113244-2.

3-7E AID: 111069 |

29/07/2020

Consider the boundary value problem as:

u  2u
k 2
t x

u u
 0, t   0,  L, t   0, u  x, 0   f  x 
with t t .

a)

The objective is to give one sentence physical interpretation of given problem.

The given boundary value problem is a PDE which describes the change in temperature
of the rod with length L whose ends are perfectly insulated and initial temperature
distribution is   .
f x

b)

The objective is to find the value of

n using method of separation of variables.
Now one has as:
u  x, t     x  G  t 
dG  t  d 2  x 
  x k G t
dt dx 2

k  x  G  t 
Now further, divide by on both sides as:

1 dG  t  1 d   x
2

  
kG  t  dt   x  dx 2

Now PDE is reduced to two ODEs as:

dG  t 
  kG  t 
dt
d 2  x 
   x 
dx 2
d d
 0   L   0
dx dx

G  t   ce   kt
Now the first ODE has the solution as where c is arbitrary constant. The
second ODE has the solution depending on sign of as: 
  x   c1 cos  x  c2 sin  x
 When   0 , then solution is .
  x   c1 x  c2
 When   0 , then solution is .
  x   c1e  x
 c2 e    x
 When   0 , then solution is .

d d
 0   L   0
Now further, when   0 and dx dx one has as:
d  x 
dx

  c1 sin  x  c2 cos  x ;  c2  0  
c1  sin  L  0
sin  L  0;  c1  0 
L  n ;  n  1, 2,...

d d
 0   L   0 c 0
Now further, when   0 and dx dx one has as 1 which results in
constant solution.

d d
 0   L   0
Now further, when   0 and dx dx one has as:
d  x 
dx

  c1e   x  c2e    x 
 d
c1  c2 ;   0   0 
 dx 
 d
c1 sinh  L  0;   L   0 
 dx 
sinh  L  0;   L  0 
2
 n 
n    , n  1, 2,...
 L 
Hence, for   0 the eigenvalues are as and eigenfunctions
n x
n  x   cos , n  1, 2,...
are as L .
 c  0.
Hence, for   0 there is only one constant solution as 1

Hence, for   0 there is only one trivial solution.

Now further,

u n  x, t     x  G  t 
n x  n kt
un  x, t   cos e ; n  1, 2,...
L

u  x, t    Anun  x, t 
n 0

n x  nkt
u  x, t    An cos e
n 0 L

Now further,

n x  n kt
u  x, t   An   An cos e
n 0 L

 n kt
Hence, each summation has a factor as e , so this tends to 0 when t   , so with
exponential growth of time there are no separable solutions.

c)

u  x, 0   f  x 
The objective is to show that initial condition is satisfied when

n x
f  x   An   An cos
n 0 L


n x  n kt
u  x, t   An   An cos e
L u  x, 0 
Now as it is known that n 0 , so at initial condition
one gets as:

n x  n kt

u  x, t   An   An cos e
n 0 L

n x  n k 0
u  x, 0   An   An cos e
n 0 L

n x
u  x, 0   An   An cos
n 0 L


n x
f  x   An   An cos
u  x, 0   f  x  L .
Hence, it is shown that is satisfied when n 0

d)

The objective is to solve for

A0 and An  n  1 .
Now as it known that:
n x
L L L 

 f  x  dx   A0 dx    An cos dx
0 0 0 n 1
L
n x
L  L

 f  x  dx  A0 L    c os dx
0 n 1 0 L
L

 f  x  dx  A L
0
0

L
1
f  x  dx
L 0
A0 

L
1
A0   f  x  dx
L0
Hence, the value is as .

Now further it is solved as:

m x m x n x m x
L L L 

0 f  x  cos L dx  0 A0 cos L dx  0 
n 1
An cos
L
cos
L
dx

m x n x m x
L  L

 f  x  cos dx  A0  0   An  c os cos dx
0
L n 1 0
L L
m x
L
L
 f  x  cos
0
L
dx  An 
2
n x
L
2
An   f  x  cos dx; n  1, 2,...
L0 L

n x
L
2
An   f  x  cos dx,  n  1
L0 L
Hence, the value is as .
e)

The objective is to find what happens to temperature distribution when t   and also to
show that it approaches steady state temperature distribution.

Now as it is known that as:

2
 n 

n x  L  kt
u  x, t   A0   An cos e
n 0 L
 
2
 n 

n x  L  kt
lim u  x, t   lim  A0   An cos e 
t  t   L 
 n 0

lim u  x, t   A0
t 

Thus, the exponential function tends to zero since cosine is bounded.

Now as it is known that as:

L
1
f  x  dx
L 0
A0 

Thus, the solution approaches to steady state temperature distribution since A0 is

the average of the initial temperature.