawe›`y e‡j| cvwbi ˆÎa we›`yi ZvcgvÎv 0ºC ev, 273.16K Ges
GB we›`y‡Z wbw`©ó Pvc 4.58 mmHg| GLv‡b K nj †Kjwfb, Avi †Kjwfb nj Gm AvB c×wZ‡Z ZvcgvÎvi GKK|
‡Kjwfb (Kelvin) : cvwbi ‰Îa we›`y ZvcgvÎvi
1 al
†K 1K ev GK †Kjwfb e‡j| †Kjwfb ZvcgvÎvi Dci wfwË K‡i
m
273.16
Ja

cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv n‡”Q 0 K, eid we›`y 273.16K Ges ÷xg we›`y 373.16K|
ah

ZvcgvÎvi cig †¯‹j ev, ZvcgvÎvi AvšÍ©RvwZK †¯‹j (Absolute scale of Temperature or, International Scale of
Sh

Temperature): cigk~b¨ ZvcgvÎv A_©vr  273ºC ZvcgvÎv‡K 0 (k~b¨) a‡i Ges †gŠwjK e¨eavb‡K 100 fvM K‡i
ZvcgvÎvi †h †¯‹j Kíbv Kiv nq Zv‡K ZvcgvÎvi cig †¯‹j ev ZvcgvÎvi AvšÍ©RvwZK †¯‹j e‡j| ZvcgvÎvi cig †¯‹j
d

Abyhvqx ˆÎa we›`yi ZvcgvÎv 273K I cvwbi ùzUbv¼ 373K|

r M

wb¤œ w¯’i we›`y (Lower fixed point): †h ZvcgvÎvq cÖgvb Pv‡c weï× eid cvwbi mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i A_©vr †h
so

ZvcgvÎvq weï× eid Mj‡Z ïiæ K‡i Zv‡K wb¤œ w¯’i we›`y ev eid we›`y (Ice Point) e‡j|
es
of

DaŸ© ©w¯’i we›`y (Upper fixed point): †h ZvcgvÎvq cÖgvb Pv‡c weï× cvwb Rjxq ev‡®úi mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i
Pr

A_©vr †h ZvcgvÎvq weï× cvwb Rjxq ev‡®ú cwiYZ n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Zv‡K DaŸ© w¯’i we›`y ev ÷xg (Steam Point) we›`y e‡j|

‡gŠwjK e¨eavb (Fundamental Interval): DaŸ© w¯’i we›`y I wb¤œ w¯’i we›`yi ga¨eZ©x ZvcgvÎvi e¨veavb‡K †gŠwjK
e¨eavb e‡j| GB e¨eavb‡K myweav RbK KZK¸wj mgvbfv‡M wef³ K‡i GK GKwU fvM‡K DòZv ÁvcK msL¨v Øviv
wPwýZ K‡i ZvcgvÎvi †¯‹j wba©viY Kiv nq|

_v‡gv©wgUvi (Thermometer) : †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv ev DòZv cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K _v‡g©vwgUvi e‡j|
_v‡g©vwgUvi A‡bK cÖKv‡ii n‡q _v‡K, Gi g‡a¨ cÖavbZt †mjwmqvm, †Kjwfb, dv‡ibnvBU D‡jøL‡hvM¨|

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 12| ZvcgvÎv (Temperature) 2
cvi` _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii MVb (Construction of Mercury Thermometer ):
†h _v‡g©vwgUv‡i cvi‡`i AvqZb cÖmviY Kv‡R jvwM‡q ZvcgvÎv gvcv nq Zv‡K cvi` _v‡g©vwgUvi e‡j| ÓZvcgvÎv e„w× ‡c‡j
cvi‡`i AvqZb e„w× cvq Ges ZvcgvÎv n«vm ‡c‡j AvqZb n«vm cvqÓ G bxwZi Dci cvi` _v‡g©vwgUvi cÖwZwôZ|
MVb : GwU miæ wQ`ªwewkó Ges mgvb e¨v‡mi GKwU k³ KvP bj we‡kl| b‡ji GK cÖv‡šÍ GKwU †Pv½vK…wZ KzÛ _v‡K Ges
Aci cÖvšÍ eÜ _v‡K| KzÛ I b‡ji wKQy Ask weï× cvi‡` c~Y© _v‡K| b‡ji Mv‡q †¯‹j `vMvw¼Z _v‡K| †h e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv
gvc‡Z n‡e Zv‡K Kz‡Ûi ms¯ú‡k© Avb‡j cvi` AvqZ‡b †e‡o †h `vM ch©šÍ †cŠQvq Zv-B e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv|

cÖ¯‘Z cÖYvjx : cÖ_‡g m~ÿè I mymg wQ`ªwewkó GKwU KvP bj †bIqv nq| b‡ji GKcÖv‡šÍ GKwU evj¦ B Ges Aci cÖv‡šÍ A
†Lvjv _v‡K| bjwU‡K GKwU ÷¨v‡Ûi mvnv‡h¨ Lvov fv‡e ¯’vcb K‡i †Lvjv gy‡L GKwU dv‡bj F emv‡bv nq| dv‡b‡j wKQy
ﮋ I weï× ci` Xvjv nq| b‡ji wQ`ª Lye m~ÿè nIqvq cvi` b‡ji wfZi cÖ‡ek Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| GKwU w¯úwiU j¨v¤ú ev
eyb‡mb evwZ w`‡q evj¦wU‡K Aí Zvc cÖ‡qvM Ki‡j evj¦ I b‡ji wfZ‡ii evqyi AvqZb e„w× cvq Ges wKQy evqy cvi‡`i

om
ga¨w`‡q ey`ey` AvKv‡i †ei n‡q hvq| Ÿvj¦wU‡K VvÛv Ki‡j evj¦ I b‡ji Aewkó evqyi AvqZb K‡g

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hvq Ges evqyi Pv‡c wKQy cvi` b‡ji wfZi cÖ‡ek K‡i| Gfv‡e ch©vqµ‡g Mig I VvÛv K‡i bj
I evj¦ m¤ú~Y© fwZ© Kiv nq| Gi ci dv‡bj‡K mwi‡q wb‡q cvi` bv †dvUv ch©šÍ evj¦wU‡K Mig Kiv

24
nq| dzUšÍ Ae¯’vq cvi‡`i AvqZb e„w× cvIqvq DwÌZ cvi` ev®ú b‡ji wfZ‡ii evqy‡K †ei K‡i

bd
†`q| Zxeª I miæ AwMœwkLvi mvnv‡h¨ bj Mwj‡q eÜ K‡i †`Iqv nq| evj¦ VvÛv n‡q KÿZvcgvÎvq
G‡j cvi` m¤ú~Y© evj¦ I b‡ji wKQy Ask c~Y© K‡i iv‡L Ges b‡ji evKx Ask evqyk~b¨ Ae¯’vq _v‡K|

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al
`vMv¼b : ZvcgvÎv cwigv‡ci Rb¨ _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii b‡j GKwU `vMKvUv †¯‹‡ji cÖ‡qvRb nq| †¯‹j
m
ˆZwii Rb¨ `ywU wbw`©ó ZvcgvÎv‡K w¯’i aiv nq| G‡`i‡K _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii w¯’iv¼ e‡j| cvi`
_v‡g©vwgUv‡i ei‡di Mjbv¼‡K wb¤œw¯’iv¼ Ges cvwbi ùzUbv¼‡K Ea©w¯’iv¼ aiv nq|
Ja

wb¤œ w¯’iv¼ wbY©q : GKwU dv‡b‡j wKQy weï× MjšÍ eid UzKiv wb‡q Zvi g‡a¨ _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii evj¦ cÖ‡ek
ah

Kiv‡bv nq| G‡Z ev‡j¦i cvi` m¼zwPZ nq, d‡j ˆKwkK b‡j cvi‡`i D”PZv Kg‡Z _v‡K| b‡j
cvi‡`i D”PZv GKwU wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b G‡m w¯’i n‡j Kv‡Pi Mv‡q `vM †K‡U H ¯’vb‡K wPwýZ Kiv nq| cvi` kx‡l©i GB
Sh

Ae¯’vbB wb¤œw¯’iv¼ wb‡`©k K‡i|

d
M

DaŸ©©w¯’iv¼ wbY©q : cvi` _v‡g©wgUv‡ii DaŸ©w¯’iv¼ wbY©‡qi Rb¨ Rb¨ wnc‡mvwgUvi bvgK hš¿ e¨envi Kiv nq| Gici
_v‡g©vwgUvi‡K wnc‡mvwgUv‡ii Zvgvi cv‡Î Ggbfv‡e ivLv nq hv‡Z Gi evj¦ cv‡Î iwÿZ cvwb ¯úk© bv K‡i| cvwb fwZ©
r
so

cv·K eyb‡mb evwZ ev w¯úwiU j¨v‡¤úi mvnv‡h¨ Zvc †`Iqv nq d‡j wKQyÿ‡Yi g‡a¨ cvwb dzU‡Z _v‡K Ges Drcbœ Rjxq
ev®ú _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii evj¦‡K DËß K‡i| b‡ji Af¨šÍi¯’ cvi` cÖmvwiZ nq Ges GK mgq ev‡®úi ZvcgvÎvi mgvb nq, ZLb
es

cvi` b‡ji g‡a¨ GK ¯’v‡b w¯’i nq| G Ae¯’vq cvi`kx‡l©i D³ Ae¯’v‡b b‡ji Mv‡q GKwU `vM KvUv nq| GUvB
of

_v‡g©vwgUv‡ii DaŸ© w¯’iv¼| DaŸ© I wb¤œ DaŸ©w¯’iv‡¼i ga¨eZ©x ¯’vb‡K 100 I 180 fv‡M fvM K‡i h_vµ‡g †mjwmqvm I
Pr

dv‡ibnvBU _v‡g©vwgUvi wnmv‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq|

_v‡g©vwgUv‡i cvi` e¨env‡ii myweav (Advantage to use Mercury in a Thermometer) t

1| GwU GKwU D¾¡j PKP‡K c`v_©, ZvB mn‡R Kv‡Pi b‡ji wfZi †`Lv hvq|
2| cvi` KvP b‡ji Mv‡q †j‡M _v‡K bv|
3| cvi` -39ºC ZvcgvÎvq R‡g Ges 357ºC ZvcgvÎvq dz‡U| myZivs ZvcgvÎvi `xN© cwim‡i GwU Zij Ae¯’vq _v‡K|
d‡j †gvUvgywU - 30ºC †_‡K 350ºC ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv gvcv hvq|
4| cvi` weï× Ae¯’vq cvIqv hvq|
5| cvi` Zvc mycwievnx c`v_© e‡j AwZ`ªæZ †Kvb e¯‘ †_‡K Zvc †kvlb K‡i cÖmvwiZ nq|
6| cvi‡`i cÖmviY mylg ZvB ZvcgvÎv e„w×i Rb¨ Gi AvqZb cÖmviY me©Î mgvb nq|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 12| ZvcgvÎv (Temperature) 3

_vwg©÷i (Thermistor): _vwg©÷i GKwU Aa©cwievnx c`v‡_©i ˆZix e¨e¯’v hv w`‡q

ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv hvq| GB ZvcgvwÎK ¸b nj ˆe`¨ywZK †iva| DòZv e„w×i
mv‡_ mv‡_ _vwg©÷‡ii ˆe`¨ywZK †iva myPKxq nv‡i n«vm cvq| GB _v‡g©vwgUvi Ab¨vb¨
†iva _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii Zzjbvq A‡bK †ekx my‡e`x nq| GB _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨70ºC
†_‡K 300º C ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv hvq| ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kivi Rb¨ _vwg©ói‡K
µgv¼b K‡i wb‡Z nq|

Zvc-hyMj (_v‡g©vKvcj) I mx‡eK wµqv (Thermocouple & Seebeck-effect): `ywU wfbœ avZzi Zv‡ii `yB cÖvšÍ †Rvov
jvwM‡q Gi g‡a¨ GKwU M¨vjfv‡bvwgUvi AšÍf©y³ K‡i hw` eZ©bx ˆZix Kiv hvq

om
Ges Zvi `ywUi ms‡hvM ¯’j `ywU‡Z (Junctions) ZvcgvÎvi e¨eavb m„wó Kiv hvq,
Zvn‡j H eZ©bx‡Z Zwor cÖevwnZ n‡e, GB Zwor cÖevn‡K Zvc Zwor cÖevn e‡j|

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1821 wLª÷v‡ã mx‡eK me© cÖ_g NUbvwU cÖ_g cÖZ¨ÿ K‡ib| ZvB G NUbv‡K mx‡eK

24
wµqv (Seebeck-effect) e‡j| `ywU wfbœ Zvi Øviv m„ó G e¨e¯’v‡K ejv nq Zvc-hyMj
(Thermocouple) Ges eZ©bx‡Z †h Zwo”PvjK kw³i D™¢e nq Zv‡K Zvcxq

bd
Zwo”PvjK kw³ (Thermo electromotive force) ejv nq|

|e
wbi‡cÿ ZvcgvÎv (Neutral Temperature): Zvc-hyM‡ji kxZj ms‡hvM‡K 0ºC ZvcgvÎvq †i‡L Dò ms‡hvM‡K †h,
al
ZvcgvÎvq ivL‡j eZ©bx‡Z Zvcxq Zwo”PvjK kw³i gvb me©vwaK nq †mB ZvcgvÎv‡K wbi‡cÿ ZvcgvÎv e‡j| Zvgv I
m
†jvnv hyM‡ji Rb¨ G ZvcgvÎv 275º C|
Ja

Drµg ZvcgvÎv (Inversion Temperature): Zvc-hyM‡ji kxZj ms‡hvM‡K 0ºC ZvcgvÎvq †i‡L Dò ms‡hvM‡K †h
ah

ZvcgvÎvq ivL‡j Zvc Zwo”PvjK kw³i gvb k~b¨ nq Zv‡K H hyM‡ji Drµg ZvcgvÎv e‡j| Zvgv I †jvnv hyM‡ji Rb¨ G
Sh

ZvcgvÎv 550º C|
d

cÖgvY ZvcgvÎv ev ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv (Standard temperature):

M

‡h ZvcgvÎvq ¯^vfvweK Pv‡c cvwb R‡g eid nq, A_ev eid M‡j cvwb‡Z cwibZ nq Zv‡K ¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv e‡j|
r

¯^vfvweK ZvcgvÎv nj 0ºC ev, 273.16 K, Z‡e e¨envwiK †ÿ‡Î 273 K we‡ePbv Kiv nq|
so
es

Zvc Zwor _v‡gv©wgUvi ev Zvc hyMj ev _v‡g©vKvc‡ji mvnv‡h¨ ZvcgvÎv wbY©q (Determination of Temperature By the
help of Thermocouple): g~jbxwZ: _v‡g©vKvcj‡K _v‡g©vwgUvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi Kiv hvq| Zvcxq Zwo”PvjK kw³
of

_v‡g©vKvc‡ji ms‡hvM؇qi ZvcgvÎvi cv_©‡K¨i Dci wbf©i K‡i| hw` _v‡g©vKvc‡ji GKwU ms‡hvM‡K ei‡di ms¯ú‡k© 0º
Pr

C ZvcgvÎvq ivLv nq Ges Aci ms‡hvM‡K †Kvb D”PZi ZvcgvÎv ºC G ivLv nq Zvn‡j eZ©bx‡Z †h Zwo”PvjK kw³i
D™¢e nq Zv wb‡¤œv³ mgxKiY †_‡K cvIqv hvq| Zvcxq Zwo”PvjK kw³ E n‡j,
E=+ ... ... ... (1) GLv‡b, I `ywU aªæeK hv‡`i
gvb _v‡g©vKvc‡ji cÖK…wZi Dci wbf©i K‡i| E,I Gi gvb †R‡b Gi gvb
wbY©q Kiv nq|
eZ©bx ms‡hvM : wPÎvbyhvqx c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii A I B we›`yi mv‡_ GKwU A¨vwgUvi
A, e¨vUix Ba, Pvwe K Ges cwieZ©bkxj †iva Rh †kªYx mgev‡q hy³ Kiv nq|
e¨vUix Ba Gi abvZ¥K cÖvšÍ A we›`yi mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K| GLb Zvgv I †jvnvi Zvi
w`‡q ‰Zix _v‡g©vKvc‡ji Dò ms‡hvM ¯’‡ji mv‡_ †h Zvgvi Zvi _v‡K, †mB
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 12| ZvcgvÎv (Temperature) 4
Zv‡ii gy³ cÖvšÍ‡K A -‡Z Ges kxZj ms‡hvM ¯’‡ji mv‡_ hy³ Zvgvi Zv‡ii gy³ cÖvšÍ‡K M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii G -Gi
ga¨w`‡q RwK‡Z hy³ Kiv nq|

cixÿv: Pvwe K eÜ K‡i c‡UbwkIwgUv‡i AB Zv‡i Zwor cÖevn Pvjbv Kiv nq| Gi ci cwieZ©bkxj †iv‡ai gvb Ggb
fv‡e mgwš^Z Kiv nq hv‡Z RwKwU‡K A we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Kiv‡j M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii KuvUv †h we‡ÿc ‡`q B we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Kiv‡j
Zvi wecixZ w`‡K we‡ÿc †`q| aiv hvK, RwKwU‡K C we›`y‡Z ¯úk© Kiv‡j M¨vjfv‡bvwgUv‡ii †Kvb we‡ÿc nq bv A_©vr C
we›`yB fvimvg¨ we›`y| GLb A I C Gi ga¨Kvi Zv‡ii ˆ`N©¨ l cwigvc Kiv nq Ges A¨vwgUvi †_‡K we`¨yr cÖev‡ni gvb I
wbY©q Kiv nq|

wnmve (Calculation) : Zvcxq Zwo”PvjK kw³ E n‡j

E= l ˆ`‡N©¨i As‡ki Zv‡ii wefe cv_©K¨

om
=I× l ˆ`‡N©¨i As‡ki Zv‡ii ‡iva
c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii cÖwZ GKK ˆ`‡N©¨i †iva  n‡j l ˆ`‡N©¨i Zv‡ii †iva n‡e  l |

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R

24
E=I l Avevi c‡UbwkIwgUv‡ii m¤ú~Y© Zv‡ii A_©vr L ˆ`‡N©¨i Zv‡ii †iva R n‡j   
L

bd
IlR
E  GB mgxKi‡Yi Wvb w`‡Ki me ivwk Rvbv _vKvq m„ó Zvcxq Zwo”PvjK kw³i gvb wbY©q Kiv hv‡e| Gevi (1)
L

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bs mgxKi‡Y E,I Gi gvb ewm‡q Gi gvb wbY©q Kiv nq| 

al
cvB‡ivwgUvi (Pyrometer) : †h h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ D”P ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv nq Zv‡K cvB‡ivwgUvi e‡j| cvB‡ivwgUvi
m
mvaviYZt `yB ai‡bi n‡q _v‡Kt h_v  (1) c~Yw© ewKiY cvB‡ivwgUvi (Total radiation pyrometer ) (2) Av‡jvK
Ja

cvB‡ivwgUvi (Optical pyrometer)

ah

c~Y© wewKiY cvB‡ivwgUvi (Total radiation pyrometer) t c~Y© wewKiY cvB‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †Kvb e¯‘ n‡Z wewKwiZ
Zvckw³ cwigvc K‡i w÷dv‡bi m~Î cÖ‡qvM K‡i ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq| †dix (Fery) cÖ_g cÖ_g GB ai‡bi cvB‡ivwgUi
Sh

ˆZix K‡i ZvcgvÎv cwigvc K‡ib e‡j G‡K †dixi cvB‡ivwgUvi I ejv nq|
h‡š¿i MVbt GB h‡š¿ GKwU AeZj `c©Y M i‡q‡Q hv Zvgvi
d
M

cvZ w`‡q ˆZix| cv‡Zi Dci Zj wb‡Kj avZzi cÖ‡jc †`Iqv| `c©‡bi
gvSLv‡b GKwU wQ`ª Av‡Q hvi wcQ‡b Awf‡bÎ E hy³ _v‡K| M-Gi m¤§y‡L
r
so

GKwU †QvU wQ`ª D i‡q‡Q hvi wcQ‡bB GKwU avZe djK S _v‡K| `c©Y
AwfgyLx dj‡Ki c„‡ô Kv‡jv cÖ‡jc †`qv _v‡K| wQ`ª D `ywU Aa©e„ËvKvi `c©Y
es

Øviv MwVZ| S-Gi wcQb c„†ô _v‡g©vKvcj T hy³ _v‡K| _v‡g©vKvc‡j Drcbœ
of

Zwo”PvjK ej cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GwU wgwj‡fvë wgUv‡ii mv‡_ hy³ _v‡K|

Pr

djKwUi Dci e¯‘i wewKwiZ iwk¥ hv‡Z mivmwi AvcwZZ bv n‡Z cv‡i †mRb¨
djKwU GKwU ev‡· Ave× ivLv nq| GKwU ¯Œzi mvnv‡h¨ m¤úyY© e¨e¯’vwU mvg‡b
wcQ‡b miv‡bv hvq|
Kvh©bxwZ t †h e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Kiv nq †mwU n‡Z AvMZ iwk¥ AeZj `c©‡bi mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZwe¤^ wQ`ª D-Gi
ga¨w`‡q S-Gi Dci AvcwZZ nq| Awf‡bÎ E-G †PvL †i‡L ZvKv‡j mwVK †dvKvwms n‡j wQ`ª D e„ËvKvi †`Lv‡e| mwVK
†dvKvm bv n‡j D `yB Aa©vs‡k m‡i hvq| `c©b mvg‡b wcQ‡b mwi‡q †dvKvwms Kiv nq|
ZvcgvÎv wbY©q t wgwj‡fvë wgUv‡ii cvV V, Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv T Ges djK S -Gi ZvcgvÎv T0 n‡j, w÷dv‡bi m~Î
Abymv‡i, V   (T 4  T 4 ), GLv‡b,  w÷dvb aªæeK|
0
myZivs, V I T0 cwigvc K‡i GB cvB‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ ARvbv ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com
 12| ZvcgvÎv (Temperature) 5
Av‡jvK cvB‡ivwgUvi (Optical pyrometer) : G cvB‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ †h e¯‘i ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Ki‡Z n‡e †mB e¯‘i
cÖwZwe‡¤^i D¾¡jZvi mv‡_ ˆe`¨ywZK evwZi wdjv‡g›U F-Gi mv‡_ D¾¡jZvi Zzjbv Kiv nq| O G h‡š¿i Awfjÿ¨ †jÝ
I E Awf‡bÎ| wdjv‡g›U F-Gi ga¨w`‡q wewfbœ Zwor cÖevn
cvwV‡q wdjv‡g›U‡K wewfbœ ZvcgvÎvq DËß Kiv nq| Zwor
cÖevn cwieZ©b Kivi Rb¨ GKwU wiI÷¨vU (Rh) Ges cÖevn gvÎv
cwigv‡ci Rb¨ GKwU A¨vwgUvi A _v‡K| ¯Œ S Gi mvnv‡h¨
Awfjÿ¨ O Gi Ae¯’vb Ggb fv‡e wbqwš¿Z Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z e¯‘
‡_‡K weKxY© iwk¥ F wdjv‡g‡›Ui Dci †K›`ªxf~Z nq Ges †mLv‡b
Dr†mi GKwU cÖwZwe¤^ m„wó nq| wdjv‡g‡›Ui g‡a¨ Zwor cÖevn Pvwj‡q
R jvj Kv‡Pi gva¨‡g Awf‡bÎ EGi ga¨w`‡q wdjv‡g›U‡K jÿ¨ Kiv
nq| Zwor cÖevngvÎv †ekx n‡j wdjv‡g›U cÖwZwe‡¤^i †P‡q D¾¡j n‡e| Avi hw` Zwor cÖev‡ni cwigvb Kg nq Zvn‡j

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cÖwZwe‡¤^i Zzjbvq wdjv‡g›U Kv‡jv †`Lv‡e| wiI÷¨v‡Ui mvnv‡h¨ cÖevngvÎv wbqš¿b K‡i wdjv‡g›U A`„k¨ Ki‡Z nq| G
Ae¯’vq wdjv‡g‡›Ui ZvcgvÎv Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎvi mgvb n‡e| G Ae¯’vq A¨vwgUvi †_‡K cÖevngvÎvi cvV †bIqv nq|

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wdjv‡g‡›Ui ga¨w`‡q cÖevwnZ ZworcÖevn gvÎvi gvb hw` I nq, Zvn‡j wdjv‡g‡›Ui ZvcgvÎv Z_v Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv TK

24
wb‡¤§i mgxKiY n‡Z Rvbv hvq| I = a+bT+cT2 GLv‡b a, b I c wZbwU aªæeK| hš¿wU‡K wZbwU Rvbv ZvcgvÎvq µgvw¼Z

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K‡i a, b I c Gi gvb wbY©q Ki‡Z nq| A¨vwgUvi‡K µgvw¼Z K‡iI mivmwi Dr‡mi ZvcgvÎv wbY©q Kiv hvq|
G h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ 600º C †_‡Z 1500º C ch©šÍ ZvcgvÎv gvcv hvq| N~b©vqgvb e„ËKjv (Rotating sector) e¨envi K‡i G

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cvB‡ivwgUv‡ii mvnv‡h¨ AviI D”P ZvcgvÎv cwigvc Kiv hvq|

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ZvcgvÎvi wewfbœ †¯‹‡ji g‡a¨ m¤úK© (Relation among different scales of temperature) t
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‡bB hvi eid we›`y I ÷xg we›`y h_vµ‡g A I B `v‡Mi mv‡_ wg‡j hvq| aiv hvK, †Kvb ZvcgvÎvq
AB _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii cvi`kxl© hLb M Ae¯’v‡b Av‡m ZLb †mjwmqvm, dv‡ibnvBU I †Kjwfb †¯‹‡j
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ZvcgvÎv h_vµ‡g C, F I K|
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 Avgiv wjL‡Z cvwi,

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C F  32 K  273
   BnvB ‡mjwmqvm, dv‡ibnvBU I †Kjwfb †¯‹‡ji cv¯úwiK m¤ú‡K©i ivwkgvjv|
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GK w¯’i we›`yi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z _v‡g©vwgwZi g~j mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b t aivhvK, †h †Kvb GKwU _v‡g©vwgUv‡i ZvcwgwZK ag© X1
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ZvcgvÎv T1 Gi mgvbycvwZK| MvwbwZKfv‡e, T1  X1  T1  aX1 GLv‡b a GKwU aªæeK|

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AZGe, GKB _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii `ywU ZvcgvÎvi ZvcwgwZK ag© Zzjbv K‡i cvB,
T1 X1
 ... ... ... ... (1) GLv‡b, T1 ZvcgvÎvq ZvcwgwZK ag© X1 I T2 ZvcgvÎvq ZvcwgwZK ag© X2
T2 X 2
cvwbi ‰Îawe›`y‡Z A_©vr 273.16K ZvcgvÎvq ZvcwgwZK ag© Xtr Ges ‡h †Kvb ZvcgvÎv T †Z ZvcwgwZK ag© X n‡j (1)
T X X
bs mgxKiY Abymv‡i cvB,  T   273.16 K
273.16 X tr X tr
l
(K) cvi` _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î X Gi ¯’‡j cvi` ¯Í‡¤¢i ˆ`N©¨ l n‡j, T   273.16 K
l tr

Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com

 12| ZvcgvÎv (Temperature) 6
V
(L) w¯’i Pvc M¨vm _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î X Gi ¯’‡j ZvcwgwZK ag© AvqZb V n‡j, T   273.16 K
Vtr
P
(M) w¯’i AvqZb M¨vm _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î X Gi ¯’‡j ZvcwgwZK ag© PvcP n‡j, T   273.16 K
Ptr
R
(N) ‡iva _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î X Gi ¯’‡j ZvcwgwZK ag© ‡iva R n‡j, T   273.16 K
R tr
E
(O) Zvc Zwor _v‡g©vwgUv‡ii †ÿ‡Î X Gi ¯’‡j ZvcwgwZK ag© Zwo”PvjK ej E n‡j, T   273.16 K
E tr
`yB w¯’i we›`yi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z _v‡g©vwgwZi g~j mgxKiY cÖwZcv`b :
†h ZvcgvÎvq cÖgvb Pv‡c weï× eid cvwbi mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i A_©vr †h ZvcgvÎvq weï× eid Mj‡Z ïiæ K‡i
Zv‡K wb¤œ w¯’i we›`y (Lower fixed point) ev eid we›`y (Ice Point) ev wngv¼ (Freezing Point) e‡j| †h ZvcgvÎvq

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cÖgvb Pv‡c weï× cvwb Rjxq ev‡®úi mv‡_ mvg¨ve¯’vq _vK‡Z cv‡i A_©vr †h ZvcgvÎvq weï× cvwb Rjxq ev‡®ú cwiYZ
n‡Z ïiæ K‡i Zv‡K DaŸ© w¯’i we›`y (Upper fixed point) ev ÷xg (Steam Point) we›`y ev ùzUbv¼ (Boiling Point) e‡j|

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DaŸ© w¯’i we›`y I wb¤œ wb¤œ w¯’i we›`yi ga¨eZ©x ZvcgvÎvi e¨veavb‡K †gŠwjK e¨eavb (Fundamental Interval) e‡j| G

24
e¨eavb‡K KZK¸‡jv mgvb fv‡M fvM K‡i GK GKwU †¯‹j MVb Kiv nq| cÖwZwU fvM 1º ZvcgvÎv wb‡`©k K‡i| aiv hvK,

bd
eid we›`y I ÷xg we›`y‡Z †Kvb GKwU ZvcwgwZK c`v‡_©i a‡g©i gvb h_vµ‡g Xice I Xsteam| Ab¨ †h †Kvb () ZvcgvÎvq
H a‡g©i gvb X| †gŠwjK e¨eav‡bi fvM msL¨v =n ; X Gi cwieZ©b ZvcgvÎvi cwieZ©‡bi mgvbycvwZK|

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n fvM Z_v nº ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ X Gi e„w× X steam  X ice  n  X steam  X ice  kn ... ... ... (1)

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Avevi,  fvM Z_v º ZvcgvÎv e„wׇZ X Gi e„w× X   X ice    X   X ice  k ... ... ... (2)
m
 X   X ice X   X ice
(1) I (2) n‡Z     n `yB w¯’i we›`yi cwi‡cwÿ‡Z GwUB _v‡g©vwgwZi g~j mgxKiY|
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n X steam  X ice X steam  X ice

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Md. Shah Jamal Asst. Professor of Physics http://ebd24.com