UNIVERSITY OF DAR ES SALAAM

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (CoET)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

EE 498: FOURTH YEAR PROJECT REPORT I (2019/2020)

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT

OF MULTIPLE MOTOR

A Project Report in Partial Fulfilment for the Award of Bachelor of

Science in Electrical Engineering

NAME: ELIKANA ROBERT

REGISTRATION NUMBER: 2016-04-01748

DEGREE PROGRAMME: BSc. In ELECTRICAL ENG.

NAME OF SUPERVISOR: Dr. EMANUEL MATEE

SUPERVISOR’S SIGNATURE ……………...........

SUBMISSION DATE: 06th FEBRUARY 2020

i
DECLARATION
I Elikana Robert with registration number 2016-04-01748 declare that this report and work
described in it are my own work, with any contribution from others expressly acknowledged
and/or cited. I declare that the work in this report was carried out in accordance with the
regulations of the University of Dar es Salaam and has not been presented to any other university
for examination either in Tanzania or overseas. Any views expressed in the report are those of
the author and in no way represent those of the University of Dar es Salaam. Student’s
Signature………………………………………………
Date……………………………………………………

This report may proceed for submission for assessment for the award of BSc. in Electrical
Engineering at the University of Dar es Salaam. Supervisor’
signature…………………………………………
Date…………………………………………………………..

ii
ABSTRACT
Direct Current (DC) motors are extensively used for many applications in industrial areas due to
their excellent performance, ease of control in addition to they are also economical effective.
This report based on design and implementation of control circuit for speed control of multiple
motor using pulse width modulation for speed variation with programmed Arduino
microcontroller, H-bridge drive (L298N)

iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my deepest thanks to all people who influenced my work, also for those
my friends who always gave their unending support with warm wishes.

I would like to thank my supervisor DR. EMANUEL MATEE for all the advices and guidance
though out my project. Without such support the project may be not as best as it is done.

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Table of Contents
DECLARATION .......................................................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................................................. iv
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS ....................................................................................................................... vii
LIST OF FIGURE...................................................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLE ......................................................................................................................................... ix
CHAPTER ONE ........................................................................................................................................... 1
INTRODUCTION TO DC MOTOR ............................................................................................................ 1
1.1PROBLEM STATEMENT .................................................................................................................. 1
1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1Main objective .............................................................................................................................. 1
1.2.2 Specific objective ......................................................................................................................... 1
1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT ......................................................................................................... 2
1.4 METHODOLOGY ............................................................................................................................. 2
CHAPTER TWO .......................................................................................................................................... 3
LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................................................................. 3
2.1 INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................. 3
2.2 REVIEW OF DC MOTOR ................................................................................................................. 3
2.2.1 Shunt DC motor ........................................................................................................................... 3
2.2.2Series DC motor ............................................................................................................................ 4
2.2.3Compound DC motor .................................................................................................................... 4
2.4 EXISTING METHOD FOR SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR .................................................. 5
2.4.1 Flux Control Method.................................................................................................................... 5
2.4.2Armature resistance control method ............................................................................................. 6
2.4.3Voltage control method ................................................................................................................. 7
2.4.4Pulse width modulation control method ....................................................................................... 7
2.4.5 Existing control circuit ................................................................................................................. 8
2.5 PROPOSED METHOD FOR SPEED CONTROL ............................................................................ 8
2.6 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM...................................................................................................... 9
2.6.1Power Supply ................................................................................................................................ 9

v
 2.6.2 Liquid Crystal display (LCD) .................................................................................................... 10
2.6.3 H-bridge driver........................................................................................................................... 10
2.6.4Microcontroller ........................................................................................................................... 11
CHAPTER THREE .................................................................................................................................... 12
DESIGNING OF SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT ....................................................................................... 12
3.0 INTRODUCTIONS .......................................................................................................................... 12
3.1 SHUNT DC MOTOR ....................................................................................................................... 12
3.2 DUAL L298N DRIVE ...................................................................................................................... 14
3.3MOSFETS SWITCHES..................................................................................................................... 15
3.4 MICROCONTROLLER ................................................................................................................... 15
3.5 LCD DISPLAY ................................................................................................................................. 17
REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................... 22
APPENDEX 1: TIME SCHEDULE FOR SEMISTER 1 ........................................................................... 23
APPENDEX 2: BILL OF QUANTITIES ................................................................................................... 24

vi
LIST OF ABREVIATIONS
AC Alternating Current
DC Direct Current
PWM Pulse Width Modulation
LCD Liquid Crystal Display

vii
LIST OF FIGURE
Figure 2.1: circuit diagram of shunt DC motor ............................................................... 4
Figure 2.2: circuit diagram of series DC motor ................................................................. 4
Figure 2.3: circuit diagram for compound DC motor ........................................................ 5
Figure 2.4 circuit for flux control method .......................................................................... 5
Figure2.5: circuit diagram for armature resistance control .............................................. 6
Figure 2.6 circuit of voltage control method ...................................................................... 7
Figure 2.7: panel for different control circuit of motors .................................................... 8
Figure 2.8-circuit diagram of H-bridge drive ................................................................ 11
Figure 3.1 Shunt DC motor .............................................................................................. 13
Figure 3.2:Dual L298N Drive .......................................................................................... 14
Figure 3.3: arduino board ................................................................................................ 16
Figure 3.4 LCD display ................................................................................................... 17

viii
LIST OF TABLE
Table 1: shunt DC Motor parameter ................................................................................ 18
Table 2: H-bridge drive parameter................................................................................... 19
Table 3 LCD parameters .................................................................................................. 19
Table 4 Push Buttons parameters ..................................................................................... 20

ix
 CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION TO DC MOTOR
DC motor are seldom used in ordinary application because all electric supply companies furnish
alternating current but for special application such as in steel mills, mines and electric train. This
DC motor converts electrical power into mechanical power and operation of this motor is based
on the principle that when a current carrying conductor is placed in magnetic fields the conductor
experiences a mechanical force.

DC motor continued to be preferable to some industrial processes a and there were several
reason for continued popularity of DC motor like versatility in providing smooth speed control
over a wide range, good speed regulation and braking [1].

1.1PROBLEM STATEMENT
In various industrial we use motor to drive machine for bulk production systems which need
more conveyor belt that passes through different machine in order to get finished product easily
and one of the existing control system is control circuit per motor which Couse to reduce
efficiency of production and also increase the production cost and the following are some
problems associated with speed control circuit per motor

 Very cost full

 Time consuming for maintenance
 Design circuit become more complex
 Increase inventory stocking requirement

1.2 PROJECT OBJECTIVES

1.2.1Main objective
 To design and to implement single speed control circuit for multiple DC motor.

1.2.2 Specific objective

 Data collection from different works
 Design microcontroller based system
 Design of drive for speed control

1
  Proposed block diagram
 Implementation of the circuit and prototype

1.3 SIGNIFICANCE OF PROJECT

This project motivated by the challenges observed from having speed control circuit per motor,
which lead less efficiency in different area and other working sites, which use motors, take more
time for maintenance and increase maintenance cost.

In steady of having speed control circuit per motor this project, propose speed control circuit for
multiple DC motors. In addition, the following are some advantages of having speed control
circuit for multiple DC motor

 Reduce cost that might be caused by buying many spare part of those speed control
circuit
 Reduce time consuming for more maintenance
 Maintenance cost
 Size of the design circuit become simple

1.4 METHODOLOGY
The following methodologies were employed to enhance the completion of this project

 Literature review
 Design and analysis of design proposed system
 Simulation of design system
 Implementation and prototype of the circuit

 Inspection and testing of the implemented system and Report writing

2
 CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

The literature review provide insight towards carrying out the project and also provides
information about the existing method of speed control of DC motor and all information
about the main components that will be used to design speed control circuit for multiple DC
motors .The DC motor can be controlled by different way which involves the variation of
different parameter ,the following are methods which used to vary the speed of DC motor,
varying the flux of field winding, armature voltage , armature resistance method as well as pulse
width modulation [1]

2.2 REVIEW OF DC MOTOR

DC motor simply converts electrical power into mechanical power and its operation is based on
the principle that when a conductor is positioned in a magnetic field, the conductor will Experience
a certain force. DC motor consists of two main sections, the rotor section (armature circuit) and
the stator Section (field circuit) the stator which is the outer section of the DC motor may contain
either a permanent magnet or electromagnetic windings though it is more preferable to use
Electromagnetic winding since you can have control on the field winding and there is no chance,
For demagnetization like in permanent magnet stator on the inner section, the rotor (armature In
this case) is located and it contains the windings that are powered by the electrical source. When
the rotor is powered by DC current a magnetic field is created around the rotor (stator is Also
powered by DC current or existence of fields due to permanent magnet) and the motor will Start
to rotate due to the interaction between the electromagnetic field on the armature and the Fixed
magnetic field (electromagnetic field on the stator) DC motors can be categorized into different
categories depending the way the field winding Is excited

2.2.1 Shunt DC motor

In this type of DC motor, the armature winding and field winding are both connected to the

Same source of power (parallel to each other) in such a way that the current flowing through

3
The field winding is different from the armature current [1].

Figure 2.1: circuit diagram of shunt DC motor

2.2.2Series DC motor
In this type of DC motor, the armature winding and field winding are connected in series to

Each other and their series combination is connected to the power supply in such way that the

Same current flow through both windings which is shown by figure 2.2 [1]

Figure 1.2: circuit diagram of series DC motor

2.2.3Compound DC motor
This type of DC motor contains more than field winding and arrangement of these two

Windings define the types of Compound DC motor. On being a short-shunt connection and the
other is Short-shunt connection. The former, one field winding is connected in series with

The armature while the other field winding is connected in parallel with the field winding. The

Later one field winding is connected in series with the armature winding while the other field
4
Winding is connected in parallel with the series combination [1]

Figure 2.3: circuit diagram for compound DC motor

2.4 EXISTING METHOD FOR SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTOR
For existing control circuit use the following method to control the speed of DC motor, flux
control method, Armature resistance control method, voltage control method, and Pulse width
modulation

2.4.1 Flux Control Method

In this method, the magnetic flux due to the field windings is varied in order to vary the speed of
the motor. The magnetic flux depends on the current flowing through the field winding; it can be
varied by varying the current through the field winding. This can be achieved by using a variable
resistor in a series with the field winding resistor, such circuit connection shown by figure 4.

Figure 2.4 circuit for flux control method

From the basic equation of DC Motor

5
 𝐕𝐚 − 𝐈𝐚𝐑𝐚
𝐧=
𝐊𝚽

Where

n=speed of shunt DC motor in revolution per second

Va =armature voltage

Ra= armature Circuit resistance

K= Constant representing the construction of the machine

𝟇 = Flux per pole

From the above equation, it can be observed that the speed of the motor is inversely related to

The flux of the machine, armature resistance and armature voltage [1].

2.4.2Armature resistance control method

With this method, the speed of the DC motor can be controlled by controlling the armature
resistance to control the voltage drop across the armature. This method also uses a variable
resistor in series with the armature. This in turn leads to decrease in the speed of the motor. This
method achieves the speed of the motor below its normal range. The figure 4 below shows how
the armature resistance is varied to obtain different speed of DC motor.

Figure2.5: circuit diagram for armature resistance control

6
2.4.3Voltage control method
In this method the field winding receives a fixed voltage, and the armature gets a variable
voltage. One such technique of voltage control method involves the use of a switchgear
mechanism to provide a variable voltage to the armature, and the other one uses an AC motor
driven Generator to provide variable voltage to the armature for speed control of DC motor
speed.

Figure 2.2 circuit of voltage control method

2.4.4Pulse width modulation control method

This is one of the suitable method of varying the speed of motor by varying direct the voltage
applied to the motor, this average voltage from the electronic device which is obtained by turning
on and off the power at fast rate the average voltage depends on the duty cycle, or the amount of
time the signal is ON versus the amount of time the signal is OFF in a single period of time. This
method proves to be very efficient as the power loss is kept at minimum, and it doesn’t involve
the use of any complex equipment [4]

7
2.4.5 Existing control circuit

Apart from those exiting method for speed control the figure below show the existing system of
control circuit for five motor with individual motor drive based on the different speed control
methods examined above

Figure 2.7: panel for different control circuit of motors

2.5 PROPOSED METHOD FOR SPEED CONTROL

The proposed circuit used to control speed of multiple motors by using single drive, this circuit
use pulse width modulation method to vary the speed of DC motor, with pulse width modulation
the motor is sent a series of pulses. Each pulse is of the full voltage that the motor can handle so
a 6-volt motor will be sent 6-volt pulses while a 12-volt motor will be sent 12-volt pulses. The
width of the pulses is varied to control the motor speed, [4].

This proposed control circuit brings the following advantages

Reduce large size of the design circuit

Reduce more consuming time for maintenance
Reduce more cost for buying more drive for speed control

8
 This proposed control circuit use Arduino microcontroller to sends a special command signal to
a drive, which control the speed all motor connected to it and this control circuit made by
different component such as regulator, rectifier, motor drive and AC power Supply.

2.6 PROPOSED BLOCK DIAGRAM

AC POWER TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER REGULATOR H-BRIGDE

SUPPLY 230V,
50Hz

ARDUINO
PUSH BOTTONS MICRO
CONTROLLER Motor A Motor
LCD B

Power

Signal

2.6.1Power Supply
This is a prime requirement for this project work since almost all the system components require
a power supply in order to operate. Components used in this project work utilizes DC power and,
DC power supply level required is 0-12V DC which can be obtained by rectification of the AC
supply through the diode circuit. DC power obtained from the rectification process is converted

9
from an alternating current 230V AC, 50HZ and then regulated to provide a desirable direct
current [2]

230V, 50Hz TRANSFORMER RECTIFIER REGULATOR

2.6.2 Liquid Crystal display (LCD)

plates that change its op Liquid crystal Display is a flat panel display that use the light
modulating properties of the liquid crystal to display reading continuously using a liquid
crystal film sealed between glass tidal properties when voltage is supplied [3]

The type of liquid crystal display supposed to be used in this project is 16-pin LCD modules,
which have the same electrical pin-out names.

2.6.3 H-bridge driver

The proposed motor drive in this project contain of electronic switching devices arranged like an
H-bridge mainly for facilitating the reversal of power flow to the DC motor, by using this motor
drive L298N H-Bridge module is a simple way to achieve that. Coupling the L298N H-Bridge to
a microcontroller will give you the ability to control both the speed and rotation direction of two
or more than two DC motors. The position of electronics switching in H-Bridge configuration is
shown in figure below

10
 Figure 2.8-circuit diagram of H-bridge drive

When switch S1 and S4 are ON, Motor rotates in an anticlockwise direction.

When switches S2 and d S3 are ON, Motor rotates in a clockwise direction

2.6.4Microcontroller
Microcontroller is an integrated circuit containing one or more processor core, memory, and
peripherals in a single chip designed to perform a specific task. They are typically designed for
embedded systems such as found in automation and devices in the internet of things.

A microcontroller can be differentiated according to the type of processor, instructions set as

well as memory architecture. In this project arduino, Uno microcontroller used to change the
speed by initiating an interrupt signal by using push switches to drive the dc motor

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 CHAPTER THREE

DESIGNING OF SPEED CONTROL CIRCUIT

3.0 INTRODUCTIONS
The aim of this project is to designing a single control circuit that will control the speed variation
of multiple DC motor and it will be achieved by using microcontroller with a program, which
leads the operation of those motors

The main components involved in a proposed speed control circuit includes H –bridge drive
which contain switching device such as (MOSFET) and the arduino Uno Microcontroller which
have to be designed so as to be able to provide the required output according to the working of
the described circuit, shunt DC motor, LCD display,

3.1 SHUNT DC MOTOR

Is the type of self-excited DC motor where the field windings are connected in parallel to the
armature winding of the motor and most required for some area that needs constant speed like fans,
blower, conveyors, and lift weaving machine. The flowing figure 3.1 show the physical appearance
of shunt DC motor

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 Figure 3.1 Shunt DC motor

13
3.2 DUAL L298N DRIVE
This consist of electronics switch device arranged like an H bridge for providing the reversal of
power flow to the DC motor so as to have a speed in opposite direction, to ensure bidirectional of
the motor shaft, H –bridge circuit made by MOSFET switches the figure below show the
arrangement of MOSFET switches in single H –bridge circuit and dual L298N Drive

Figure 3.2: Dual L298N Drive

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 3.3MOSFETS SWITCHES
-Is more tolerant to heat, stable to thermal changes, good resistor

-more efficient switches for power supplies

-output controlled by input voltage in steady of input current

-less chance of thermal runaway,

3.4 MICROCONTROLLER
Microcontroller is an integrated circuit (IC) device used for controlling other portions of an
electronic system, usually using microprocessor unit (MPU), memory and some peripherals.
These devices are optimized for embedded applications that require both processing functionality
and responsive interaction with digital, analogy or electromechanical components

3.4.1 Arduino
Arduino is a computer hardware and software company, project, and user community that designs
and manufactures microcontroller kits for building digital devices and interactive objects that can
sense and control objects in the physical world. The project's products are distributed as open-
source hardware and software.
Arduino Uno is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega328P shown in figure 3.3below. It
has 14 digital input/output pins (of which six can be used as PWM outputs), six analog inputs, a
16 MHz quartz crystal, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header and a reset button. It
contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a computer with a
USB cable or power it with an AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.

Advantages of Using Arduino Board (Arduino, n.d.)

 It is easy to load the programs into the device without the need of hardware programmer
to burn the program.

15
 The software of Arduino is well suited with all kinds of operating system like Linux,
windows, etc. It comes with open supply hardware feature that permits users to develop.
their own kit

Figure 3.3: Arduino board

16
3.5 LCD DISPLAY
Liquid Crystal Display is a flat-panel display that uses the light-modulating properties of the
liquid crystal to display readings continuously using a liquid crystal film sealed between glass
plates that change its optical properties when a voltage is applied and selected size is 16x2 LCD
which shown in figure below [3].

Figure 3.4 LCD display

17
3.6 PARAMETER OF THE CIRCUIT COMPONENTS

3.6.1 Shunt DC motor

The DC Motor that is used in this proposed system is shunt DC Motor. The following table gives
the parameters for the mentioned DC motor;

Table 1: shunt DC Motor parameter

No. Parameter Value

1. Type DC SHUNT

2. Input Voltage 7-12V

3. Input Current 200mA

4. Speed 600rpm

5. Power 2W

18
3.6.2 H- BRIDGE DRIVE PARAMETERS
the parameters for the circuit special for changing the direction of the DC motor by facilitating
power reversal across the armature of the DC integrated machine are showing below

Table 2: H-bridge drive parameter

No. Parameter Value

1. Voltage 7.5V

MOSFET
Breakdown
2. 100V
Voltage
(IRF520)

3.6.3 LCD PARAMETERS

The following table shows the associated parameters of the chosen LCD for displaying
different commands associated with this proposed project operation.

Table 3 LCD parameters

No. Parameter Value

Operating
1. 5V
Voltage

3.6.4 PUSH BUTTONS PARAMETERS

the following table shows the associated parameters of the chosen push button for giving

19
commands for changing the direction of DC Motor for this proposed project.

Table 4 Push Buttons Parameters

No. Parameter Value

Operating
1. 5V
Voltage

3.6.5 MICROCONTROLLER (ARDUINO UNO)

The following table shows the associated parameters of the chosen microcontroller for this
proposed project to facilitate our control system mechanism.

Arduino Board Parameter

parameter
Operating voltage 5V

Input voltage 7-12V

DC current 40mA
Flash memory 32KB
EEPROM 2KB
Clock speed 16MHz
Analogy input pin 6 pin
Digital output pin 14 pin

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Chapter Summary
This chapter gives a description of the system parameters used in the implementation of the
proposed project. Selection of the components and parameters were based on mathematical
analysis, availability of the component and the cost of the components since the source of funds
for implementing this project is limited.

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REFERENCES

[1] S.T.J Chapman ,Electric Machinery Fundamentals, Fourth ed New York: McGraw Hill,2005

[2] M.H.Rashid, Power Electronics Circuits Devices and Application ,third ed, New jersey:
prentices Hall, 2003

[3] Liquid Crystal Display," [Online]. Available: http://www.webopedia.com.

[4] Online Available https://www.researchgate.net/publication/28559170

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 APPENDEX 1: TIME SCHEDULE FOR SEMISTER 1
S/N ACTIVITIES WEEKS
1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
0
Literature
1
review
2 Consultation
3 Title defense
Progress report
4
writing
Progress report
5
submission
Second oral
6
presentation
7 Report writing
Report
8
submission
Third oral
9
presentation

23
APPENDEX 2: BILL OF QUANTITIES
S/N COMPONENTS COSTS

1 Microcontroller (Arduino Uno) 40000

2 DC shunt motors 20000

3 Dual L298N motor drive 30000

4 16x2 LCD Display 10000

5 regulator 1000

6 Connecting wires 5,000

7 PCB board 15,000

8 Stationery 40,000

9 Communication and transport cost 15,000

10 Transformer 14000

190,000
TOTAL COST

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