lead acid batteries

 Lead batteries are the oldest and most used because they are
less expensive than other types. The stored chemical energy
can be converted to electricity and vice versa. Electrochemical
reactions are described by the following reactions.
 PbO2 + 2H2SO4 + Pb Discharge 2PbSO4 + 2H2O .
Charge
 In general, the battery behavior is described by its voltages..

 V = VOC + IR
 Where Voc is the open circuit voltage and R is the internal
resistance. The current is positive during charge and negative
during the discharge. The internal resistance is variable , And
depends on other parameters such as capacity, charge or
discharge current, temperature.
Lead batteries are divided into two main types :

 1- Flooded lead batteries

They are lead boards that are completely immersed in a liquid
that can secure electricity.
It is required to use this type of battery to be placed in a place
with good ventilation and adequate because it may facilitate gases
resulting from the oxidation and reduction reactions that occur
inside the battery in the charging and discharging process. These
gases are flammable and may be dangerous if the battery is in an
enclosed space, and it is also characterized by the ability to
maintain easily.(shown the figure3)
 2- Sealed lead batteries :
 These batteries are sealed and cannot be maintained, and
they are divided into three types, depending on the type of
electrical connector :
 A- 2.1) Wet cell batteries : The fluid is liquid and cannot be
replaced as in submerged batteries, noting that the
percentage of gases emitted is small and does not pose a
comparison compared to flooded batteries. (Shown the Figure
4).
 B- Absorbent Glass Mat (AGM) :
 It contains several layers of ultra-thin glass fibers immersed in
an electrically conductive material, and these fibers allow
gases to pass through them and the goal is to reduce the
emission of gases outside which leads to a reduction in their
risk. Figure 5 shows the fiber shape inside the battery.
 C- 2.3) Gel Batteries :
 Contains a gel, sulfuric acid and fumed silica. This substance is
characterized by reducing the evaporation process of the
electrical conductor and thus reducing emissions, and it has a
longer operational life than other types and has a high ability
to resist vibrations and shocks.
shows the difference between Flooded lead batteries and
sealed lead batteries.

Flooded lead batteries Sealed led batteries

Energy Density (Wh/L) 80 100

Specific Energy (Wh/kg) 30 40
Regular Maintenance Yes No
Cycle Life 1200 at 50% 1000 at 50%
Typical state of charge 50% 50%
window
Temperature sensitivity Degrades Degrades
significantlyabove 25°C significantlyabove 25°C
Efficiency 100% at 20-hr rate80% at 100% at 20-hr rate80% at
4-hr rate60% at 1-hr rate 4-hr rate60% at 1-hr rate
Voltage increments 2V 2V
Length(mm) 326 325
Width(mm) 168 173
Height (mm) 247 237