Language and speech as systems of linguistic signs rest upon three basic

"pillars" that are syntactics, semantics and pragmatics. Pragmatics is relationships

between signs and their users.

Pragmatics is defined as a subfield of linguistics which studies the ways in

which context contributes to meaning. Pragmatics encompasses speech act theory,
conversational implicature, talk in interaction and other approaches to language
behavior. It studies how the transmission of meaning depends not only on the
linguistic knowledge of the speaker and listener, but also on the context of the
utterance, knowledge about the status of those involved, the inferred intent of the
speaker. Pragmatics explains how language users are able to overcome apparent
ambiguity, since meaning relies on the manner, place, time of an utterance.
Pragmatics focuses upon investigation of actions of the participants of lingual
communication: a) participants construct utterances, which implement not only
propositional content but also communicative aims (intentions) of the participants;
b) participants of communication perform interpretation of these utterances aimed
at comprehending both literally expressed and implied senses.

Nowadays there are three major approaches to pragmatics:

1. Linguistic pragmatics is viewed as a branch of linguistics that studies the usage
and functioning of speech signs in the process of communication of the speaker or
writer and the addressee, their characteristics and the communicative situation. It
studies presupposition, deixes, implications, division of the utterance into its
proposition and pragmatic component.

2. The second approach is based on the speech act theory and focuses upon
empirical studies od communicative situations, their typology, communicative
interaction, statues of role participants.
3. The third applies cognitive science.
Linguistic pragmatics looks as speech acts as having three components:
locution(те, що малося на увазі), illocution(те, що було сказано), perlocution(те,
що трапилося в результаті).

Each text contains language signs which have markers of an overall

communicative intention of the author. For the sake of analysis every text may be
represented as a sign that has its communicative macroproposition or CMP
(communicative nucleus) which is composed of the pragmatic component or
performative formula.
The pragmatic component of the text has three main elements:

1) singular or collective author ("I" or "we");

2) singular or collective addressee ("you");

3) illocutionary verb (which shows the purpose of the text) which indicates the
communicative intention of the author.

Compressed proposition comes after pragmatic component and represents the

compressed meaning of the text.

Deictic markers (DMs) are words and grammar patterns of any language
indicating the participants, the space and the time.