CONSTRUCTION PLANNING AND MANAGEMENT

Malonia
C'nojee mamagemot: Deals uwh 1 Mampoe
2. Humam taals
3. Machinexy| quipmails
Obecliues o a Pouuja
m minimum ime wth muniumum Coputal
. s h u l d . be complolod
inueamomu.
aualabte mampowe & Ch JOJowLOg opumall
e 9t should e

Phases ok Pbec Mamaqemam

(1.) PLANN ING
.Dxkinimg dbiacius on the puojac
be pekoumod.
eLuma oh iobb tha hae to &
kot matbual, equipmemiS
3 ebmumumg uos Jg\iwmb
esimatos ocosts & dwalion ko
mampwr amd popaum

abod ho satacto COmpkolon o pokcL

4. Jo bumq
"
SCHEDULING
ume,máloual
SchoduQimo is h e alscaliom on OSOUNCO3 Such as
equiphatt & humam & TDchnot orica ekkodla.
space,

1Finolinimg the plammod fumclims mechamicad..

to
lwdimg & comp?düsn dito to ench adiuit,
. Rssimimg
seqLuomc & im a emadio mamno
DUDcod m ogical
(3. CONTROLLING

basio plam & thoib e h l s

1. STbuminalion oh deuiaim om
m he pORc.
eRaplomming & Rchodudimg o auulos to Compemsate Rou
the dovialions uhich » callod *updalimg
 Uho pammimg & Schocduling phaae, o. accmplished, be}otco the
acunl puujzo sloi nohilë cnidutimg, ie opoaiue dvimg
ecocdion othe puojoc.

TECHNIQUES USED FoR PROTECT MANAGE ME NT

BAR CHARTS GANTT CHARTS

o s inbwduced by Homuy Gotl ousund 1900 A.D

FEATURES
4. I t o a piclotial chait.
. Ithas uod co-ctudimato ais;
houolal aris opoets elapaedume
Olicol acis the job otadiutto be pouotumod.
3. Jhe beinmima & emd on ench kat
oposemia doding&
inihimg ime o o poieulat aluity naspaaliue

4. Jhe Qom@h o the bo shous Ahe me oqúod sot compaim

* J o t s cm be concowi outam bo etviod, ome opRo Tho.
So Some0 ba Cam Um poaVo OuOWap each ohwu e m a u

JUn b L a ,

LTmITATIONS
A. Lock o eoe o slail
em majdu aluitios a a shmwn in ba Chadamd eubactiiuitis
com t be siponaiTod out.
Hemce, eHechue coribroe ourihe ndluiias in biR puokcta cant
he achiedu.
. A boou .dhad doeSMob Shou p 0 3 oh wotk & hence cam t b
Used. ab a Conhot deuuce
nablo to dopict unodagomdemcies ounisus actiilias dReae..
4. Nol sekul, in the projecb uhethea oe ncTa irilios im
ddumimaliom o esimolim o ime MOq\uod 1o compkoem
wouos ocuutios" Such 0s im R&D pedib.
blw itical & mon-culical adtuitiha
5. Badhaus can't ditimguish
Cam't be done..
&fence NODUNCA Imodlhertng& JAJDMCe LaeWing

MILESTONE CHART
I t is a mpditicadin olo b a t Chab.
ba.
ORosonos ko euonls OL maim Aõinitios epro20ods b
aje

has giue iclsa obuut compllion oh sub acuits.

* Conbmotlimg, combe bitteu achisued uith ho hulp o miloslone
chats, bud" ilb actuity into olalionahip & accountability o
time uncolimtiy cam't °be copicToc uhich cam be ouwcome
im mtwok Techmigpe.

NETWORk ME THOD
Aulcome o ho mphuovemonts in the mileslone chats.
Seme Nawotk Mahods at: PERT, CPM, UNETACS, LESs, ToPs
& SCANS,

(A) NETWORk DAAGRAM A 1ECHNQUES

NETWOR K It s dhe 4low o, dinguam comsusimg, a, aciitis

&eunt connalod Logicall&seqenliale

TYPES1. ouion-uod Nõluooru (A-OA)

Node Naliuvbuk
. actiut- on-
(A-o-N)
(Bduanloge8 o Nauwoik, mohod oue ba chat & milastome chat.
actiuitios & euoiS a w doarly
. Into elalionship bluw apojecd
ghown.
Uhe puoject be doalod as am inbu lod whoo wth aso, i t
cam

Sub-acliuities cloany oulatods uth eah õlhe.

St AnoRpt, im cmbuottima the pruicd
3. Nuoc mahodd is ukul to uey complicalod pojecls hauing
Jaoe mo. c aciilios
9t ndicats dhe dume. &0quod bluo tUD acliites in which
hodulung 0 pLojc s posaible.
lime uncwtaint arcour+s.d o & so a is aNSo
u0chh &douospmoib pojecs ssku 1ou
1.5 Elements of a Network
1.5.1 Event
A n event is either start or completion ofan activity.
Events are significant points in a project which act as control points of the project.
An event is an instant of time and it does notrequire time or resources
Following are examples of an event
1. All parts assembled
2 Abudget prepared
3. Construction completed
 Following can not be events
1. Prepare budget 2. Assemble parts 3 Excavate trench
Events are represented by nodes in a network. It may have any of the following shapes.

i) Circular (ii) Square Gii) Rectangular (iv) Oval

Fig.1.3 Different Shapes for Events

Most commonly adopted shape for events is circular shape. Activity

A

Tail event or the start event:

It Activity B
makes the beginning of an activity. 10
If it is the first event of project then known "initial start event".
It has only outgoing arrow.
as as Tail Event
(C) Activity C
e.g: Event 10 is a tail event. Arrows represent job or activity of the
Fig.1.4 Tail Event
project.

Head event or the final event Activity A

The event which marks the completion of an
activity is known as "head Activity B
event". 20

If this event represents completion of entire project then it is called Activity

C
Head Event
"Finish event" (C)
It has only incoming arrows.
e.g.: Event 20 is a head event. Fig.1.5 Head Event

NOTE () When tail event represents beginning of more than

a one activity, then the event is said to
occur when the first activity starts from it.
(i) Similarly, when a head event occurs at end of more than one activity, the event is said to
have occurred only when all the activities leading to it are completed.6
Dual role events : All events except the first and the last event of a project are dual role events.
They have both incoming and Outgoing arrows.

-3

Fig.1.6 Dual Role Events

e.g.: Events 2, 3 and 4, are dual role events.
 Successor events: The event or events that follow another event are called successor
events to
that event.

2)
-
Fig.1.7 Successor Events

e.g: Event 2 and 3 are successor events of event 1

Predecessor events: The event or events that occur before another event are called predecessor
event to that event.
In above figure, events 2, 3 are predecessor to event 5.

Do you know? It should be noted there can be only one tail event and one head event in a project.

1.5.2 Activity
Activity is actual performance of a job. It requires time and resources for its completion.
Following are examplesofan activity:
1. Excavate trench 2. Mix Concrete 3. Prepare budget

Do
InA-O-Asystem (ActivityOnArrow network system), activity is represented by arrows between
events while in A-O-N (Activity On Node system), activities are represented by nodes. In
You A-O-N system, events have no places.
Know
2 B 3)
AAONB
A-O-A
Fig. 1.8 Fig. 1.9

Here A & Bactivities arerepresented in two diferent systems.

The activities which can be performed simultaneously are

and independent of each other called as parallel activities l o h s
In above figure, activities A & Bare parallel activities.
B
Activity or activities that can be performed after performance
of other activity are known as successor activities to that C
E
activity. Activity Fis successor activityto activity Cin above
figure
Similarly activities that are required to be performed betore another activity can begin are called
predecessor activities to that activity. Activity (A) is predecessor activity to activity D.

1.5.3 Dummy
A dummy is a type of operation which neither requires time nor any resource, but it denotes
dependency among the activities.
It is represented by dashed arrow.
 In the figure shown below, a dummy activity is shown.

3
Dummy activity
D

Fig.1.10 Dummy Activity

Dummy is used to serve following purposes:
1.
Grammatical purpose: To preventtwo arrows having common beginning and common end
A

(
B
B

(a) Ambiguous Representation (b) Grammatically Clean Representation

2. Logical purpose: To show relationship with other activities.

Here dummy is required to show that activity D can start after completion activities of A & B both.

Unnecessary dummies should be avoided.

Dummies are used to show predecessor relation but if that relation is already established
Do in the network, then that dummy is redundant and has to be removed.
You
If dummy is only incoming/outgoing arrow to/from a node then it can be remove provided
Know there is no logical or grammatical error.

1.6 Rules ofa Network

1. There can be only one initial and one final event.
2.
2. An event can not occur unless all preceding activities
are completed.

3 An event can not occur twice.

A Number of arrows should be equal to number of activities.

5 Time should always flow from left to right.

6. Length of arrow does not show any magnitude. Straight

arrows should be taken as far as possible. Fig. 1.11 Crossing Acvities
7. Arrows should normally not cross each other. Ifit is necessary to cross, one should be bridged over
the other.
8. No activity can start until its tail event has occurred.

Fulkersons's rule for numbering the events:

1. The single initial event is numbered as 0, 1, 10 etc.
2. All arrows emerging out of the initial event are neglected. Doing so, the created one or more nevw
initial events are numbered as 2,3,4 or 20, 30, 40 etc.
3. Step 2 is repeated unless all events are numbered.

Errors in Network
1. Looping error: Loops should not be formed.

C
Wrong Right

Fig. 1.12 Looping Error

its activities complete but the duration of

2 Dangling error: Project is complete only when all are

activity R has no effect on the project time as shown in figure.

P S
(2)
R

TRE EAS
Fig. 1.13 Dangling Erof Cations
To avoid dangling error, the network must be examined in such a manner that all events exceptinitial
and final events must have at least one activity entering and one activity leaving them.
3. Wagon wheelerror: As shown in figure, each of the activities P, Qand Rcannot start until all the
3.
threeactivities A, B and Care completed. But in reality, this may not be the situation. There is no
error visible in the construction of diagram but logical error has crept intoit.

B Q

R
C

Fig. 1.14 Wagon Wheel Error